my reserch proposal for degree award 2013

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RESEARCH TITLE: ASSESSING CONTRIBUTION OF NON

GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) ON ENVIRONMENTAL

CONSERVATION: A CASE STUDY OF DONET AT MPWAPWA URBAN

WARD IN DODOMA.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study:

The 1970s and 1980s represented an era in which protection, conservation, and preservation of

the environment became an integral part of national and international politics (Davidson, 2005).

This was mainly due to the realization among nation states that there is a relationship between

the state of a country’s environment and its socioeconomic status, also the awareness that

environmental issues go beyond national and territorial boundaries. It is believed that, by the end

of the 20th century more than 50,000 NGOs were working at the grass roots level in developing

countries, and their activities were affecting the lives of 250 million individuals (Ministry of

Planning, Economy & Empowerment, 2006).The increasingly important role of NGOs as they

have advanced from mere service providers to major players especially in environmental

conservation. Thus, in this sense environmental problems are global concern and therefore

needs of collectively intervention of Government, private sectors and Non-Government

Organizations (NGO’s) in nation and international levels. In the international arena NGOs often

become major new organizational forms and vehicles to deliver social services such as poverty

relief and environmental protection (African Conservation Foundation, 2004).

There is a growing environmental awareness amongst stakeholders, individuals and

communities in Tanzania. This increase in knowledge and awareness has been, by large extent

the result of campaigns and education programs run by major public interest groups concerned

with the environment. These include nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) at the international,

regional and national levels. Such NGOs have worked to foster grassroots based approaches to

the protection and preservation of the region’s environment. NGOs are increasingly in Tanzania

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and are contributing towards sustainable development through participation, advocacy,

demonstration projects, monitoring and research, as well as cooperation and networking with

other public interest groups and government.

The government of Tanzania realizes environmental problems that impact the nation, according

to Nation Environmental Policy 1997, identify six environmental problems that are: land

degradation, lack of accessible good quality water for urban and rural inhabitants and

environmental pollution. Other problems are loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity,

deterioration of aquatic systems and deforestation. In response to minimize environmental

problems and effects, the district council in collaboration with Non-Government Organization

(NGOs) is mobilizing communities so as to understand the problem and take appropriate

measures like improving farming methods, establishment of Community Based Village Land

Use Management Plans, Conservation of water sources and mountains or hills so as to avoid

water contamination and soil erosion (URT, 1997).

1.2 Statement of the problem

There are little knowledge and education about environmental conservation in Tanzania, such

little education lead to environmental degradation which in other hand impact the livelihood of

human being. Environmental degradation leads to loss of arable land for cultivation while it is

known that the economy of Tanzanian depend on agriculture for about more than 80 per cent

(URT, 2005)

Therefore, environmental conservation need multi stakeholder collaboration of government,

Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), private sectors and Community Based Organization

(CBOs) are important tool for finding proper holistic and sustainable solution to environmental

problems. Following a lot of task that a government should respond ranging from the social,

economic, political and cultural problems gives the little chance of government to responding to

other problems like environmental problems hence need for Non-Government Organizations

(NGOs) to respond by implementing and looking the Nation Environmental policy (African

Conservation Foundation, 2004).

In response to this problems which sometimes government fail to respond or respond by delaying

there are need to assess the role or contribution of NGOs specifically DONET in providing

environmental conservation in Dodoma specifically to rural community who have little

knowledge of conserving environment. Despite the interventions little research has been done

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to find out whether (these NGOs) they are making a significant contribution to environmental

conservation. Also it is not known whether those interventions meet the aspirations of the rural

people or whether they match with the rural expectations. It is where the gap of knowledge

emerged of this study.

1.3 Justification of the study

This study aims at understanding specifically the contribution of NGOs (DONET) in

environmental conservation in the study area. The information obtained from this study will

generate useful knowledge to environmental planers, policy makers and practitioners in reducing

environmental degradation through increased environmental conservation knowledge and

understanding to the community.

This is a line to meet Millennium Development Goal 7 (MDG 7) which is to ensure

environmental sustainability. As well as to meet the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction

of Poverty (NSGRP/MKUKUTA) where the strategy identifies factors that are a cause of

poverty in Tanzania. Degradation of the environment and climate variability, a manifestation of

climate change, have been cited as being among these factors. Poverty Environmental indicators

have been developed to monitor progress in poverty alleviation through various environmental

management initiatives (Ministry of Planning, Economy & Empowerment, 2006).

1.4 Objective of the study

The general objective of this study is to assess the contribution of NGOs to the environmental

conservation in Dodoma.

Specific objectives

i. To examine the environmental conservation interventions introduced by DONET in the

study area.

ii. To identify the main environmental problems that DONET intervene in the study area.

iii. To identify the main social economic activities contributing to environmental

degradation.

1.5 Research questions

i. What are the environmental conservation interventions DONET are doing in the study

area?

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ii. What are the social economic activities which cause the environmental degradation in

the study area?

iii. What are the main environmental problems which DONET are dealing with them?

iv. Are social economic and demographic characteristics of the respondent in the study area

having an effect on environmental conservation?

1.6 Significance of the study

The findings emanating from this study will provide useful information regarding the

contribution of DONET as an NGO in conserving the environment for sustainable development.

This information is vital for policy makers at District and national levels for facilitating

establishment of a comprehensive and sustainable environmental conservation measures.

The results of the study will also provide some information to community as whole, Non-

Governmental Organizations, Community Based Organizations, and Government and other

institutions and agencies regarding the pro-poor environmental conservation measures.

Furthermore, the results of this study will be invaluable resources (useful resources), as they will

enable all stakeholders who are dealing with environmental conservation issues to come up with

workable mechanisms on improvement of the livelihoods of the rural poor in the wake of

environmental degradation.

The study will also provide useful information to DONET and other organizations involved in

environmental conservation by revealing important areas of focus, approaches and entry points

to the community for maximum cooperation from the beneficiaries and other stakeholders.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review

2.1 Environmental conservation

Environmental conservation is a practice of protecting the environment, on individual,

organization level, government level, for the benefit of the natural environment and human.

Population pressure and technological advisement lead to biophysical environment to be

degraded, this has been recognized and government began placing restraints on activities that

cause environment degradation (Williams,et al, 1996).

The government in collaboration with various stakeholders has put emphasis on promoting,

strengthening and sensitizing communities and individual’s participation as a strategy to

stimulate environmental conservation and management. Together with these there were

awareness campaign, environmental education and skills development which complemented on

various issues of environmental conservation and management (URT, 2005). Emphasize for the

environmental conservation and management is to raise the capacity and ability of the

communities and individuals in sustainable management for own benefits and for the future

generation. It is vivid that the effort has raised the public awareness, interests and actions as

more than 159 Community Based Organizations (CBO) and Non-Governmental Organizations

(NGOS) have been formed as well as private sector and individuals joining the process (TNW,

2006).

2.1.1 Role of NGO’s toward environmental conservation

African Conservation Foundation. 2004, described an NGO as a non-profit entity whose

members are citizens or associations of citizens of one or more countries and whose activities are

determined by the collective will of its members in response to the needs of the members of one

or more communities with which the NGO cooperates. Also Levine, 2002identified features of

NGO’s as: An independent from the direct control of any arm of government that is Judiciary,

Legislature and Executive, Are not constituted as a political party, Are nonprofit making and are

not a criminal group, in particular are nonviolent.

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Levine, 2002 identified the roles of NGO’s on environmental conservation as,

• Creating awareness among the public on current environmental issues and solutions.

NGO’s help to disseminate knowledge about environmental conservation by means of

lectures, field trips, literature and expeditions and, to study environmental problems and

recommend management plans to conserve the environment.

• Facilitating the participation of various categories of stakeholders in the discussion on

environmental issues. NGO’s are involved in research projects based on environmental

conservation.

• Being involved in the protection of human rights to have a clean environment.

• Protecting the natural resources and entrusting the equitable use of resources.

• Analysis and monitoring of environmental quality.

• Organizing seminars, lectures and group discussion for promotion of environmental

awareness.

• Helping the villages’ administrative officials in preparation, application and execution of

projects on environmental protection.

2.1.2 Environmental conservation and development

The reality of environment and development are closely related. Environmental conservation

leads to suitability of environment in which natural resources are coming from. Also, an

environment provides natural resources for the process of development and on other hand; the

development process modifies the natural resources and environmental quality to meet human

needs. The goal of both environment and development is the same that is to improve the human

wellbeing. However, the type of development adopted can cause problems that destroy the

environment that sustains it and lowers the quality of life which it attempt to enhance. Therefore

it is due to this connectivity of environment and developments emphasize the conservation of

environment (Muthoka, 1998).

It is clear that current global, regional and national environmental conservation and management

are aiming towards overcoming poverty-related problems, diseases, food insecurity and

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insufficiency, filth shelter, unsafe water, inadequate energy supply and unemployment (TNW,

2006).

2.2 Main environmental problems.

Environmental problems constitute one of the key challenges on the African continent in the 21st

century. Focus is gradually shifting from politics, wars, and poverty to environmental issues.

This is mainly the result of the development of new technologies, which has generated an

increase in solid mineral mining, oil exploration, an increase in the number of plants and

factories, and the overall upsurge in the application of manufacturing tools (UNEP, 1989).

The quality and richness of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments have been polluted

and subsequently declined. It is therefore safe to say that new developments in industry and

manufacturing are the root causes of environmental degradation over the past three decades. This

has been intensified by rapid population growth, urbanization, energy consumption, overgrazing,

over cultivation of lands, and industrial advancements engendered by globalization.

Therefore environmental problems in Africa are erosion, deforestation, desertification, drought,

Water shortages resulting from the dry season, depletion of farming lands, depletion of natural

habitat for aquatic and land animals, decline in biological diversity, aquatic pollution, adversely

affecting the livelihood of fishing communities and destroying fish and other water creatures and

endangering animals like Ethiopian Wolves, Ethiopian lions, and Gelada Baboons (African

Conservation Foundation, 2004).

The Tanzania National Environmental Policy identifies six major environmental problems,

which require urgent attention. These are: (i) Loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity, (ii)

Deforestation, (iii) Land degradation, (iv) Deterioration of aquatic systems, (v) Lack of

accessible, good quality water, and (vi) Environmental pollution (URT, 1997).

2.3 Causes of environmental degradation

Environmental degradation is a result of the dynamic inters play of socio-economic, institutional

and technological activities. Environmental changes may be driven by many factors including

economic growth, population growth, urbanization, intensification of agriculture, rising energy

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use and transportation. Poverty still remains a problem at the root of several environmental

problems (LEAT, 2007)

Social factors.

Population growth, Population is an important source of development, yet it is a major source of

environmental degradation when it exceeds the threshold limits of the support systems. Unless

the relationship between the multiplying population and the life support system can be stabilized.

Population impacts on the environment primarily through the use of natural resources and

production of wastes and is associated with environmental stresses like loss of biodiversity, air

and water pollution and increased pressure on arable land (Gibson, et al, 19950).

Poverty

Poverty is said to be both cause and effect of environmental degradation. The circular link

between poverty and environment is an extremely complex phenomenon. Inequality may foster

unsustainability because the poor, who rely on natural resources more than the rich, deplete

natural resources faster as they have no real prospects of gaining access to other types of

resources. Moreover, degraded environment can accelerate the process of impoverishment, again

because the poor depend directly on natural assets (LEAT, 2007).

Urbanization

Lack of opportunities for gainful employment in villages and the ecological stresses is leading to

an ever increasing movement of poor families to towns. Such rapid and unplanned expansion of

cities has resulted in degradation of urban environment. It has widened the gap between demand

and supply of infrastructural services such as energy, housing, transport, communication,

education, water supply and sewerage and recreational amenities, thus depleting the precious

environmental resource base of the towns. The result is the growing trend in deterioration of air

and water quality, generation of wastes, the proliferation of slums and undesirable land use

changes, all of which contribute to urban poverty (Breitmeier, et al, 2000).

Economic factors.

Market failure

To a large extent, environmental degradation is the result of market failure, that is, the

nonexistent or poorly functioning markets for environmental goods and services. In this context,

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environmental degradation is a particular case of consumption or production externalities

reflected by divergence between private and social costs (or benefits). Lack of well-defined

property rights may be one of the reasons for such market failure. On the other hand, Market

distortions created by price controls and subsidies may aggravate the achievement of

environmental objectives (Gibson, et al, 1995).

Transport activities

Transport activities have a wide variety of effects on the environment such as air pollution, noise

from road traffic. Thus, road transport accounts for a major share of air pollution load in cities.

Agriculture activities

Direct impacts of agricultural development on the environment arise from farming activities

which contribute to soil erosion, land salinity and loss of nutrients. The spread of green

revolution has been accompanied by over exploitation of land and water resources, and use of

fertilizers and pesticides have increased many fold. Shifting cultivation has also been an

important cause of land degradation. Leaching from extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers is

an important source of contamination of water bodies. Intensive agriculture and irrigation

contribute to land degradation particularly salinity, alkalization and water logging (Tweve,

2004).

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CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research design

The aim of research design is all about collection of relevant evidences with minimal expenditure

of time, effort and money (Kothari, 2009). The research design to be used in this study will be

descriptive survey, which involves collecting information from respondent on their altitude and

opinion in relation to conservation activities or programs done in the study area. Under this tool

will involve door to door survey (from one house to another) also to the offices. Where by

primary data will be obtained through questioner, interview, observation and group discussion,

while secondary data will be obtain from the internet, journals and books.

3.1 Area of the study.

The study area will be carried out in Mpwapwa district at Mpwapwa urban ward ward.

Mpwapwa district is located 120 kms from Dodoma Regional Headquarters. It lies between

Latitudes 6°00” and 7°30” S and between Longitude 35°45” and 37°00” E, It borders Kilosa

District on the eastern part, Kongwa District on the Northern part, Chamwino District on the

western area and Kilolo District on the southern part. The District covers a total area of 7,379

square Kilometers (18.1% of total area of Dodoma Region). According to nation census of 2002

of Tanzania, Mpwapwa urban ward ward has population of 18787 (GOT, 2008). The area is

predominantly arid with spontaneous mountain chains especially in the southern and western

parts lies between 915 to 1200 meters above sea level; it is a dry savannah type of climate

characterized by the average temperature of 270 C. Short rain season starts December to April

ranging between 600 – 700mm per annum. The district receives relatively more rains compared

to other districts in Dodoma region. The choice of the area is due to fact that Environment

destruction in Mpwapwa is rampant and it is threatening the economic and social life of its

inhabitants. Destruction of forests, forests and bush fires, together with poor agricultural farming

methods have resulted into seriously environmental degradation.

3.2.0 Sampling design

The design of this study is a non-experimental and particularly a cross-sectional design will be

employed. Cross-section design, this type of study utilizes different groups of people who differ

in the variable of interest, but share other characteristics such as socioeconomic status,

educational background, and ethnicity (Donald et al, 2006). This design is mostly appropriate

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for social sciences research. This allows the collection of data on more than one case at one point

at a time.

3.2.1 Sampling frame

The sample frame will include dwellers from Mpwapwa urban ward ward as primary source of

the information. In other hand the sample frame will include staff officers from DONET and

government officers especially a district environmental officer.

3.2.2 Sampling procedure

The sample size will be obtained through probability sampling by the use of stratified sampling,

stratified sampling involves diving population groups into homogeneous subgroups and then

taking a simple random sample in each sub group. Where by the sample frame will be residents

of Mpwapwa urban ward, more over the population will be divided into two segments based on

gender (Female and Male). Thereafter the random sampling procedure will be used to select the

representatives of each group. Then the non-probability sampling based on purposive sampling

will be used to select the key informants.

3.3.0 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

The central focus of any research is the gathering of data as the production of knowledge. Thus

in the study the data will be obtained from primary data sources where the method will include

interviews, questionnaires, field surveys, group discussion and observations.

3.3.1 Observation

It is the method of data collection where a researcher use own eyes to collect data without asking

respondents. In this method of data collection, observation is done accurately, subjective bias

will be eliminated. The method also will be independent of respondent’s willingness to respond

(Freedman, 2004). This method will be used to observe the environmental conservation carried

out in Mpwapwa urban ward and it will help to observe even characters of respondent direct

which might be hidden by respondent.

3.3.2 Questionnaire

It is the method of data collection that consists a number of questions printed or typed in a

definite order on a form or set of forms. It is just a structure of getting information directly from

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the respondents by interviewing with fixed questions which need precise answer to each question

(Kothari, 2009).

The questionnaire to be used will be translated to Swahili language for better communication

with respondents whom mostly speaks Swahili as their language. The method will keep secrecy

and confidentiality to the respondents and also covers a wide area and hence easy to codify and

analyse the gathered data to obtain reliable answers. The method will be used to get information

or data from those who can read and write. Questionnaires will be distributed to all people who

are relevant to this study (Kothari, 2000).

3.3.3 Interview

It is a representation of oral verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral verbs despondences. Oral

interview will be conducted for those who cannot read and write and also for those officials who

seem to be busy and having no time to full fill the questionnaires. The method will help the

researcher to observe the different behavioural response from the respondents for the purposes of

obtaining information (Gopal, 2005).

3.4.0Validity and Reliability

3.4.1 Validity

Validity refers to as the quality that a procedure or an instrument used in a research is accurate,

correct, true and meaningful and right. When conducting this study internal validity will be

strongly avoided. Those variables which do not relate to the purpose of this study will be avoided

to make the findings reliable. However the findings from this study can also be generalized to

other citizens from different parts in Tanzania. When making a conclusion of the findings

decision will base on results given by majority respondents (Kothari, 2009).

3.4.2 Reliability

Reliability refers to how consistent research procedures or instruments are. Therefore it means

degree of consistency demonstrated in the study (ibid). Hence reliability implies the stability or

dependability of the instrument or procedure in order to obtain the information. However when

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the differences arises the correlation will be computed and the reliability of 0.6 to 1 will be

trusted.

3.5.0 Data processing, Analysis and Presentation.

Nachimias et al (1996) described data analysis as a process of systematically working with data

or applying statistical and logical techniques to describe, organize, summarize and compare the

data collected and divide them into manageable portions.

The data results which will be collected from the household survey, questionnaires, observation,

interviews and discussion and later processed and analysed using computer packages called

Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). They will be summarized and presented both

qualitative and quantitative using frequency tables, charts and histograms which are simple for

ordinary people to understand and hence the drawing of the conclusion. Qualitative data will be

analyzed through content analysis and be translated and categorized into various themes and sub

themes based on the objective of the study. In addition, quantitative data from the questionnaires

will be coded, summarized and analyzed.

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References

African Conservation Foundation.(2004). Environmental NGOs in Tanzania. Retrieved on 2nd

June 2004 from http://www.africanconservation.org/tanzania.html

Breitmeier, Helmut, and Volker Rittberger. 2000. “Environmental NGOs in an Emerging Global

Civil Society.” In The Global Environment in the Twenty-First Century: Prospects for

International Cooperation, edited by Pamela Chasek. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations

University. Available from http://www.ciaonet.org/ book/chasek/

Davidson, K. (2005). Will the Concept of “Sustainable Development” provide any Solutions for

the 21st Century? Social Change in the 21st Century Conference Centre for Social

Change Research, Queensland University of Technology.

Donald, A &Delno, B (2006), Proposed and Thesis writing ;DanBoscoRainting Press

MakuyaKenya

Gibson, C. C. and S. A. Marks. 1995. Transforming Rural Hunters into Conservationists: An

Assessment of Community-based Wildlife Management Programs in Africa. World

Development. 23 (6): 941-57.

Gopal, M, H (2005).Scientific Methods and Social Research .New Delh. Sterling publishers

Government of Tanzania, (2008), the 2002 Population and Housing Census General

Report, Retrieved 2012-12-20, 16.00

Kothari, C. R (2009).Research methodology, Methods and Techniques; New Delh; New Age;

International Ltd.

Kothari, C.R (2000). Research Methodology Method and Techniques.2nd

Edition New Age

International Publishers. New Delhi:

Leader-Williams, N., J.A. Kayera, and G.L. Overton. 1996. Community-based Conservation in

Tanzania. Occasional paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. No. 15.

LEAT (Lawyers' Environmental Action Team) (2007): Review of the Decentralization process

and its impact on environmental and Natural Resource management in Tanzania.

[email protected] hosting and development by the Environmental Law Alliance

Worldwide www.leat.or.tz/publications/decentrization/tz. Visited on 18/01/2013

Levine, Arielle. 2002. Convergence or Convenience? International Conservation NGOs and

Development Assistance in Tanzania.World Development.June

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Ministry of Planning, Economy & Empowerment (MPEE).Millennium Development Goals,

Progress Report. December 2006. Available at http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz

Muthoka, M.G (1998): Environmental Education Essential Knowledge for Sustainable

Development.Longhorn, Nairobi Kenya pp 322.Printers. Dar es Salaam

Nachimias, D and Nachimias, C (1996): Research Methods in Social Sciences, Martin’s Press.

New York.

TNW (Tanzania National Website) (2006): Environment: Policies\ Regulatory Framework

Public Private Sector. Donor Community.Division of Environment. NEMC

(www.tanzania.go.tz/environment.html) - Retrieved 2012-12-20, 17.30

Tweve, D.A (2004): The Contribution of Mbeya Environmental Conservation Association

(MRECA) In Conservation Ruaha River Line Catchment's Forest Rest. (Unpublished

postgraduate diploma dissertation submitted to the Institute of Rural Development

Planning, Dodoma. pp 15-66

UNEP,(1989).Coastal and Marine Environmental Problems of the United Republic of Tanzania.

UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies. No. 106. 114pp.

URT, (1997) National Environmental Policy of Tanzania. Vice president Office, Dar es Salaam

URT, (2005).Environment Management Act, 2004.Government print.

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APPENDIX I:

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOUSEHOLDS

i. Street……………………………

ii. Ward……………………………..

iii. District….………………………..

A: RESPONDENTS CHARACTERISTICTS

Tick (√) the appropriate answer

1: Number of respondent……………………………………………

2: Age of respondent

18-27 [ ] 28-37 [ ] 38-47 [ ] 48-57 [ ] 58-67 [ ] 69+ [ ]

3: Sex

Male [ ] Female [ ]

4: Occupation……………………………………

5: Education level

Primary school [ ] Secondary school [ ] College [ ] Not attend school [ ]

B. Environmental Conservation

1. Do you know anything about environmental conservation?

Yes [ ] NO [ ] I do not know [ ].

2. If yes, what do you know about environmental conservation?

Planting trees [ ] Cleaning of the environment [ ] More than the above mentioned

issues [ ]

3. Where do you get the knowledge of the environmental conservation?

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I leant from the school [ ] From DONET [ ] by experience [ ] from my

friends [ ] others (specify) ……………………………

4. Have you ever attended any training course in the environmental conservation?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

5. If yes, who conducted the training?

DONET [ ] Government [ ] others (specify) ………………………………..

6. What type of training did you received?

i. ..…………………………………………………………………………….

ii. ………………………………………………………………………………

iii. ………………………………………………………………………………

iv. ………………………………………………………………………………

v. ………………………………………………………………………………

7. What benefits have you gained by attending the DONE'S trainings

i. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

ii. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

iii. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

iv. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

8. What are your opinions about environmental conservation?

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i. ………………………………………………

ii. …………………………………………….

iii. ………………………………………………….

iv. ………………………………………………………….

v. ………………………………………………………

C. Environmental problem

1. Are there any environmental problem existing in your community?

Yes [ ] No [ ] I do not know [ ].

2. If yes, which among the following environmental problems do exist in your community?

Soil erosion/ land degradation [ ] deforestation [ ] Lack of accessible, good

quality water [ ] environmental pollution [ ]. Others (specify)……………………….

3. To what extent does the problem exist in your area?

To great extent [ ] to some extent [ ] Low [ ]

4. Are there any effects of environmental degradation in your community?

Yes [ ] No [ ] I do not know [ ].

5. If yes, indicate the extent to which the effects of environmental degradation persist in

your community.

To great extent [ ] to some extent [ ] Low [ ]

6. Identify the effects of environmental degradation in the chat below by considering the

extent of severity. Tick in the appropriate box

To great extent=1, to some extent=2, low=3, very low=4, Not at all=5

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S/N EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL

DEGRADATION

1 2 3 4 5

1 Loss of arable land

2 Low yield

3 Scarcity of water

4 Change of land cover

5 Loss of biodiversity

7. Among those environmental problems which problem is most common in your

community?

i. ……………………………………………………………………………………

8. Are there any measures taken to combat such problems?

Yes [ ] No [ ] I do not know [ ]

9. If yes, what are those measures?

i. ………………………………………………………………………………………

ii. ………………………………………………………………………………………….

iii. …………………………………………………………………………………………

iv. ………………………………………………………………………………………….

D. Activities contributing to environmental degradation

1. Are there any relationship between social-economic activities and environmental

degradation?

Yes [ ] No [ ] I do not know [ ] .

2. If yes, identify them by considering the following factors.

Agricultural activities [ ] poverty [ ] urbanization [ ] transport

activities [ ]

3. If no, why?

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i. ………………………………………………………………………..

ii. ………………………………………………………………………..

iii. …………………………………………………………………………

4. Are there any natural causes of environmental degradation in your area?

Yes [ ] No [ ] I do not know [ ]

5. If yes, mention them

i. ………………………………………………………………………………

ii. ………………………………………………………………………………

iii. ……………………………………………………………………………….

6. If no, why?

i. ………………………………………………………………………………

ii. ………………………………………………………………………………

iii. ………………………………………………………………………………

7. What is the understanding of community toward causes of environmental

conservation?

Low [ ] Moderate [ ] High [ ]

APPENDIX II:

CHECKLIST QUESTIONS FOR DONET OFFICIALS

1. Respondent’s Occupation..............................Title……………...

Name……………………………………………

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District………...

Ward……

Sex.............

Age….............years

2. How many NGOs involved in environmental conservation in MPWAPWA URBAN

WARD?

3. Do you think environmental conservation's NGOs have any contribution on

environmental conservation?

Yes [ ] No [ ] I do know [ ]

4. If yes, what are the contributions of environmental conservation’s NGOs in addressing

environmental conservation?

5. Do you think the community in Mpwapwa urban ward has awareness on environmental

conservation?

6. What are the causes of environmental degradation in Mpwapwa urban ward?

7. Are there any improvements on environment in study area?

8. What measures do you think must be taken in order to reduce environmental degradation

in Mpwapwa urban ward?

9. How many trainings have you conducted in the study area?

10. What type of trainings have you conducted in the study area?

11. What do you think should be done to improve environmental conservation in Mpwapwa

urban ward?

APPENDIX III: RESEARCH BUDGET.

CORE ACTIVITIES ITEMS

/PARTICIPANT

UNIT COST SUB TOTAL

(TSH)

Consolidation of Library search _ _

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literature

Designing and

developing research

instruments

Typing and

photocopying of

research instrument

10,000

10,000

Pilot survey

Transport for

researcher (to and

fro) Tsh. 14,000

Meal and

accommodation

10,000×3days×1

14,000

30,000

14,000

30,000

Finalizing of research

instrument (typing and

photocopying)

40 copies of

questionnaire

(6pages×40copies×Ts

h.50)

120,000

120,000

Main field data

collection (7days)

Travel,

accommodation and

substances researcher

1×7days×Tsh. 12,000

84,000 84,000

Data processing,

analysis and report

writing

1 researcher

1×30days×2000

60,000 60,000

GRAND TOTAL 318,000

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APPENDIX IV:

RESEARCH PLAN

ACTIVITIES TIME/DURATION

RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOMULATION NOVEMBER

RESEARCH PROPOSAL WRITING DECEMBER-MARCH

DATA COLLECTION APRIL –MARCH

DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYISIS MARCH

REPORT WRITING JUNE

SUBMITION OF FINAL REPORT JULY

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Acronyms …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………i

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.0 INTODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the study: .......................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Justification of the study ....................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Objective of the study ........................................................................................................... 3

1.5 Research questions ................................................................................................................ 3

1.6 Significance of the study ....................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 5

2.0 Literature review ................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Environmental conservation .............................................................................................. 5

2.1.1 Role of NGO’s toward environmental conservation ...................................................... 5

2.1.2 Environmental conservation and development............................................................... 6

2.2 Main environmental problems. ............................................................................................. 7

2.3 Causes of environmental degradation ................................................................................... 7

Social factors. .............................................................................................................................. 8

Economic factors. .................................................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 10

3.0 Research design ................................................................................................................... 10

3.1 Area of the study. ................................................................................................................ 10

3.2.0 Sampling design ............................................................................................................... 10

3.2.1 Sampling frame............................................................................................................. 11

3.2.2 Sampling procedure ...................................................................................................... 11

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3.3.0 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION .......................................................................... 11

3.3.1 Observation ................................................................................................................... 11

3.3.2 Questionnaire ................................................................................................................ 11

3.3.3 Interview ....................................................................................................................... 12

3.4.0Validity and Reliability ..................................................................................................... 12

3.4.1 Validity ......................................................................................................................... 12

3.4.2 Reliability ..................................................................................................................... 12

3.5.0 Data processing, Analysis and Presentation. .................................................................... 13

References ..................................................................................................................................... 14

APPENDIX I: ............................................................................................................................... 16

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOUSEHOLDS .............................................................................. 16

APPENDIX II: .............................................................................................................................. 20

CHECKLIST QUESTIONS FOR DONET OFFICIALS ......................................................... 20

APPENDIX III: ............................................................................................................................. 21

RESEARCH BUDGET. ............................................................................................................ 21

APPENDIX IV: ............................................................................................................................ 23

RESEARCH PLAN .................................................................................................................. 23

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