Musical rhythm, bodily movement and the emergence of metre Martin Clayton Entrainment III, Milton Keynes 9 December 2005 with thanks to Udo Will, Devin.

Musical rhythm, bodily movement and the emergence of metre

Martin ClaytonEntrainment III, Milton Keynes 9 December 2005

with thanks to Udo Will, Devin McAuley, Laura Leante and Nikki Moran

Context

Justin London, Hearing in Time (2004): our ability to follow musical metre is a specific instance of our capacity to entrain

Ed Large, On synchronizing movements to music (Human Movement Science 19, 2000): “a model of meter perception is proposed in which a musical stimulus provides input to a pattern-forming dynamical system”

Outline of presentation

Brief summary of analysis presented in the paper ‘Observing entrainment’

Discussion points arising

Video-based analysis

Temporal processes are manifested in bodily movement as well as in sound waves

Video-based observational analysis can be used to extract timing data from this movement

What does analysis of video data tell us about the temporal organisation of performance?

This example: north Indian jor, said to possess pulse but no metre

Veena Sahasrabuddhe – jor – Shree Rag

Observer plot – tanpura (string 1)

Periods – tanpura (string 1)

Periods of tanpura patterns

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

0 10 20 30 40 50

Time (s)

Per

iod

len

gth

(s)

VS

L

R

Tanpura patterns – average periods and phase relationships

Singer (VS) Tanpura L Tanpura R

Ave Period (secs) 2.03 2.72 3.00

Singer vs Tanpura L no evidence of entrainment

Singer vs Tanpura R stable phase relationship

Tanpura R vs Tanpura L no evidence of entrainment

Tanpura patterns – entrainment Analysis of the phase relationships between

each pair of players suggests entrainment between the singer and tanpura R: the periods – of 2 sec and 3 sec respectively – alternate in and out of phase

Tanpura L is not entrained to either of the others, but does realign her phase at a cadence

Observer plot – performers tapping

Periodicities – performers tapping IOIs of beat markers

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 10 20 30 40 50

Time (s)

IOI

(s)

VS

Harm.

Periodicities – performers tapping IOIs of beat markers

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 10 20 30 40 50

Time (s)

IOI

(s)

VS

Harm.

The average periods of both singer’s and harmonium player’s beat marking gestures are 1.35 sec in the middle portion and 0.67 sec at the beginning and end

There is a consistent relationship between the phases of the two sets of beat markers, indicating entrainment.

Relative phase of singer’s beat markers and tanpura patterns

The relative phase plots suggest only self-entrainment between the singer’s beat markers and her own tanpura playing, with periods in a 1:3 ratio

Singer’s beat vs Singer’s tanpura stable phase relationship

Singer’s beat vs Tanpura R no evidence of entrainment

Singer’s beat vs Tanpura L no evidence of entrainment

Periodicities (sec) and their relationshipsBeat 0.67

1:21:3

Beat 1.35

VS tanpura 2.03

2:3

Tanpura R 3.00

Conclusion: entrainment and rhythmic structure Analysis of bodily movements in this jor extract

reveal the existence of a complex hierarchical time organisation

This emergent temporal organisation seems to be the result of unconscious entrainment processes occurring both within and between performers

Coda: Can this temporal organisation be heard? Tapping studies suggest that some expert listeners

can perceive the faster beat (as tapped by the singer) even in the preceding (theoretically unpulsed) section

However, others tap at different rates (in 3:2, 2:3 and 4:3 relationship to the above)…

… and others deny the existence of any beat at all No evidence that the relationships between pulses –

other than that between fast and slow beat markers – is either intentional or perceived by listeners

Discussion points

What is the relationship between the organisation described here and musical metre?

Does this study provide evidence that proto-metrical behaviour can emerge spontaneously when individuals engage in cooperative activities?

If so, what are the conditions under which this organisation will emerge?