-
84
maia sigua
es aris scena ramdenime wlis win gadaRebuli morigi
sentimentaluri melodramidan, ro-melsac gamosvlis dRidan milionobiT
axalgazrda mayurebeli hyavda. mocartis musika fil-mis avtorebs
SemTxveviT ar SeurCeviaT. es musika aerTianebs sruliad gansxvavebul
adamianebs da maT Soris arian ara mxolod klasikuri musikis mcodne
da moyvarulebi, aramed isini, vinc es musika sadRac SemTxveviT
moismina, magaliTad, romelime filmSi, satelevizio reklamaSi,
mo-biluris „ringtonad“ an, iqneb, koncertze... erTi sityviT –
yvelgan.
mocarti, albaT, pirvelia im kompozitorTa Soris, romlis saxelsac
imdeni legenda ax-lavs, rom zogjer realoba ifareba da saTuo xdeba,
romlis cxovrebac da sikvdilic mravali Semoqmedis STagonebis wyarod
qceula. misi saxelis irgvliv dRemde ar ileva sensaciebis moy-
manqanaSi orni sxedan. erTi – daxvewili, ganaTlebuli axalgazrdaa
maRali sazogadoebi-dan, meore – sasacilo gogona, romelsac ucnaurad
Cacma uyvars da universitetSi arasodes us-wavlia. isini koncertidan
brundebian. pirvelisTvis es erT-erTi iseTi saRamoa, rogoric xSi-rad
hqonia, meoresTvis aseTi ram cxovrebaSi pirvelad moxda. koncerti
didi xania dasrulda, musikiT mogvrili STabeWdileba ki imdenad
didia, rom Sin dabruneba arc erTs unda. musika, ro-melic iq
Sesrulda, mocartisaa.
musika
volfgang amadeus
mocarti legendebs miRma
„adamianTa modgmis gamo sasowarkveTas ver mivecemiT, Tu
gavixsenebT, rom mocartic adamiani iyo~.
albert ainStaini
-
magram yvela pikanturi detali, intriga da legenda fermkrTaldeba
da daviwyebas eZleva, roca mocartis musika ismis. Tu gverds avuvliT
mis yvelaze cnobil Sedev-rebs, 600-ze meti nawarmoebidan romelimes,
SedarebiT naklebad cnobils movusmenT da mocartis Tanamedrove cnobil
kompozi-torTa musikas SevadarebT, vnaxavT, rom isi-ni TiTqos Zalian
hgvanan erTmaneTs. wamiT SeiZleba gaCndes eWvi – iqneb sxvebisgan
mar-Tlac ar gamoirCeva da usamarTlod da ga-daWarbebiT aris
gandidebuli, magram es eW-vi maleve gaqreba. rogorc ar unda
hgavdes
varulTa jari, romlebic cdiloben samya-ros morigi axali
„aRmoCenis“ Sesaxeb amcnon da imaSic ki Seitanon eWvi, namdvilad
imsa-xurebda Tu ara mocarti geniosis wodebas.
msoflios uyvars vunderkindebi, aRta-cebiT Sescqeris maT,
anebivrebs, aRmerTebs. magram dro gadis, vunderkindebi izrdebian da
metwilad horizontidanac qrebian. sao-cari bavSvebi Cveulebriv
mozrdilebad iq-cevian, xSirad – fsiqologiuri probleme-biT, radgan
mdgomareobis aseTi mkveTri cvla rTuli gadasatania. Zalian cotaa
vun-derkindi, vinc didobaSic gaiyola bavSvo-bis saocari
SesaZleblobebi, da TiTqmis ar arsebobs iseTi, vinc bavSvobis
miRwevebs ga-daaWarba da kacobriobis istoriaSi didi Semoqmedis
saxeli daimkvidra. TiTqmis, radgan aseTia volfgang amadeus mocarti,
romlis saswauli asakis zrdasTan erTad iz-rdeboda da dRemde
cocxlobs.
saocari bavSvi
saocari bavSvi 1756 wlis 27 ianvars avst-riis qalaq zalcburgSi
daibada. saxelad iohanes qrizostomus volfgang gotlibi daarqves.
naTlobisas gotlibi misi berZnu-li sinonimiT – TeofilusiT Seicvala,
rad-
sxvebs, rac ar unda naklebad cnobili nawar-moebi JRerdes,
mocartis amocnoba rTuli mainc ar aris, Tqven mas, ubralod, igrZnobT
ucnauri, eniT auwereli naTebiT, romelic yovelTvis axlavs. esaa,
albaT, is, rasac RvTaebriv naperwkals, genias uwodeben.
„Se-uZlebelia aixsnas iseTi fenomeni, rogoric mocartia“, – dawera
iohan volfgang fon goeTem, Tavad geniosma, romelic mudam swo-red
fenomenTa axsnas cdilobda.
Salzburg
iohan volfgang fon goeTe(1749-1832)
iohanes qrizostomusi, igive ioane oqropiria (qristianuli
eklesiis erT-erTi didi mama) – mo-carti im dRes daibada, roca ioane
oqropiris konstantinopolSi gadasveneba aRiniSneba.
85
volfgang amadeus mocarti
-
mama, leopold mocarti, Tavis drois sakmaod cnobili musikis
maswavlebeli iyo da Tan zalcburgis arqiepiskoposTan mevi-olined
muSaobda. mocartebis mravalric-xovani Svilebidan mxolod ori gadarCa
– volfgangi da misi ufrosi da – maria-ana, romelsac nanerls
eZaxdnen. orive bavSvi gansakuTrebuli musikaluri niWiT
gamoir-Ceoda. amboben, rom nanerls zustad iseTive monacemebi
hqonda, rogoric volfgangs; eW-vic arsebobs, rom mocartis zogierTi
na-warmoebi sinamdvileSi nanerlis dawerilia. Tumca misi musikaluri
cxovreba bavSvobas-Tan erTad mxolod imitom dasrulda, rom gogona
iyo.
gan ase erqva mis naTlias, pergmaiers. berZ-nuli Teofilusis
nacvlad, pergmaieri met-wilad sakuTari saxelis laTinizebul ver-sias
– amadeuss iyenebda. aqedan SemorCa mo-cartis ramdenime saxelidan
yvelaze cnobi-li: amade, amadei, amadeo an amadeusi – po-ligloti
mocarti maT saWiroebisda mixed-viT iyenebda xolme.
ganaTlebas Svilebs mama aZlevda. gamoc-dili pedagogi maleve
mixvda, ra saocar niW-Tan hqonda saqme, amitom sakuTar Tavze ai-Ro
ara marto bavSvebis swavleba, aramed pa-tara volfgangis karieris
dagegmvac. ad-reuli asakidanve biWi araerT instrument-ze ukravda
virtuozulad, mReroda da imp-rovizirebda. sakuTari
damokidebuleba
mocartis bavSvoba
hqonda sxvadasxva tipis musikis da sxvadasx-va instrumentis
mimarT. magaliTad, cnobi-lia, rom sayviris xmis gagonebisas fers
kar-gavda da panikis Seteva emarTeboda, sakmao xani dasWirda mis
tembrTan Sesagueblad. pirveli nawarmoebi man xuTi wlis asakSi
da-wera.
leopold mocarti SvilebTan erTad
leopold mocarti (1719-1787)
86
musika
-
maria-ana mocarti (1751-1829)
aq ukve SegviZlia naTeli movfinoT pir-vel legendas. roca
vsaubrobT virtuozul Sesrulebaze, ar unda warmovidginoT pata-ra
biWuna, romelic ise ukravs, rogorc dRevandeli cnobili pianistebi.
es ase ar aris. pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom mocartis Semdeg
virtuozobis cneba ukideganod ga-farTovda da meorec, instruments,
romel-zec mocarti ukravda da dRes mis saxl-mu-zeumSi, zalcburgSia
daculi, klaviSebis gacilebiT naklebi raodenoba hqonda, vid-re
Tanamedrove roials aqvs. patara mocar-ti namdvilad iyo saocari
virtuozi, oR-ond – XVIII saukunis standartebiT. xolo rac Seexeba
mis improvizaciis unars, misive datovebuli nawarmoebebiT Tu
vimsjelebT, nebismier droSi Znelad Tu gautoldeba vinme.
eqvsi wlis roca gaxda amadeusi, mama mo-cartma seriozulad
mohkida xeli Svilebis ganaTlebas da momaval karieras. daiwyo di-di,
damqancveli turneebi, romlebic wlo-biT grZeldeboda da imdroindeli
evropis TiTqmis yvela qveynis umniSvnelovanes qa-laqs moicavda. ase
rom, volfgangma da na-nerlma bavSvoba umetesad etlSi, qveynidan
qveyanaSi, qalaqidan qalaqSi, sxvadasxva sce-naze dakvraSi
gaatares. isini ukravdnen um-aRlesi evropuli aristokratiis,
mefeebis, imperatorebis, maTi ojaxebis, sxvadasxva erovnebis
inteleqtualebis, moazrovnee-bis, musikosebis winaSe. jer kidev am
gamosv-lebisas daiwyo mocartis legenda – misi Se-uzRudavi
SesaZleblobebi mis „amqveyniu-robas“ seriozul eWvqveS ayenebda.
mayure-beli nair-nair triuks igonebda mis gamo-sacdelad, darbazidan
karnaxobdnen Temebs, romlebzec biWuna iqve asrulebda
improvi-zaciebs.
es ar yofila raime metismetad rTuli, seriozuli da arabavSvuri.
es aris lamazi, miamiti, swored bavSvuri musika. bolo
ga-mokvlevebiT, mocartis pirveli nawarmoe-bia andante do maJorSi,
magram didixans am-ad miCneuli iyo patara, advili, lamazi, Tumca
profesionalurad srulyofili me-nueti sol maJorSi. mas xSirad ukraven
bav-Svebi swored im asakSi, ra asakSic iyo avto-ri misi
dawerisas.
amgvari mogzaurobebis gamo da-Zma mo-cartebi dros umetesad gzaSi
an ufroseb-Tan urTierTobaSi atarebdnen. TiTqmis arasodes uTamaSiaT
bavSvebTan da es Tavise-burad aisaxa patara volfgangis ideebzec.
Semonaxulia ori saintereso cnoba: naner-lis mogonebebis Tanaxmad,
volfgangma ga-moigona warmosaxviTi „zurgis samefo“, ro-
mocartis saxl-muzeumi zalcburgSi
87
volfgang amadeus mocarti
-
meore mxriv, aseTi mogzaurobebisas pa-tara mocartma, rogorc
musikosma, didi da seriozuli gamocdileba miiRo. londonSi yofnisas
gaicno iohan sebastian baxis Svi-li, iohan qristiani, romelic
musikaluri klasicizmis saTaveeebTan mdgar erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
figuradaa miCneuli. iqve, 8 wlis asakSi, dawera Tavisi pirveli
simfo-niac. mogvianebiT, mocarti Tavad gaxda mu-sikaluri
klasicizmis, e.w. venis klasiciz-mis, mTavari warmomadgeneli iozef
haidn-Tan da ludvig van beThovenTan erTad da simfoniis Janris
CamoyalibebaSi udidesi wvlili Seitana.
melsac orive marTavda. samefo mxolod bav-SvebiT iyo dasaxlebuli
da Tavisi saidum-lo enac hqonda. aq mcxovrebi yvela bavSvi bednieri
iyo da imas akeTebda, rac surda, ufrosebs ki iq araferi
esaqmebodaT. sxva wyaroebi ki gadmogvcemen, rom adreul asakSi
kompoziciaSi didi miRwevebis miuxe-davad, mocarts surda misi
pirveli opera, romelsac dawerda, aucileblad zalcbur-gSi dadgmuliyo
da masSi monawileoba mxo-lod mis tol bavSvebs da mozardebs
mieRoT.
88
nanerli volgfangis pirvel simfoniaze muSaobas ase igonebda:
„londonSi, sadac ma-ma Zalian avad gaxda, fortepianosTan mika-reba
gvekrZaleboda. amitom TavSesaqcevad, [volfgangma] gadawyvita,
simfonia daewera yvela instrumentisTvis, sayvirisa da
tim-panebisTvisac, me ki unda gadamewera. roca werda da me asls
vakeTebdi, miTxra: Semaxse-ne, valtornebsac mivce rame
dasakravado~.
dRes miCneulia, rom 13-15 wlis mocar-tis musikaluri codna da
gamocdileba nam-dvili eqspertisas utoldeboda. is ukve iyo araerTi
didi nawarmoebis, maT Soris, saope-ros, avtori. am JanrSi 14 wlisam
moipova Ta-visi erT-erTi udidesi gamarjveba:
oriode wlis Semdeg, bavSvobis dasru-lebasTan erTad, dasrulda
xangrZlivi mog-zaurobebis periodic, romelmac mocarte-bis ojaxi,
yvelaferTan erTad, finansura-dac moaZliera. isini qalaqis centrSi,
e.w. „tancmaisteris saxlSi“ gadasaxldnen. ase rom, zalcburgSi Tu
moxvdebiT, mocartis ori saxl-muzeumis monaxulebas SeZlebT.
saqme isaa, rom XVIII saukunis evropul musikalur cxovrebaSi
erTpirovnulad ba-tonobdnen musikosebi operis samSoblo-dan –
italiidan. italieli da musikosi, faq-tobrivad, sinonimebi gaxda,
xolo italiel-ma musikosebma sakmaod Seaviwroves sxva ev-ropeli
kolegebi umniSvnelovanes musika-lur Tanamdebobebze. ise, rom Tu
romelime mefes, princs an aristokrats Tavis karze mTavari musikosi
– kapelmaisteri sWirde-boda, Tundac saSualod niWier italiels bevrad
meti Sansi hqonda, vidre Zalian niWi-er adgilobrivs. da am dros
milanSi iwereba da idgmeba avstrieli Tineijeris opera „miTridate,
pontos mefe“. warmateba imde-nad didia, rom 14 wlis avtori romis
papis „oqros dezebis“ ordenis kavaleri da bo-loniis filarmoniuli
akademiis wevri xde-ba.
iohan sebastian baxi (1685-1750)
iohan qristian baxi(1735-1782)
musika
-
iozef haidni(1732-1809)
ludvig van beThoveni(1770-1827)
brwyinvale ganaTlebis, uzarmazari ga-mocdilebisa da genialuri
monacemebis Ser-wymam ganapiroba, rom 17-18 wlis asakidan mo-cartis
nawarmoebebi ara marto yovelmxriv srulyofili iyo, aramed
damkvidrebul standartebs scdeboda kidec. magram cxov-reba ise aRar
anebivrebda, rogorc bavSvo-baSi. provinciuli zalcburgi mocarts ver
sTavazobda misi SesaZleblobebis Sesabamis samsaxurs. amasTan, 21
wlisas 18 wlis momRe-rali aloizia veberi Seuyvarda. sabolood,
gogonam mas ar TanaugrZno. mocarti pariz-Si gaemgzavra imediT, rom
karg samsaxurs ip-ovida – mas xom yvelgan icnobdnen, maT So-ris,
evropis kulturul dedaqalaqSic, da Semdeg, ojaxTan erTad,
sacxovrebladac ga-davidoda. kargad icoda ra iqauri msmene-lis
gemovneba, dawera Tavisi cnobili „pari-zuli“ simfonia. magram
parizma mocarts kargi veraferi SesTavaza, piriqiT, simfoni-is
warmatebis miuxedavad, misTvis ver gamoi-naxa iseTi samsaxuri,
rogorsac, Tavadve ic-oda, rom imsaxurebda. danazogi gamoilia da am
dros didi ubedureba daatyda Tavs – am-qveynad yvelaze Zvirfasi
adamiani – deda gardaecvala. mocartma sikvdilze daiwyo fiqri. mis
musikaSi gamoCnda axali, muqi tonebi da ferebi, dramatuli,
qromatuli JReradobebi. sastik cxovrebas SeeCexa. gai-zarda.
Tavisufali, Cveulebrivi, genia-luri, legendaruli
Sesaferisi samsaxuri arc italiaSi aR-moCnda da sabolood, mocarts
mosawyen zalcburgSi mouxda dabruneba.
mSobliuri qalaqi eviwroeboda. sul cota xnis win sruliad evropis
musikaluri saocreba axla patara qalaqis arqiepisko-posis karis
musikosi gaxda da 23 wlisas kvlav mama akontrolebda. axali
arqiepis-koposi, ieronimus koloredo, metismetad mkacri saeklesio
wesebis mimdevari gamod-ga, yvelasgan morCilebas moiTxovda, saero
musika saerTod ar ainteresebda da ar api-rebda, mis samsaxurSi
myofi ori musikosi didi xniT gaeSva samogzaurod. mamis survi-lisa
da mcdelobebis miuxedavad, mocarti koloredos verafriT Seegua. guli
brwyin-vale, musikaluri, ganaTlebuli da libera-luri venisken
miuwevda. araerTi konfliq-turi situaciis Semdeg mocartma sabolo-od
datova arqiepiskoposis kari, zalcbur-gi, mama; dedaqalaqis gzas
daadga da erT-er-Ti pirveli Tavisufali kompozitori gax-da, dRes rom
̀ frilansers~ eZaxian. es ki imas niSnavda, rom mudmivad aravisTvis
muSaob-da, Sesabamisad, arc mudmivi Semosavali hqonda. venaSi
gadasvliT mocartma Tavis-ufleba moipova da sazrunavi moimata.
opera „miTridate, pontos mefe“
89
volfgang amadeus mocarti
-
aloizia veberi (1760-1839)
mocartis deda ana maria mocarti
(1720-1778)
amave periodSi, iziarebda ra Zmobisa da urTierTgagebis ideas,
mocarti frimaso-nebs SeuerTda. im periodSi frimasonoba ar miiCneoda
raRac mistikur, sazarel, gama-nadgurebel fenomenad, rogorc dRes
bevri miiCnevs saqarTveloSi. es sakmaod Ria, met-wilad
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo daj-gufebas ufro hgavda, vidre raime
saidum-lo religiur gaerTianebas. daaxloebiT, mecnierebaTa
akademiasaviT an literatu-ruli, musikaluri, Teatraluri wresaviT
iyo, sadac imdroindeli venis saukeTeso in-teleqtualebi iyridnen
Tavs.
iq bednieri iyo. vena msoflioSi sauke-Teso adgilad miaCnda.
maleve gaiCina megob-rebi, dauaxlovda musikaluri wreebis
war-momadgenlebs, maT Soris – kvartetebisa da simfoniebis mamad
wodebul iozef haidns. ramdenime TveSi imperatoris keTilganwyo-bis
mosapoveblad dawera Tavisi erT-erTi saukeTeso nawarmoebi –
zingSpili „serali-dan gataceba“.
venaSi mocarts mfarveli ar hyolia. ab-soluturad yvela musikalur
Tu yofiT saqmes TviTon agvarebda imediT, rom erT dResac moipovebda
im didebas, popularo-bas da simdidres, romelsac, Rrmad iyo
dar-wmunebuli, imsaxurebda. kompozitorobas-Tan da SemsruleblobasTan
erTad, sakuTa-ri Tavis prodiuseric unda yofiliyo da
pi-ar-menejeric. rTulad warmosadgenia misi
cxovrebis saqmiani, metismetad amqveyniuri, materialisturi
mxare, magram ubrwyinva-lesi musikaluri ideebis patrons da av-tors
sxva gza ar hqonda. sxvanairad es idee-bi ver gacocxldeboda, xolo
maTi gacocx-leba avtorisTvisve iyo mniSvnelovani. ase, umetesad
pragmatuli miznebiT iwereboda absoluturi Sedevrebi, romlebic
msmenels dRemde ajadoebs. ase daiwera misi araamq-veyniurad
mSvenieri safortepiano koncer-tebi (gansakuTrebiT, N21, N2NN 3),
simfoniebi, operebi...
ieronimus koloredo (1732-1812) da axalgazrda mocarti
90
musika
-
mocarti da frimasonebi
konstance veberi(1762-1842)
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi SesaZlebloba kargad gaTvlili
qorwineba iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase fiqrobda mama mocarti. magram
Svilma siyvaruliT daqor-wineba amjobina. 26 wlis asakSi aloizia
vebe-ris umcrosi da, aseve momRerali konstance veberi SeirTo colad
da mamis risxva daim-saxura. wyvili zalcburgSic ki Cavida
leo-poldis gulis mosalbobad, magram amaod. amis Semdeg volfgangi
mSobliur qalaqSi aRarasdros dabrunebula.
venaSi araerTi adgilia, sadac mocarti sxvadasxva dros cxovrobda,
magram yvelaze cnobili maT Soris aris „figarohausi“ – „figaros
saxli“. aq kompozitorma Tavisi Semoqmedebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
nawar-moebebi Seqmna. aq modioda venis klasiciz-mis uxucesi
warmomadgeneli, „simfoniebisa da kvartetebis mama“ iozef haidni, aq
estum-ra misi udidesi Tayvanismcemeli, venis kla-sicizmis bolo,
mesame, giganti – sruliad axalgazrda ludvig van beThoveni.
gadmo-cemebis mixedviT, mocarti da beThoveni pi-rispir ar
Sexvedrian erTmaneTs, pirvelma meoris dakvras sxva oTaxidan usmina
da Tqva, rom es axalgazrda kaci male mTel sam-yaros aalaparakebda.
mocartisgan, romel-mac yvelaze kargad icoda sakuTari niWis fasi da
masStabi da arasodes gamoirCeoda TavmdablobiTa da mokrZalebiT, es,
SesaZ-loa, udidesi komplimenti iyo, romelic ko-legis mimarT
gamouTqvams. swored ise, ro-gorc didma haidnma erTxel uTxra
leo-
pold mocarts: RvTis winaSe, patiosani ka-cis sityvas gaZlevT,
Tqveni Svili yvelaze didi kompozitoria maT Soris, visac pira-dad
vicnob an viszec msmeniao.
haidni, mocarti, beThoveni – es sameuli XVIII saukunis musikis
umTavres stils da mi-marTulebas gansazRvravs. klasicizmma mu-sikaSi
instrumentuli musikis mTavari formebis: simfoniis, instrumentuli
kon-
91
volfgang amadeus mocarti
-
„figaros qorwin
eba“ – libreto
opera `don jovani~
certis, simebiani kvartetis, sonatis Janre-bis da maTi
Taviseburebebis saboloo dad-gena da Camoyalibeba SeZlo. am sameulSi
mo-carti yvelaze klasikuri klasicistia. is, rac haidnma daiwyo, man
srulyo, beThovenma ki axal safexurze gadaiyvana da pirveli
na-bijebi gadadga axal mimdinareobaSi – ro-mantizmSi.
musikaluri klasicizmi sxva stilebs Soris gansakuTrebuli
gawonasworebiT, logikurobiT, simetriulobiT, samyaro-sadmi metwilad
harmoniuli damokidebule-biT gamoirCeva. masSi dabalansebulia
subi-eqturi emociuroba da idealurad logi-kurad, gonivrulad agebuli
formebi. ami-tomac uwodes XIX saukuneSi am stilsa da mimdinareobas
klasicizmi – raRac idealu-ri, sanimuSo da misabaZi. Tumca, es venis
kla-sicizmis Zalian zogadi daxasiaTebaa. kom-pozitorTa sameulidan
TiToeuls uamravi individualuri maxasiaTebeli aqvs.
mocartis nawarmoebebSi idealurs miax-loebuli proporciuloba
asimetriuli de-talebisgan Sedgeba, sinaTles wamSi Crdili cvlis da,
piriqiT, mxne qmediTobas – gulSi-Camwvdomi lirika. mocarts miznad
ar dausa-
im yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebebis didi nawili, romlebmac mocarti
mocartad aq-cia, 1780-ian wlebSi „figarohausSi“ daiwe-ra. maT Soris
iyo e.w. „italiuri trilogia“: operebi „figaros qorwineba“, „ase
iqceva yvela qali“ da „don jovani“ – operaTa ope-ra, rogorc gustav
malerma uwoda. dRes-dReobiT italielebs uyvarT mtkiceba, rom es sami
Sedevri bevrs dakargavda, mocarts italieli libretisti – lorenco da
ponte rom ar hyoloda. ar vici, ramdenad bevrs da-kargavda mocartis
musika, magram am mtkice-baSi simarTlis wili namdvilad aris. da
pon-te mocartisTvis brwyinvale partniori ga-
modga. am operebis cocxal, namdvil, mravalmxriv personaJebs ukve
Zali-
xavs raimes reformireba, Zvel tradiciebs mSvenivrad egueboda da
mainc, uamravi siax-le danerga, romelmac tradiciuli sruli-ad
aratradiciulad, unikaluri gziT war-moaCina. misi SemoqmedebiTi
individualobi-sa da gansxvavebuli talantis Sedegad war-moqmnili es
Tavisebureba mocartiviT srulyofilad sxva arc erT kompozitors ar
axasiaTebs.
kostiumebis eskizebioperisTvis
„ase iqceva yvela qali“
92
musika
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lorenco da ponte (1749-1838)
joakino rosini (1792-1868)
antonio salieri(1750-1825)
praRis Teatri
volfgang amadeus mocarti
93
an cota aqvT saerTo wina periodebis seriozuli operebis odnav
„brtyel“ xasiaTebTan. aq naC-venebia adamianebi yvela nakliT da
RirsebiT. mocartma da Semdeg rosinim aqcies personaJi fi-garo
moxerxebuli, maxvilgonieri tipis sinonimad, romelic yovelTvis
poulobs gamosavals; da, albaT, ar gavazviadebT, Tu aRvniSnavT, rom
ara didma servantesma an molierma, ara bairon-ma, aramed swored
mocartma aqcia uzneo, garyvnili meqalTane don xuani/don Juani
udidesi simpaTiis gamomwvev personaJad, miuxedavad (da pontes mier
libretoSi daundoblad warmoCe-nili) misi naklovanebebisa. isic
aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoxsenebuli sami opera mocarts praRis Teatrma
SeukveTa, iqve Tavad idiriJora mocartma maTi warmatebuli
premierebi. dRes praRis Teatri erTaderTi gadarCenili Senobaa, sadac
mocarts fexi daudgams, Tavisi nawarmoebebi Se-usrulebia da romelmac
drosa da omebs gauZlo.
venaSi cxovreba mwvervalisken triumfalur svlas ar hgavda –
dabrkolebebiT, aRmarT-daRmarTebiT iyo savse. xSirad, garemoebebTan
erTad, es arastabiluroba mocartis xasiaTi-Tac iyo gamowveuli da
ojaxuri mdgomareobiTac. bevri mcdelobis miuxedavad, man ver
moipo-va imperatoris karze sanatreli Tanamdeboba, is „gadamTiel“
italiels, Zalian niWier da Sro-mismoyvare, magram ara genios
kompozitors – antonio salieris ekava. es swored is salieria,
romelsac gangebam dascina da sayovelTaod cnobili ara Tavisi
musikiT, aramed mocartis mo-wamvlis legendiT gaxda: erT-erTi
yvelaze Savbneli da usamarTlo legendiT, radgan kvleve-
biT TiTqmis asi procentiT dasturdeba, rom araviTari mowamvla ar
yofila, moaruli Worebidan erT-erTi ki le-
gendad momdevno saukuneebSi aqcies sensa-ciebis moyvarulma
presam, aleqsandr
puSkinma, piter Seferma da miloS formanma Tavisi oskarosani
„amadeusiT“.
-
94
antonio salierim Tavisi maRali posti mZime, Tavdauzogavi SromiT
moipova da misi fasi kargad icoda. amitom niWier axalgazrdebs,
visac ar SeeZloT musikis gakveTilebis safasuris gadaxda, salieri
ufasod amecadinebda. aseT moswavleebs Soris iyvnen ludvig van
beThoveni, franc Suberti da mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg – mocartis
Svilic, romelzec salierim ganacxa-da, momavalSi es biWuna Tavis
genialur mamas gautoldebao.
scena operidan `jadosnuri fleita~,Teatri la skala
mocartis Sesaxeb legendebis umetesoba mis sikvdilzea.
mowamvlasTan erTad sxva aTobiT mizezi saxeldeba, misi sicocxlis ase
adre Sewyvetis asaxsnelad. esaa masonebis SurisZieba (radgan
miiCneva, rom „jadosnur fleitaSi“ mocartma masonebis saidumlo
ritualebi scenaze gamoitana), eWviani qmrisa (romlis colTanac
TiTqos mocarts sasiyvarulo urTierToba akav-Sirebda) Tu gabrazebuli
damkveTis SurisZieba da sxva uamravi fantastikuri Tu realobasTan
miaxloebuli versia. eqimebsac aqvT sakuTari varaudebi da samedicino
naSromebic ki – isini mocartis sxvadasxva avadmyofobis SesaZlo
simptomebs misi portretebis mixedviT da werilo-biT dokumentebze
dayrdnobiT ikvleven. yvelaze gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, mocartis
sikv-dilis mizezi iyo mwvave edema, romelic streptokokurma
infeqciam gamoiwvia. oRond, es roman-tikosebisTvis metismetad
prozauli da mosawyeni mizezia araamqveyniuri geniosis udroo
aR-sasrulis asaxsnelad. Tanac es diagnozic, sxvaTa msgavsad,
jerjerobiT mxolod varaudia, radgan jerac daudgenelia, namdvilad
miagnes Tu ara mocartis saflavs. misi naTesavebis saf-lavebis
xelSeuxebloba didi xania darRveulia da amitom zalcburgis
mocarteumSi, wminda markozis sasaflaoze daculi mocartis savaraudo
Tavis qalis dnm-is analiziT SeuZlebelia utyuari monacemebis
miReba.
venaSi mocarts ori pirobiTi saflavi aqvs. pirveli, rogorc
aRvniSneT, wminda markozis (sent-marqsis) SedarebiT momcro
sasaflaozea, sadac kompozitori 1791 wlis dekemberSi dakr-Zales.
saflavSi, mis garda, kidev xuTi ucnobi ganisvenebda. saflavis zusti
adgilmdebareoba dRemde ucnobia, savaraudo adgilas ki dgas
monumenti, romelic gamosaxavs gadatexil svets mgloviare, Tavdaxrili
angelozebiT. meore pirobiTi saflavi – monumenti qalis mwuxare
fi-guriT, romelsac xelSi „rekviemis“ gragnili uWiravs, venis
centralur sasaflaozea da erTg-var samkuTxeds qmnis beThovenisa da
Subertis saflavebTan erTad.
musika
-
„ra saWiroa mTeli es kvleva-Zieba?“ – Facebook-is erT-erT
fan-jgufSi aseTi komentaric da-wera mocartis musikis moyvarulma:
„Cven gvaqvs umTavresi, rac mocartma datova – misi musika.
danarCeni – ubralod xmauria“.
ratom mocarti?
legendebi mocartis sikvdilze, maT Soris imaze, gonebis
dakargvamde rogor Ri-Rinebda da iwerda dasartyamebis partias misi
ukanaskneli Sedevris – „rekviemis“ yve-
laze Tavzardamcemad tragikuli nomridan Lacrimosa
(„Tvalcremliani“), konstance mo-cartis gavrcelebulia. volfgangis
gardacvalebidan maleve konstance colad gahyva da-
niel diplomat georg nikolaus fon nisens da ukarnaxa mogonebebi,
romlis mixedviTac am ukanasknelma mocartis uTvalavTagan erT-erTi
pirveli biografiuli naSromi dawera. droTa
ganmavlobaSi mecnierebma daadgines, rom am naSromSi moyvanili
faqtebis arcTu mcire raode-noba konstancem sagangebod gaayalba,
raTa kompozitoris biografiisaTvis ufro meti iduma-leba da
mimzidveloba, sakuTari salarosTvis ki meti Semosavali Seematebina.
magram aqve unda aRiniSnos konstance mocart-nisenis is didi Sromac,
rac man Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovrebis man-Zilze mocartis saxelisa da
Semoqmedebis popularizaciisTvis gaswia.
ra dawera? rogor dawera?
kidev erTi saintereso Temaa mocartis nawarmoebebis raodenoba da
maT Seqm-naze daxarjuli dro. arsebobs mosazreba, rom am moculobis
SemoqmedebiT memk-vidreobaze ara muSaobisa da Seqmnis, aramed
mxolod gadawerisTvis adamianis normaluri cxovrebis 70 weli mainc
aris saWiro. arada, mocarti 35 wlis asakSi gardaicvala da 600-ze
meti nawarmoebi datova. daaxloebiTi suraTis Sesaqm-nelad
warmovidginoT, rom mocartma dawera:
dRes arsebuli monacemebiT, 22 opera, rogorc seriozuli, dramatuli
opera-seriebi, ise mxiaruli, sasacilo opera-bufebi italiur enaze,
komi-kuri operis germanuli nairsaxeoba – zingSpilebi. TiToeuli
maTganis
xangrZlivoba 30 wuTidan 2.5 saaTamde meryeobs.
50-ze meti simfonia. maT Soris danomrilia 41, xolo danarCenebi
cnobilia, rogorc „simfoniuri nawarmoebebi“ nomris gareSe. garda
amisa, arse-bobs ramdenime nawarmoebi, romelTa avtori rom mocartia,
bolomde dadgenili ar aris. TiToeu-li simfoniis daaxloebiT
xangrZlivobad 20-35 wuTi SegviZlia aviRoT.
27 safortepiano koncerti (msxvili samnawiliani cikli solo
fortepiano-
sa da orkestrisaTvis), aseve kon-certebi sxvadasxva
instrumen-
tisTvis. xangrZlivoba – igi-ve, rac simfoniebis.
miiCneva, rom mocarti universaluri kompozitoria. es ras niSnavs?
imas, rom Tavis dros ar-sebul yvela JanrSi Sedevrebi aqvs dawerili
da imas, rom mis musikas siamovnebiT usmens dedami-wis nebismier
wertilSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva asakisa da gemovnebis adamianTa didi
nawili, maT Soris, iseTebic, romelTac klasikur musikaze warmodgena
ara aqvT da arasodes mousmeniaT. arsebobs samecniero Teoria
„mocartis efeqtze“, romelic amtkicebs, rom misi musika goneb-riv
SesaZleblobebs aumjobesebs. imasac amboben, rom mocartis musikis
mosmenis Semdeg Sesru-lebul IQ-testSi adamianebs ufro maRali
maCveneblebi aqvT, vidre Cveulebriv pirobebSi Ses-rulebisas. am
Teorias mravali momxre hyavs da romc ar hyavdes, es musika ubralod
aravis to-vebs gulgrils, miuxedavad asakisa, erovnebisa, kanis
ferisa, ganaTlebisa da gemovnebisa.
95
volfgang amadeus mocarti
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amas mivumatoT divertismentebi (umete-sad sacekvao, gasarTobi
saorkestro piese-bis cikli), mesebi (liturgiuli xasiaTis da
daniSnulebis cikluri nawarmoebebi), mesa-brevisebi (mokle mesebi)
da uamravi sxvada-sxva sasuliero Sinaarsisa da daniSnulebis
nawarmoebi, genialuri „rekviemis“ nawili, simebiani kvartetebi,
sxvadasxva Semadgen-lobis ansamblebi, kantatebi, sonatebi
sxva-dasxva instrumentisTvis, solo sakoncer-to ariebi, gundebi,
simRerebi – es arasruli siaa da am nawarmoebebis xangrZlivobac
sxvadasxvaa.
SegiZliaT warmoidginoT, ra dro das-Wirdeboda am yvelafris
Seqmnas, damuSave-bas, daxvewas da Caweras? amas davumatoT is-ic,
rom mocarti TviTon iyo aqtiuri Sems-rulebeli da Tavisi
nawarmoebebis premie-rebsac bavSvobidanve umetesad Tavadve
di-riJorobda. es niSnavs, rom repeticiebze sakmao dros atarebda,
sakmaod bevrs swav-lobda: kompozicias im droisTvis cnobil
sxvadasxva maestrosTan eufleboda, bavS-vobidanve araerT
instrumentze ukravda da gardatexis asakamde vokalSic mecadineob-da,
mSobliuri germanulis garda, kidev sam enaze laparakobda da werda,
kargad icnob-da literaturas da, rogorc amboben, sakma-od Zlieri iyo
maTematikaSi. amas daumateT isic, rom mozrdil asakSi hyavda araerTi
moswavle, cota dros ar xarjavda drosta-rebaSi, daxvewil restornebSi
sadilobasa da biliardis TamaSSi. plus – xSiri mogzau-robebi erTi
qveynidan meoreSi, yoveldRiu-ri cxovrebis rutina, werilebi,
vizitebi, audienciebis lodini didkacebis mosacde-lebSi,
wveulebebi... warmogidgeniaT, ra co-taa amisTvis 35 weli?
96
mecnierebi dRemde cdiloben axsnan, ge-nialuri monacemebis garda,
kompoziciis ra meTodebs flobda mocarti, rom amdeni mo-aswro.
arsebobs legenda, rom is pirdapir TeTrad werda, Canawerebs da
eskizebs ar ak-eTebda, magram am legendas safuZveli ar aqvs, radgan
arsebobs mocartis eskizebis rveulebi, sadac sxvadasxva nawarmoebis
mTavari musikaluri Temebi da motivebia Ca-mowerili. aseve arsebobs
mosazreba, rom sa-idumlo cifrirebuli banis teqnikaSia, rac niSnavs
imas, rom kompozitori wers melodi-ur xazs, xolo TanxlebaSi uTiTebs
harmoni-is ZiriTad tons – bans, akords ki Sesabamisi cifriT wers,
romlis wakiTxvac musikalu-rad ganaTlebul nebismier adamians
SeuZ-lia. cifri SesaZloa gadamwerma gaSifros an Semsrulebelma
dakvrisas improvizacias mimarTos da miTiTebuli cifris qveS
nagu-lisxmevi harmonia sul sxvadasxva gziT da-ukras. es teqnika
barokos periodSi Zalian iyo gavrcelebuli, radgan maSin
kompozi-torebi imavdroulad Semsrulebel-impro-vizatorebic iyvnen.
improvizacias, anu na-warmoebis zepir, spontanur
Seqmna-Sesru-lebas, barokos musikaSi uzarmazari adgili ekava.
mocartic, bavSvobisa da Tineijero-bis wlebSi, roca saSemsruleblo
turebiT mTel evropas wlobiT uvlida, Tavisi gamos-vlebis did dros
umetesad swored improvi-zacias uTmobda.
mocartis xelnaweri `rekviemi~
musika
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eniT auwereli musika
aqamde ar miTqvams yvelaze mTavari: Ta-vad musika – rogoria igi?
ratom aris gasa-gebi da sasiamovno adamianTaTvis msoflios nebismier
wertilSi?
musikis sityvebiT aRwera, zogadad, rTulia, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli.
zustad Sesa-feris sityvebs verasodes poulob da yvela maTganze
fiqrob, „ara, es is ar aris“. mocar-tis musikaze saubaric rTuli da
SeuZlebe-lia. arsebuli stereotipebis mixedviT, ro-melTa
damkvidrebasac didwilad miloS formanis film „amadeuss“ unda
„vumadlo-deT“ – mocarti udardeli, Tavqariani eqs-centrikosi iyo da
musikasac umetesad msu-buqs, naTels da mxiaruls werda.
harmoniu-loba, sinaTle da maJori namdvilad bevria mocartTan, magram
aranakleb mniSvnelova-nia misi meore mxare – Rrma sevda,
gulis-gamgmiravi dramatizmi da tragizmi da am yvelafergamovlili
ganwmenda, kaTarzisi da gasxivosneba. kompozitori minorul
to-nalobebs xSirad ar mimarTavs, magram roca mimarTavs, samyaro
TiTqos sunTqvas wyvets da Cerdeba. aseTia misi absoluturad
genia-luri operis – „don jovanis“ uvertiuris dasawyisi an rekviemis
Dies Irae („risxvis dRe“), roca smeniT „xedavT“ rogor dgeba Tmebi
yalyze an rogor iyineba ZarRvebSi sisxli; an 23-e safortepiano
koncertis me-ore nawili, sadac mSvidi, magram uRrmesi ka-eSniT
savse Txrobaa, romlis Sinaarsic sav-sebiT gasagebia, magram
sityvebiT verasodes moyvebiT; an yvelasaTvis kargad cnobili sol
minoruli simfonia N40, romlis „Sinaa-rsic“ yvela Cvengans sakuTari
gvaqvs, rad-gan mocarts masze araviTari miniSneba ar dautovebia, an
moteti Ave Verum Corpus, Ta-visi ucnaurad sevdiani maJoriT,
romelic, vfiqrobT, uzustesad asaxavs musikaSi im mdgomareobas,
rasac berZeni filosofosi aristotele uwodebda kaTarsiss – uaryo-fiTi
emociebisagan ganwmendas. mocartis sibnele arasodesaa ubralod erTi
Savi fe-
ra moxdeba? – pirveli mosmenis efeqts gameoreba arasodes
Seasustebs. piriqiT, yoveli Semdgomi mosmenisas efeqti
gaZli-erdeba, sul ufro gasagebi da axlobeli da, amave dros, sul
ufro Rrma da amoucnobi gaxdeba. da mixvdebiT: yvelaze
mniSnvnelo-vani, rac misi xanmokle, saocari cxovrebi-dan darCa,
musikaa – Cemi, Tqveni, yvelasi!
ris. is swored yvela arsebuli feris Tav-moyraa, riTac Savi feri
iqmneba. da mocar-tis sinaTlec arasodesaa mzis sxivebiT mTlianad
gakaSkaSebuli – iq yovelTvis ar-is Crdili. universaluri kidev
amitoma- caa – ra ganwyobilebaze myofmac ar unda mo-usminoT,
yovelTvis yvelaferze gipasu-xebT.
da mainc, es is ar aris.… Tavad unda gamos-cadoT.
kadrebi filmidan `amadeusi~
97
volfgang amadeus mocarti