My Report (Aristotle)

Philosophyof Man:

ARISTOTLE

Presented by: Gerry O. Gatawa

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

born in 384 B.C.

Born in Stagira, in Thrace, Near Macedonia The “Stagirite”

Son of Nichomacus, prominent physician (Aristotle was likely trained in medicine)


born in 384 B.C.

Plato’s Academ

y

At age 17, Aristotle was sent to study with Plato at the Academy in Athens

He became Plato’s most important student, remaining at the Academy 20 years, until Plato’s death.

• He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Plato’s theory of forms.

Plato

Socrates


born in 384 B.C.

Plato’s Academ

y

tutor and founder

He went to Asia Minor where he became the tutor of Alexander of Macedon who became Alexander the Great

Upon his return to Athens, he founded the school called the Lyceum

Aristotle becomes a royal tutor.

• When Aristotle left the Academy in 347, he settled briefly on islands near the Ionian coast, then accepted an invitation to teach the son of the Macedonian king, Philip II, whose father had been attended by Aristotle’s own father.

Alexander the Great• Aristotle

tutored Phillip’s son, Alexander, for 5 years until Phillip died and Alexander assumed the throne.

• Alexander went on to conquer much of the nearby world.

The Lyceum• In 335 BCE, Aristotle returned to Athens

and established his own school, in competition with the Academy.– Named the Lyceum, as it was adjacent to

the temple to the god Apollo Lykaios.• Morning serious lectures• Evening public lectures• Inclusive curriculum• Classification approach• Aristotle associated with Alexander– After Alexander's death in 323, Aristotle

fled Athens to prevent “a second sin against philosophy.”


born in 384 B.C.

Plato’s Academ

y

tutor and founder

interested in differe

nt branches of

science

Mathematics Biology Physics Botany Zoology Meteorology Morals Ethics Aesthetics Politics

Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosopher, making contribution to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theater.

• Aristotle was the first to classify areas of human knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics. Some of these classifications are still used today.

Mathematics Biology Ethics


born in 384 B.C.

Plato’s Academ

y

tutor and founder

interested in differe

nt branches of

science

scientist

philosopher

researcher

writer

and

teacher

– one of the two major Aristotelian

treatises on ethical theory.

Nichomachean Ethics


His philosophy was largely influenced by:

1. His father, a court physician from whom he got his interest in biology and science in general

2. Plato and his stay in the Academy3. Alexander the Great who furthered

his interest in botany and zoology which he studied to know man better, and who got him involved in the government of the Greek States


Aristotle believes that:

1. Man is a rational animal.

- Man has the capacity to think and decide for himself.

VIRTUE



– a state of character concerned with choice, lying in a mean.

2. The very goal of human life is happiness. As he put it: Virtue is a habit (moral virtue) or trained faculty of choice (intellectual virtue).Two Types of

Virtues:- Intellectual

Virtues- Moral Virtues

ARISTOTLE’S PERFECT MANIn order for a man to perfect his humanity, he must be the best man he can be. To be his manly best, a man not only needed to cultivate proper intentions and an appropriate disposition, but put those intentions into real virtuous action. Aristotle called his hands-on form of constructive self-perfection eudaimonia, a word defined and redefined by virtually every Greek thinker, coming from the Greek words for “good” or “well” (eu) and “spirit” or “soul” (daimon).

Often translated as “happiness,” Aristotle’s eudaimonia is concerned most of all with the exercise of good actions.

http://www.eudaimonia.com/



3. Moderation comes in the middle or mean between two vices, one on the side of excess, the other on the side of defect.

– what an object is made from, its matter.

– how matter is organized or structured.

– how something came to be what it is.

– the control over desires (enkrateia) To harmonize non-rational

desires with practical reason. Virtous people allow reasonable

satisfaction of their appetites

MATTER– a continuing process of developing or becoming.



4. For him, reality consists matter and form.

THE FOUR CAUSES:a. Material

Cause– what an object is made from,

its matter.

b. Formal Cause– how matter is organized or

structured.

c. Efficient Cause

– how something came to be what it is.

d. Final Cause– the purpose or characteristic

activity of the object (or explanation; aition).

Example:

Statue

a. Material Cause

b. Formal Cause

c. Efficient Cause

d. Final Cause

It is representing Plato

It is made of bronze

A sculptor made it

It is made to represent Plato

Application to Human

a. Material Cause

b. Formal Cause

c. Efficient Cause

d. Final Cause

Your Soul

Your body. God, but more proximately, your parents

Contemplation of God

Application of St. Thomas Aquinas to Law

a. Material Cause

b. Formal Cause

c. Efficient Cause

d. Final Cause

A precept of reason

Public promulgation of law. Printing it. Proclaiming it.

Proper authority. Duly appointed

magistrate

The common good of the

people. That’s the purpose of

true laws.

Hence, Aristotle defined philosophy as: The knowledge of things through their causes”.

Knowledge is science when it is through causes; and science is wisdom when it judges inferiors and classifies them in

their proper order.

A science that is knowledge through first and highest cause is wisdom in the strict sense. Today, this science is called Metaphysics; and it deals with being as being.


God is the unmoved mover.

– purpose

, function

, or end.

TELEOLOGY


God is the unmoved mover.

– purpose

, function

, or end.

TELEOLOGY

The body is alive if it has a soul.

Nutrition Sensation Thinking

Three Fundamental Activities of Life for Aristotle:

he synthesized Aristotle’s science by interpreting it is an evidence of a divine plan operating in nature

Thomas Aquinas

Exitus et reditus Principle: All things come from God and

return to God.Natural Law

- human way of knowing the ultimate norm of

morality.

Eternal Law

- enables us to develop our unique qualities.

TheophrastusARISTOTLE’S WRITINGS

Dialogues and other works of a popular

character

Collections of facts and material from

scientific treatmentSystematic works

The works of Aristotle fall under three headings:

1 2 3

• It is reported that Aristotle’s writings were held by his student Theophrastus, who had succeeded Aristotle in leadership of the Peripatetic School.

ARISTOTLE’S LOGIC

• Aristotle’s writings on the general subject of logic were grouped by the later Peripatetics under the name Organon, or instrument. From their perspective, logic and reasoning was the chief preparatory instrument of scientific investigation. Aristotle himself, however, uses the term “logic” as equivalent to verbal reasoning.

Peripatetics“Organon”

As the father of the field of logic, he was the first to develop a formalized system for reasoning. Aristotle observed that the validity of any argument can be determined by its structure rather than its content. A classic example of a valid argument is his syllogism: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal.

ARISTOTLE’S LOGIC

1)All men are mortal (Universal affirmation)2)No gods are mortal (Particular affirmation)Therefore3)No men are gods (Conclusion)

ARISTOTLE’S SYLLOGISM (Example)

ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS

• Aristotle’s editors gave the name “Metaphysics” to his works on first philosophy, either because they went beyond or followed after his physical investigations.

• It is ‘after’ or ‘beyond’ the study of nature

• The things after the natural beings.

• Embodied in his writings in biology, meteorology, physics, natural philosophy and cosmology.

Everything in nature has itsend and function, and nothing

is without its purpose. Everywhere

we find evidences of design and rational plan.

ARISTOTLE’S PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE

• ... we find that plants too produce organs subservient to their perfect development-leaves, for instance, to shelter the fruit ... Hence, if it is by nature and also for a purpose ... that plants make leaves for the sake of the fruit and strike down (and not up) with their roots in order to get their nourishment, it is clear that causality of the kind we have described is at work in things that come about or exist in the course of Nature.

ARISTOTLE’S THE SOUL AND PSYCHOLOGY

• Soul is defined by Aristotle as the perfect expression or realization of a natural body. From this definition it follows that there is a close connection between psychological states, and physiological processes.

• Body and soul are unified.

ARISTOTLE’S ETHICS• Ethics, as viewed by

Aristotle, is an attempt to find out our chief end or highest good: an end which he maintains is really final. Though many ends of life are only means to further ends, our aspirations and desires must have some final object or pursuit. Such a chief end is universally called happiness.

• Aristotle does not regard politics as a separate science from ethics, but as the completion, and almost a verification of it. The moral ideal in political administration is only a different aspect of that which also applies to individual happiness. Humans are by nature social beings, and the possession of rational speech (logos) in itself leads us to social union.

ARISTOTLE’S POLITICS

ARISTOTLE’S ART AND POETICS

• Art is defined by Aristotle as the realization in external form of a true idea, and is traced back to that natural love of imitation which characterizes humans, and to the pleasure which we feel in recognizing likenesses.

• Art idealizes nature and completes its deficiencies: it seeks to grasp the universal type in the individual phenomenon.

Maraming salamat po!!!

Arigatou Gozaimasu!!!

Xie Xie!!!Muchas Gracias!!!Merci Beaucoup!!!

My Report (Aristotle)

Education