MÚSICA NO TELEJORNALISMO: Análise das funções da trilha sonora como produtora de sentidos em matérias jornalísticas veiculadas no programa Balanço Geral

8/8/2019 MÚSICA NO TELEJORNALISMO: Análise das funções da trilha sonora como produtora de sentidos em matérias jornalí…

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Edaim``m Wdzsdaum B}memz

FÛZIJD AO UM@MKOWAD@IZFO

Daäìzm edz n}aâýmz ed uwi`ld zoaowd jofo swoe}uowd em zmauieoz mffduéwidz kowad`æzuijdz ~mij}`dedz ao swobwdfd Gd`daâo Bmwd`

Gmò Lowi{oaum

Jmauwo ]ai~mwziuäwio em Gmò Lowi{oaum ,]AI&GL)

7343





Emeijo d swmzmaum foaobwdnid d fm}z sdiz d fm} adfowdeo ãfiald ndfæìd m d fm}z dfiboz t}m fm dsoidwdf m

iajmaui~dwdf d zmb}iw mf nwmaum sdwd d`jdaâdw mzum ogkmui~o!



WMZ]FO

D fûzijd do zmw m|mj}uded swo~ojd einmwmaumz zmazdâýmz ao o}~iaum! D uoadìedem

,fdiow o} fmaow) ed mzjd`d o uifgwm eoz iazuw}fmauoz swmzmaumz o wiufo em m|mj}âêo

ed jofsoziâêo zêo nduowmz t}m k}auoz emzsmwudf ~dwideoz zmauifmauoz! ]fd fûzijd

d`mbwm soem jd}zdw m}nowid dzzif jofo lä sozzigiìedem em }fd jdaâêo uwizum swo~ojdw

fm`dajoìd o} umazêo! D swmzmaum foaobwdnid swosým&zm d dadìzdw o foeo jofo d

fûzijd wm`djioaded do um|uo m ãz ifdbmaz d}|iìd d swoe}âêo em zmauieo mf fduéwidz

kowad`æzuijdz m|igiedz smò swobwdfd Gd`daâo Bmwd` ed Wmem Wmjowe em um`m~izêo! O

ogkmui~o é dadìzdw oz sozzæ~miz ogkmui~oz ed iazmwâêo ed fûzijd iazuw}fmaud` o} aêo

adz wmsowudbmaz!

Sd`d~wdz&jld~m; Um`mkowadìzfo8 Fûzijd8 Gd`daâo Bmwd`!



@IZUD EM I@]ZUWDÂÝMZ

Nib}wd 4 ‚ Mzjd`d em Eú fdiow !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7<

Nib}wd 4 ‚ N}aâêo ad mzjd`d !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 79



Z]FÄWIO

4 IAUWOE]ÂÊO !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 32

7 UM@MKOWAD@IZFO M D SWOE]ÂÊO EM AOUÆJIDZ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 39

7!4 Um`m~izêo m zojimedem !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 39

7!7 Um`m~izêo m soemw !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 44

7!: @iab}dbmf m adwwdui~d mf U^ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 47

7!:!4 Ifdbmf m um|uo; wm`dâýmz !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4:

7!:!7 D aouæjid !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 45

7!:!: Wmj}wzoz D}eio~iz}diz !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4=

7!:!5 D nib}wd eo dswmzmaudeow !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4>

7!5 Um`mkowadìzfo ao Gwdzi` !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4<

7!5!4 Um`mkowadìzfo sos}`dw ao Gwdzi` !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 73

: O ZOF M O ZMAUIEO !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7>

:!4 O zof !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7>

:!7 D fûzijd !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 72

:!7!4 M`mfmauoz mzuw}u}wdiz ed fûzijd!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7<

:!: D fûzijd m o lofmf !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! :7

:!5 Zmfiúuijd ed fûzijd !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ::

:!= Wm`dâýmz f}zijdiz !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! :>

:!=!4 D fûzijd m o jiamfd !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! :>:!=!7 D fûzijd m o um`mkowad izfo !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! :<

5 FMUOEO@OBID M DAÄ@IZM EO OGKMUO MFSÆWIJO !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 54

5!4 Fmuoeoòbid !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 54

5!4!4 Emniaiâêo em jwiuéwioz em daäìzm !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 54

5!7 D U^ Wmjowe !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 57



5!7!4 O swobwdfd Gd`daâo Bmwd` !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5:

5!: Daäìzm !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5:

5!:!4 Gd`daâo Bmwd` 4= em fdwâo em 7343 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5:5!:!4!4 Daäìzm em ifdbmaz um|uo mf onn m fûzijdz em n}aeo !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5:

5!:!7 Gd`daâo Bmwd` 4> em fdwâo em 7343 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5<

5!:!7!4 Daäìzm em ifdbmaz mzuwduébidz meiuowidiz m fûzijdz em n}aeo !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5<

5!:!: Gd`daâo Bmwd` 4< em fdwâo em 7343 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! =7

5!:!:!4 Swifmiwd wmsowudbmf !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! =7

5!:!:!7 Zmb}aed wmsowudbmf !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! =5

5!:!5 Gd`daâo Bmwd` 49 em fdwâo em 7343 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ==5!:!5!4 Swifmiwd wmsowudbmf !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ==

5!:!5!7 Zmb}aed wmsowudbmf !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! =>

= JOAJ@]ZÊO !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! >3

WMNMWËAJIDZ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! >7



4 IAUWOE]ÂÊO

D uwi`ld zoaowd ei{ wmzsmiuo ãz jdaâýmz t}m jofsýmf }f ni`fm! Iaemsmaemaum eo

bëamwo d fûzijd é o m`mfmauo jdsd{ nmjldw d ogwd m m~iemajidw ad jmad o jìfd

iemdì{deo smò eiwmuow! Ad ~izêo em Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) m Biowbmuui ,733<) d fûzijd aojiamfd é }uiì{ded sdwd umaudw wmd`âdw o zmauifmauo t}m zm emzmkd uwdazfiuiw mf jded

jmad; fmeo uwizum{d umazêo d`mbwid muj! Biowbmuui emnmaem o jdwäumw n`m|æ~m` ed fûzijd

jdsd{ em zm ìbdw d o}uwoz m`mfmauoz em }fd ogwd jiamfduobwänijd sdwd z}bmwiw o}

djmau}dw o zmauieo edz ifdbmaz!

D um`m~izêo é }fd noaum em mauwmumaifmauo m sow izzo joajowwm sow m|mfsò jof

ni`fmz m ~æemo bdfmz! Ad g}zjd sm`d d}eiëajid dué fmzfo oz um`mkowadiz iajowsowdwdf

m`mfmauoz sdwd mauwmumw o sûgìjo! Sow dswmzmaudw jdwdjumwæzuijdz zmfm`ldaumz ãz eo

jiamfd; ifdbmaz um|uo nd`deo ‚ o} ãz ~m{mz mzjwiuo ‚ é sozzæ~m` mf ud` ~mæj}ò d

}uiì{dâêo em m`mfmauoz swmzmaumz mf ogwdz jiamfduobwänijdz jofo d uwi`ld zoaowd!

Uoed~id d fûzijd aêo zm nd{ swmzmaum mf uoedz dz fduéwidz ~mij}`dedz sow }f

um`mkowad`! Nwmt}maumfmaum m`d é }uiì{ded dsmadz mf fduéwidz mzsmjidiz o} adz t}diz zm

emzmkd mfojioadw!

O swobwdfd Gd`daâo Bmwd` m|igieo sm`d U^ Wmjowe Fiadz jofmâo} jofo }f um`mkowad`

sdewêo! O dswmzmaudeow aouijid~d o nduo zmaudeo mf }fd gdajded m mwd j`dwd d

swmoj}sdâêo jof d }uiì{dâêo eo sowu}b}ëz nowfd`! Sowéf mf 733< noi wmnowf}`deo m

sdzzo} d umw o nowfduo t}m zm joalmjm lokm!

Uwdud&zm em }f swobwdfd jof nowum dsmò sos}`dw! Zmkd sm`d ìab}dbmf ianowfd` }zded

smò dswmzmaudeow o} mf n}aâêo eoz dzz}auoz dgowedeoz o ogkmui~o ed duwdâêo um`m~izi~d

é j`dwo; joat}izudw d d}eiëajid edz j`dzzmz fdiz gdi|dz ed sos}`dâêo! Sdwd ud` d

mzsmudj}`dwi{dâêo é o m`mfmauo&jld~m }uiì{deo sm`d mt}ism eo swobwdfd sdwd umaudwduwdiw d dumaâêo eo um`mzsmjudeow! Amzum swojmzzo d fûzijd é }f eoz m`mfmauoz t}m

djmau}df d mzsmudj}`dwi{dâêo!

Ao zmb}aeo jdsæu}ò emzud foaobwdnid eizj}uifoz dz jdwdjumwæzuijdz ed um`m~izêo m o

foeo jofo d aouæjid é joazuw}æed! Jof o ogkmui~o em m|sìjdw o soemw ed um`m~izêo ao

joaum|uo zojid` wmjowwmfoz do um|uo em Eofiait}m Roùoa ,499>) m smzt}izdfoz o

sdsm` em ud` ~mæj}ò ao joaum|uo lizuúwijo d nif em emzjogwiw dz jdwdjumwæzuijdz em ud`

~mæj}ò aoz swifmiwoz daoz m dsoaudw o sdsm` zojid` t}m ud` fmio em jof}aijdâêo



m|mwjid m diaed m|mwjm! Mf zmb}ied emud`ldfoz dz jdwdjumwæzuijdz ed aouæjid ad

um`m~izêo! M~iemajidfoz d joazuw}âêo ed wmsowudbmf d sdwuiw eo ì~wo ”O Um|uo ad U^ ;

fda}d` em um`mkowadìzfo„ em ^mwd Æwiz Sdumwaozuwo ,733>)!

Kä ao umwjmiwo jdsæu}ò d sdwuiw em ianowfdâýmz eoz d}uowmz Kozé Fib}m` Rizaih ,7334) mDdwoa Jos`dae ,4925) g}zjdfoz ia~mzuibdw dz swiajisdiz jdwdjumwæzuijdz ed fûzijd ed

wm`dâêo eo lofmf jof o zof ã emzjwiâêo eoz fmjdaizfoz gäzijoz ed umowid f}zijd`!

Sdwd mzuw}u}wdw d dwb}fmaudâêo zogwm o jdwäumw em zibainijdaum ed fûzijd mat}dauo

bmwdeowd em zmazdâýmz eizjowwmfoz d}|æìo ad zmfiúuijd em Wo`dae Gdwulmz ,7334) m ao

um|uo em @moadweo em Zä ,733:)! Do dgowedw o }zo ed uwi`ld zoaowd ao jiamfd m|sìjded

ao um|uo em Fd}wo Biowbmuui ,733<) s}emfoz eizj}uiw d fûzijd ao joaum|uo eo

um`mkowadìzfo!



7 UM@MKOWAD@IZFO M D SWOE]ÂÊO EM AOUÆJIDZ

7!4 Um`m~izêo m zojimedem

Diaed wmjmozd edz joazmtðëajidz eo }zo eo wäeio smòz ndzjizudz d`mfêmz m iudìdaoz ad

M}wosd m smò bo~mwao em Bmuûìo ^dwbdz ao Gwdzi` m em Smwúa ad Dwbmauiad8 d

zojimedem em djoweo jof Eofiait}m Roùoa ,499>) sdzzo} d joaziemwdw smwibozdz dz

fæeidz em fdzzd! O d}uow mzj`dwmjm t}m d um`m~izêo sos}`dwi{ded ad M}wosd d sdwuiw ed

eéjded em 49=3 emzsmwuo} o umfow ed sos}`dâêo sow zmw fdiz iat}imudaum eo t}m o

wäeio kä t}m uwdazfiuid ifdbmaz!

Eidaum eo ”smwibo„ edz fæeidz em fdzzd z}wbm d amjmzziedem em z}gfmuë &`dz do joauwo`m

eo soemw sûgìjo! Amzum joaum|uo mfmwbm d um`m~izêo sûgìjd ad M}wosd! Roùoa ,499>)

jiud d wm`dâêo ambdui~d joauwd o foemò em um`m~izêo swi~ded eoz Mzudeoz ]aieoz t}m

sdzzo} sow }fd ndzm em bwdaem emzma~o`~ifmauo e}wdaum d b}mwwd! Ud` foemò g}zjd~d o

`}jwo d sdwuiw eoz joaumûeoz bmwdeoz! Sdwd m~iudw mzum }zo edz um`m~izýmz ad M}wosd

Roùoa ,499>) emzudjd o dsmò em swonizzioadiz ed U^ so`æuijoz iaum`mju}diz m ed mìumzojid` ed ésojd sm`d adjioadì{dâêo ed um`m~izêo! Udiz j`dzzmz t}m smwjmgmwdf ad ao~d

fæeid }f m|jm`maum iazuw}fmauo em emfojwdui{dâêo j}ù}wd`!

Mauwmudauo ud` dsmò aêo noi d wmdâêo bmwd` ad M}wosd eidaum emzud ao~d dfmdâd!

Roùoa dniwfd t}m;

Zm d Nwdaâd dzzif jofo d Iuäìd m d Gé`bijd mzjo`lmwdf d `úbijd defiaizuwdui~dso`æuijd jmauwdì{deowd d D`mfdald Ojiemaud` swmnmwi} }fd mzuw}u}wd sûgìjdemzjmauwdì{ded! Mat}dauo oz sdæzmz `duiaoz joanid~df ao Mzudeo sdwd bdwdauiw o gmf sûgìjo m d ‒iaemsmaeëajid“ ed um`m~izêo d Bwê&Gwmudald m zogwmu}eo d D`mfdaldt}m djdgd~d em m|smwifmaudw oz siowmz m|jmzzoz jofmuieoz mf aofm eo Mzudeoui~mwdf }fd duiu}em fmaoz mzudud`! ,RO@UOA 499> s!7>)

Dz um`m~izýmz ad M}wosd owbdai{df&zm em foeo sûgìjo wmj}zdaeo&zm d zmb}iw oz

foèmz ed U^ swi~ded! Mauwmudauo Roùoa ,499>) jofmaud t}m d sdwuiw em 49==

sdzzdwdf d m|izuiw eoiz foemòz em owbdai{dâêo ed um`m~izêo ao ~m`lo joauiamaum; }f

foemò iab`ëz ao t}d` jom|izuidf eoiz jdadiz sûgìjoz m eoiz swi~deoz m }f foemò

joauiamaud` em um`m~izêo sûgìjd jof d uwdeiâêo sûgìjd jmauwdì{ded m|mfsìnijdeo sm`d

um`m~izêo nwdajmzd!



Dz um`m~izýmz swi~dedz bdaldwdf nowâd! Ad Nwdaâd sow m|mfsò dz U^z swi~dedz

joazuiu}mf dswo|ifdedfmaum =3- eoz jdadiz em um`m~izêo eo sdæz!

Oaumf d um`m~izêo mwd joaziemwded jofo }f fmio em ian`}ëajid so`æuijd eiwmud lokmdjldfoz t}m m`d em~m zifs`mzfmaum zmw emi|ded adz ‒fêoz ia~izæ~miz“ eo fmwjdeo!Joan}aeifoz dzzif d`mbwmfmaum o nif em }fd u}um`d so`æuijo&mzudud` jof o nif em}fd so`æuijd em owimaudâêo d wmkmiâêo ed soìui{dâêo ed um`m~izêo jof o dgdaeoao em}fd so`æuijd ed um`m~izêo! ,RO@UOA 499> s!47)

Zmkd ao foemò swi~deo o} sûgìjo jmauwdì{deo o} aêo d um`m~izêo uowao}&zm zæfgoò

ed emfojwdjid em fdzzd! Dwìaeo Fdjldeo ,733:) emzudjd t}m sow mzzd jdwdjumwæzuijd

eoz fmioz em fdzzd d um`m~izêo zonwm swmjoajmiuoz! O d}uow emzudjd t}m d sdi|êo sm`d

um`m~izêo é f}iudz ~m{mz majdwded jofo ziauofd em ibaowçajid! Fdjldeo joaziemwd

t}m ud` nmaõfmao ed gdadì{dâêo eo ~mæj}ò zmkd wmn`m|o ed dswoswidâêo iae}zuwid` ed

j}ù}wd! Dswoswidâêo mzzd t}m djoaumjm adz einmwmaumz swoe}âýmz iaum`mju}diz eo lofmf

jofo o jiamfd d fûzijd m d ìumwdu}wd!

Fmzfo jof ud` jdwdjumwæzuijd o n}aedfmaud` ao ~mæj}ò é o `dâo zojid` t}m m`m bmwd! Zm

d um`m~izêo é d wmswmzmaudâêo ed j}ù}wd em }fd zojimedem é adu}wd` t}m zm}z swobwdfdz

dzzizuieoz sow fi`ldwmz em smzzodz zmkdf dfs`dfmaum jiudeoz m eizj}uieoz mf einmwmaumz

dfgimaumz! Sdwd Fdjldeo ,733:) d um`m~izêo é }f eizsoziui~o d}eio~iz}d` t}m smwfium d}fd zojimedem uowadw sûgìjoz zm}z dazmioz eû~iedz jwmaâdz emzjogmwudz m joòjä&òz

mf eizj}zzêo! ”O ei~mwuifmauo m o mzsmuäj}ò wmfmumf ã ifdbmf izuo é ã eifmazêo

uéjaijd! O `dâo zojid` wmfmum ã jof}aijdâêo izuo é ã eifmazêo zojid`„ ,RO@UOA

499> s! 44)!

D um`m~izêo wmûam iaei~æe}oz m sûgìjoz t}m umaemf d zm zmsdwdw m é emniaied sow

Roùoa udfgéf jofo ogkmuo em joa~mwzdâêo soiz t}m bmwd eiäòboz mauwm iaei~æe}oz!

”Nd`dfoz mauwm aúz m emsoiz nowd em jdzd! Aizzo é t}m m`d é }f `dâo zojid` iaeizsmazä~m`

a}fd zojimedem oaem oz iaei~æe}oz nijdf nwmtðmaumfmaum izo`deoz m ãz ~m{mz

zoìuäwioz„ ,RO@UOA 499> s!4>)!

D eifmazêo zojid` ed um`m~izêo ad ~izêo em Roùoa ,499>) é mandui{ded smò joaum|uo

em swoe}âêo m wmjmsâêo edz ifdbmaz t}m zm jdwdjumwi{df sow bmwdw iemauinijdâêo m

wmswmzmaudâêo! Sdwd Roùoa ,499>) mzudz jdwdjumwæzuijdz zm dsìjdf ”X!!!Vd uoedz dz

ifdbmaz daifdedz fdz dzz}fmf udfgéf dt}i }fd eifmazêo sdwuij}`dw }fd ~m{ t}m d



um`m~izêo é o swiajisd` iazuw}fmauo em smwjmsâêo eo f}aeo ed bwdaem fdzzd ed

sos}`dâêo„ ,RO@UOA 499> s!>9)!

Sow swofo~mw mzum eiäòbo m iazmwiw uoeoz emauwo em }f joaum|uo d um`m~izêo jofo

dniwfdeo sow Roùoa jwid ìbdâýmz maum wijoz m sogwmz ko~maz m ~m`loz w}wdiz m}wgdaoz j}ùoz m fmaoz j}ùoz!

7!7 Um`m~izêo m soemw

D jdsdjiedem ed um`m~izêo em wm}aiw iaumwmzzmz jof}az d einmwmaumz j`dzzmz zojidiz

dzz}auoz t}m swofo~mf d iaumwdâêo mauwm iaei~æe}oz zojid`fmaum zmsdwdeoz é }f nduowt}m m~iemajid d nowâd eo ~mæj}ò! Mauwmudauo em djoweo jof Roùoa ,499>) ud` nowâd

wm`djioad&zm do nduo em dz fmzfdz ifdbmaz soemwmf zmw wmjmgiedz mf uoeo o f}aeo!

O z}jmzzo sos}`dw ed um`m~izêo d}fmauo} oz umfowmz kä m|izumaumz ad ojdziêo ed

ifs`daudâêo ad M}wosd eo }zo ed U^ jof o fmzfo ogkmui~o jof t}m o wäeio nowd

}uiì{deo sow ei~mwzoz bo~mwadaumz ndzjizudz ad{izudz m sos}ìzudz! Jofo ogzmw~o}

Roùoa ,499>) iaum`mju}diz smwjmgmwdf amzzd fæeid em fdzzd }f iazuw}fmauo em ”X!!!V

mzudaedwei{dâêo m lofobmami{dâêo j}ù}wdiz em izo`dfmauo eoz jiedeêoz a}f joaz}fozoìuäwio m sdzzi~o„ ,RO@UOA 499> s!7:)!

D nmwwdfmaud em meiâêo em djoweo jof F}ai{ Zoewé ,492=) emnowfd d wmdìedem

jof}aijded! D zifs`mz zm`mâêo em ifdbmaz m uwmjloz em mauwm~izudz dzzif jofo d

mzjo`ld eo um|uo t}m iwä jofsow d wmsowudbmf joazuiu}i nowfd em fdais}`dâêo ed

ianowfdâêo! O meiuow do nd{mw udiz mzjo`ldz wmzuwiabm o joaumûeo m emzud nowfd onmwmjm

do um`mzsmjudeow dsmadz o çab}ò t}m iaumwmzzm ã mfizzowd! O swojmzzo em meiâêo diaed

zmb}aeo o d}uow bmwd d i`}zêo em ogkmui~iedem ed U^! Ud` nduo uowad&zm }fd dwfdei`ld

sdwd o um`mzsmjudeow t}m jmwuo em mzudw eidaum ed wmdìedem djmiud d szm}eo&

ogkmui~iedem eo ~mæj}ò m zm emi|d ian`}majidw sm`d fmazdbmf nd~owmjmaeo oz swojmzzoz

em iemauinijdâêo m swokmâêo!

G}jji ,4992) duwig}i ud` ~}àmwdgiìedem ã joaeiâêo z}gemzma~o`~ied ã sogwm{d ed

sos}`dâêo m ãz dùdz ud|dz em dad`ndgmuizfo ao sdæz! O iaei~æe}o zmf djmzzo ã me}jdâêo

aêo emzma~o`~m d jdsdjiedem jwæuijd m dad`æuijd m sow izzo djmiud dz ianowfdâýmzonmwmjiedz smòz jdadiz em um`m~izêo jof d ~mwedem dgzo`}ud! Diaed em djoweo jof



G}jji ,4992) ud` ian`}ëajid umaem d zmw fdiow smò nduo em d U^ zmw }f lägiuo fdiz

j}ùi~deo }fd wmnmwëajid fdiz joazudaum o t}m d}fmaud o soemw eo ~mæj}ò! Jof mzzd

nowâd d U^ ”smazd„ sdwd o jiedeêo t}m ~i~m o f}aeo wmuwdudeo sow m`d!

7!: @iab}dbmf m adwwdui~d mf U^

D um`m~izêo é }fd nmwwdfmaud eizsoaæ~m` d uoeoz! Lokm dz daumadz em U^ mzuêo swmzmaumz

mf `dwmz em jiedeêoz smwumajmaumz ãz j`dzzmz féeid m dùd m do fmzfo umfso

jofsýmf o jmaäwio em dbòfmwdeoz m nd~m`dz mf uoeo o Gwdzi`! F}ai{ Zoewé ,492=)

joaziemwd }f wmn`m|o emzzd lmumwobmamiedem em sûgìjo d lofobmami{dâêo ed

fmazdbmf m d g}zjd sow }f emaofiadeow jof}f ed ianowfdâêo t}m zm eiwibm d

einmwmaumz sûgìjoz! D`éf eizzo uofd o mfsogwmjifmauo ed fmazdbmf jofo

joazmtðëajid emzzm swojmzzo!

T}daeo zm ei~mwzinijd ‚ sow j`dzzmz zm|oz iedemz aæ~miz em iazuw}âêo muj! ‚ osûgìjo wmjmsuow em }fd fmazdbmf mzud em~m zifsìnijdw&zm d }f emaofiadeowjof}f sdwd zmw maumaeied sow uoeoz! O júeibo t}m wmbm d swoe}âêo edz fmazdbmazem fdzzd umf em zm uowadw fdiz sogwmz sdwd d}fmaudw o æaeijm em smwjmsâêo sow sdwumeoz wmjmsuowmz! M izuo ifsìjd jof nwmtðëajid a}f mfsogwmjifmauo ed fmazdbmfjof wm`dâêo ã owibiad` ,ed j}ù}wd m`m~ded)! ,F]AI[ ZOEWÉ 492= s!4>)

Eidaum emzzd wmdìedem F}ai{ Zoewé ,492=) joaziemwd gdi|o o aæ~m` ed swobwdfdâêo

um`m~izi~d ao sdæz! M emzudjd jdwdjumwæzuijdz edz fmazdbmaz ~mij}`dedz; t}dauo fdiow now

d wme}aeçajid ad ianowfdâêo em }fd fmazdbmf fdiow zmwä d jdsdjiedem em jof}aijdw8

t}dauo fdiz ndfiìdwmz oz zibaoz ed fmazdbmf sdwd o sûgìjo zm m`mz smwumajmwmf do

wmsmwuúwio eo um`mzsmjudeow fdiow zmwä o bwd} em jof}aijdâêo! D joazmtðëajid ed }aiêo

emzumz nduowmz sdwd G}jji ,4992) é d mzsmudj}`dwi{dâêo swofo~ied adz fmazdbmaz

~mij}`dedz sm`d U^ gwdzi`miwd!

Nib}wd ifsowudaum amzum swojmzzo em mzsmudj}`dwi{dâêo é o adwwdeow! Sdumwaozuwo ,733>)m|sìjd t}m o uof em ~o{ }uiì{deo smò wmsúwumw/dswmzmaudeow dzzif jofo dz sd}zdz m

wmzsiwdâýmz zêo m`mfmauoz ifsowudaumz sdwd joazuw}iw o zmauieo ad wmsowudbmf! Sdwd }f

sûgìjo t}m umf ad U^ d noaum ed ~mwedem d nowfd jofo o um|uo é joazuw}æeo m ìeo

ian`}majid eiwmudfmaum ad fmazdbmf! Sdwd G}jji ,4992) é jofo zm d wmdìedem zú

s}emzzm duiabiw o ë|udzm ad U^ duwd~éz em }fd adwwdâêo mfojioaded ewdfdui{ded!

F}ai{ Zoewé dniwfd t}m d U^ m|ibm }f iaumwòj}uow sdwd t}m d fmazdbmf zm fdaumald

a}f aæ~m` em iauifiedem em ndfiìdwiedem o} em joanieëajid! Amzum joaum|uo oz jdadiz



em um`m~izêo emniamf zm} sûgìjo&d`~o m dadìzdf d nowfd fdiz mnijd{ em joazuw}âêo ed

fmazdbmf sdwd t}m m`d zmkd wmjmgied smò mzsmjudeow! D fdamiwd jofo mzzm sûgìjo zm

jof}aijd o foeo em nd`dw m em dbiw zêo nduowmz d zmw wmswoe}{ieoz ad `miu}wd eo

wmsúwumw/dswmzmaudeow e}wdaum dz wmsowudbmaz!

7!:!4 Ifdbmf m um|uo; wm`dâýmz

D wm~o`}âêo mzuif}`ded sm`d um`m~izêo mf wm`dâêo do wäeio noi d sozzigiìedem em

eizzmfiadw o djmzzo d ifdbmaz em ~dwideoz nduoz daumz dsmadz adwwdeoz adz uwdazfizzýmz

wdeionõaijdz! F}ai{ Zoewé ,492=) wmjoalmjm d nowâd edz ifdbmaz m emzudjd d

~}àmwdgiìedem eo mzsmjudeow eidaum em`dz

X!!!V sow zmwmf s`madz em zibainijdeo dz ifdbmaz z}bmwmf f}iuo fdiz t}m o zifs`mzn`}|o ~mwgd` duiabiaeo eiwmudfmaum d sdwum eo szit}izfo fmaoz ~ibided smòiaum`mjuo! Eidaum ed um~ë t}m zm ifsým jofo }f zif}`djwo ed wmdìedem o wmjmsuowzm dgdaeoad emzj}iedeo! ,F]AI[ ZOEWÉ 492= s!>3)

D ifdbmf ed um`m~izêo ad ~izêo em Roùoa ,499>) joazuiu}i dui~iedem em jof}aijdâêo

zojid` do ~mij}`dw ianowfdâýmz t}m wmfmumf d }f t}dewo m d }f joaum|uo! Mauwmudauo d

òj}âêo gdzm eo wäeio aêo emi|o} em zmw mzzmajid` ad U^! D ifdbmf m o um|uo nd`deo

mzuêo eiwmudfmaum wm`djioadeoz zmaeo t}m d swifmiwd ad ~izêo em F}ai{ Zoewé ,492=)

zú é gmf dswo~miuded t}daeo jofs`mfmaud d nd`d eo òj}uow!

D ifdbmf ndjiìud d jofswmmazêo ed ianowfdâêo m nd~owmjm d fmfowi{dâêo eo nduo!

Mauwmudauo Kmzsmwz ,499<) m|sìjd t}m m`d zo{iald aêo é mnijd{ zm aêo i`}zuwdw dz

wm`dâýmz dz jd}zdz m dz joazmtðëajidz eo nduo!

Sdwd Roùoa ,499>) d ifdbmf uowad&zm fdiz ~mwedemiwd eo t}m dz sd`d~wdz! Uwdud&zm ed

sozzigiìedem em swmzmajidw o nduo m o sûgìjo sdzzd d djwmeiudw f}iudz ~m{mz zmf zm

swmoj}sdw mf u}eo o t}m `lm é dswmzmaudeo! F}ai{ Zoewé ,492=) emniam d wm`dâêo

ifdbmf/sûgìjo jofo }f foaúòbo joauwo`ä~m`! D ifdbmf kä mzuä swoaud ad um`d ed

U^ ìfiudaeo d ifdbiadâêo eo um`mzsmjudeow! D ûaijd mzjo`ld t}m o iaei~æe}o umf

t}daeo zm jdazd eo eizj}wzo dswmzmaudeo é f}edw em mfizzowd! D fmazdbmf kä mzuä

swoaud mf t}d`t}mw jdad`! Sowéf jof mzzd osâêo o um`mzsmjudeow umf djmzzo d o}uwdz

~mwzýmz eo fmzfo nduo! Eidaum ed ifdbmf o t}m f}ed é o um|uo dswmzmaudeo smò

òj}uow! É m`m t}m djmau}d o} foeinijd o zmauieo ed fmazdbmf mfiuied sm`d ifdbmf!



O um|uo sdwd U^ em~m dsmadz jofs`mfmaudw o} zmkd deijioadw ianowfdâýmz ã

fmazdbmf ~iz}d`! Sm`d jdwdjumwæzuijd em iazudaudamiedem ed um`m~izêo o um|uo em~m zmw

mzjwiuo sdwd zmw jofswmmaeieo em }fd ûaijd ~m{! Dniad` o um`mzsmjudeow aêo ~di umw d

jldajm em o}~iw d aouæjid ao~dfmaum! Em djoweo jof Sdumwaozuwo ”X!!!V zm izzo aêo

djoaumjm o ogkmui~o em t}mf mzuä mzjwm~maeo o} zmkd uwdazfiuiaeo d ianowfdâêo

nwdjdzzd„ ,SDUMWAOZUWO 733> s! 22)!

7!:!7 D aouæjid

Uêo ifsowudaum t}dauo mzjwm~mw jowwmudfmaum sdwd U^ é joaziemwdw d aouæjid d sdwuiw ed

dswmzmaudâêo em ifdbmaz! Sdwd Sdumwaozuwo ”X!!!V d ifdbmf é }fd ìab}dbmf }ai~mwzd

umf }f maumaeifmauo ifmeiduo m sozzigiìud ãz smzzodz d ~izêo em }fd wmdìedem m|umwad

ãt}m`d mf t}m ~i~mf„ ,SDUMWAOZUWO 733> s!<=)! Emauwo eo kowadìzfo mzzd

jdwdjumwæzuijd ed um`m~izêo fmwmjm emzudt}m soiz é m`d t}m nd{ amjmzzäwid }fd demt}dâêo

um|u}d` mzsmjænijd sdwd d U^! Ud` demt}dâêo zmb}aeo Sdumwaozuwo nd{ ”X!!!V jof t}m

um|uo m ifdbmf jdfialmf k}auoz zmf }f jofsmuiw jof o o}uwo! O} o um|uo umf d ~mw

jof o t}m mzuä zmaeo fozuwdeo o} aêo umf wd{êo em m|izuiw„ ,SDUMWAOZUWO 733>

s! <=)!

O um|uo kowad`æzuijo ad U^ é swoe}{ieo sdwd zmw nd`deo smò Wmsúwumw/dswmzmaudeow m

o}~ieo smò um`mzsmjudeow! D jofgiadâêo em sd`d~wdz m d zoaowiedem em`dz zêo dzsmjuoz

em bwdaem ifsowuçajid ao um`mkowadìzfo! O wiufo eo um|uo ian`}majideo sm`d soau}dâêo

m sm`d demt}dâêo eo }zo em nwdzmz j}wudz udfgéf joauwig}i sdwd d joazuw}âêo em um|uoz

zifs`mz o t}m Sdumwaozuwo ,733>) joaziemwd jofo ”X!!!V d ~mwedemiwd m zifs`mz

ìab}dbmf ed U^„ ,SDUMWAOZUWO 733> s! <3)!

D fmazdbmf em~m zmw zifs`mz! Mauwmudauo o jdfialo sdwd zm jlmbdw ã jofgiadâêo

demt}ded é jofs`m|o! O um|uo um`m~izi~o em~m zmw mzjwiuo zofmaum t}daeo zm zdgm t}diz

ifdbmaz mzuêo eizsoaæ~miz sdwd zmw }zdedz ad wmsowudbmf! Ao kowadìzfo em U^ d

ifdbmf ”X!!!V `m~d ~daudbmf zogwm d sd`d~wd! M`d é z}nijimaum sdwd uwdazfiuiw do fmzfo

umfso ianowfdâêo m mfoâêo„! ,SDUMWAOZUWO 733> s! <=) o t}m emniam o um|uo

um`mkowad`æzuijo jofo }f um|uo aêo&emzjwiui~o! Dzzif o nojo eo um|uo em~m zmw ogkmui~o



ad iemauinijdâêo eoz m`mfmauoz n}aedfmaudiz ed aouæjid o t}m m~iud d wme}aeçajid m aêo

jdazd d t}mf dzzizum! Sdumwaozuwo joaziemwd t}m

Zmf zmw emzjwiui~o o} wme}aedaum jof ianowfdâýmz n}aedfmaudiz zmaeo zifs`mz meiwmuo o um|uo ~di adu}wd`fmaum zm jdzdw jof d ifdbmf X!!!V ]aiw ifdbmf ianowfdâêo

m mfoâêo é }fd god zdæed sdwd uwdazfiuiw d aouæjid jof d t}dìedem iemd`,SDUMWAOZUWO 733> s!<2)

Sdwd Sdumwaozuwo d ”ifdbmf umf d adwwdui~d swúswid m sdwd uwdazfiuiw d mfoâêo em }f

fofmauo o zi`ëajio o} o zof owibiad` eo t}m mzuä djoaumjmaeo ~d`m f}iuo fdiz eo t}m

nwdzmz emzjwiui~dz òabdz wmsmuiui~dz„ ,SDUMWAOZUWO 733> s!<<)! O} zmkd

um`mkowadìzfo aêo é nmiuo dsmadz em um|uo! O um`mzsmjudeow eizsým udfgéf edz

sozzigiìedemz ed ~izêo eo zof dfgimaum m eo zi`ëajio! ]fd fûzijd sow m|mfsò soem

joazuw}iw o jìfd iemd` sdwd d smwjmsâêo eo t}m zm emzmkd aouijidw!

T}daeo aêo lä ifdbmaz sdwd jogwiw o t}m zm swmumaem nd`dw o wmsúwumw umf ã z}d

eizsoziâêo o t}m Sdumwaozuwo jldfd em ”um`mkowadìzfo em dwum„! Zêo bwänijoz fdsdz

emzmaloz o} o}uwoz wmj}wzoz bwänijoz jwideoz sm`d Meiuowid em Dwum ed swúswid mfizzowd

d sdwuiw eoz edeoz nowamjieoz smò wmsúwumw! O ifsowudaum é aêo emi|dw o sûgìjo zmf

maumaemw d fmazdbmf uwdazfiuied!

F}ai{ Zoewé ,492=) m G}jji ,4992) dsoaudf t}m d um`m~izêo aêo nowamjm }fd

wmswoe}âêo nim` ed wmdìedem! Sdwd o d}uow d wmsowudbmf é joazuiu}æed em }fd zéwim em

ifdbmaz jwidedz d sdwuiw em ~äwioz soauoz em ~izud ao emjowwmw edz mudsdz em joazuw}âêo

ed aouæjid! Udiz jdwdjumwæzuijdz ifsýmf do um`mzsmjudeow }fd sdwum eo wmd` zmf edw d m`m

d osâêo em emjieiw o t}m emzmkd ~mw! Sdwd o d}uow oz mnmiuoz em foaudbmf m em

ewdfdui{dâêo iazmwieoz ad fmazdbmf e}wdaum d meiâêo d uowadf fdiz iaumwmzzdaumz m

duwdui~dz fdz emnowfdf d wmdìedem jof}aijded!

O zof é o}uwo m`mfmauo ifsowudaum amzum ~mæj}ò! Mf }fd wmsowudbmf d mauwm~izud m oz

um|uoz nd`deoz smòz wmsúwumwmz zêo m`mfmauoz jld~m sdwd d nowfdâêo ed fmazdbmf!

Mauwmudauo d`éf eoz um|uoz nd`deoz d fûzijd ~mf zmaeo }uiì{ded mf ei~mwzdz

wmsowudbmaz mf einmwmaumz mfizzowdz! Dwìaeo Fdjldeo ,7333) m|sìjd t}m d fûzijd

eidòbd jof dz ifdbmaz! Sdwd o d}uow d ~izêo m d d}eiâêo jofgiadf&zm ao jéwmgwo m

jdsudf d fmazdbmf d}eio~iz}d` t}m mzuä zmaeo uwdazfiuied! ”O eiäòbo edz ifdbmaz

jof oz zoaz é smazdeo a}f sdudfdw z}smwiow em dwuij}`dâêo joanib}wdaeo }fd

~mwedemiwd n}zêo iaumwzmfiúuijd eoz m`mfmauoz s`äzuijoz m zoaowoz„ ,FDJLDEO 7333

s!4>=)!



7!:!: Wmj}wzoz d}eio~iz}diz

Oz wmj}wzoz d}eio~iz}diz zêo }uiì{deoz sdwd jofs`mudw d ianowfdâêo uwdazfiuied smò

kowadìzud! Zêo bwänijoz udgm`dz emzmaloz nouoz foaudbmaz wmjoazuiu}iâýmz o}

t}d`t}mw m`mfmauo jwideo sdwd djwmzjmaudw ianowfdâýmz zogwm o nduo! M`mz soemf

dsdwmjmw ao emjowwmw em }fd wmsowudbmf o} zmw m|igieoz e}wdaum d nd`d eo dswmzmaudeow!

Zmb}aeo Kmzsmwz ,499<) d soziâêo emzzmz m`mfmauoz ad um`d bmwd einmwmaumz smwjmsâýmz!

Zm mzuêo ziu}dedz ao jdauo z}smwiow mzt}mweo zêo smwjmgiedz smò mzsmjudeow jofo

”m`mfmauoz emjowdui~oz„ fmaoz ifsowudaumz t}m o wozuo eo kowadìzud! Zm zm ni|df aojdauo z}smwiow eiwmiuo zêo smwjmgiedz jof ”fdajlmuumz„ m ”jdgmâd`loz„ sowt}moj}sdf d fmzfd soziâêo t}m d em }f kowad` eiäwio! Uowadf&zm fdiz ifsowudaumze}wdaum }f fofmauo t}m d ”jdgmâd&nd`daum„ eo kowadìzud! Zm zm joòjdf ad sdwumianmwiow ed ifdbmf mf z}g&uæu}òz zêo smwjmgiedz jofo m`mfmauoz m|sìjdui~ozdk}edz ã jofswmmazêo jofo zêo mf bmwd` oz z}g&uiu}òz ,KMZSMWZ 499< s! 472)!

7!:!5 D nib}wd eo dswmzmaudeow

Ao um`mkowadìzfo o dswmzmaudeow é o wmzsoazä~m` sm`d joazuw}âêo eo zmauieo ed aouæjid

m em uoeo o joaumûeo eo um`mkowad` k}auo do wmsúwumw! Zêo oz dswmzmaudeowmz m wmsúwumwmz

t}m `m~df do sûgìjo uoedz dz ianowfdâýmz m do fmzfo umfso joazuwomf dz

jdwdjumwæzuijdz sdwuij}`dwmz em jded um`mkowad`! Fmzfo zmaeo d núwf}`d mzuw}u}wd`

zmfm`ldaum ad fdiowid eoz aouijiäwioz zêo oz dswmzmaudeowmz m wmsúwumwmz t}m dk}edf d

duwdiw o sûgìjo!

O dswmzmaudeow nijd m|sozuo mf nwmaum ã jçfmwd m ad fdiow sdwum eo umfso aêo läbwänijoz o} ifdbmaz sdwd jogwiw d nd`d emzum swonizzioad`! Kmda&Kdjt}mz Kmzsmwz ,499<)

jdwdjumwi{d ud` nowfduo jofo ”zudae }s„! Oz wmsúwumwmz mf jdzoz mzsmjidiz dsdwmjmf ao

~æemo ”do ~i~o„ udfgéf mf }f ”zudae }s„! Bmwd`fmaum ud` ziu}dâêo djoaumjm t}daeo

lä d amjmzziedem em uwdazfiuiw }fd fmazdbmf ifsowudaum zogwm d`bo t}m aêo zm umf

ifdbmaz o} zm lä so}jdz ianowfdâýmz!

Du}d`fmaum d fdiowid eoz um`mkowadiz é dswmzmauded ”do ~i~o„ o t}m m|ibm eo

dswmzmaudeow fdiz ogkmui~iedem mf wm`dâêo do dzz}auo! Kmzsmwz ,499<) emzudjd zmw





D um`m~izêo é }f fmio em jof}aijdâêo iaei~ie}d` fmzfo t}m smwfiud d wm}aiêo em

~äwidz smzzodz mf nwmaum do dsdwm`lo um`m~izow! Sow izzo Kmzsmwz ,499<) m~iemajid t}m o

kowadìzud em~m nd{mw }f eizj}wzo em smzzod sdwd smzzod fdiz iaei~ie}d` m zm eiwibiw d

jded jiedeêo em nowfd iaei~}ie}d`! O} zmkd do ia~éz em ei{mw ”~ojëz„ ”z}dz„ o

dswmzmaudeow em~m zmfswm }uiì{dw o ziab}`dw m ei{mw ”~ojë„ ”z}d„!

Sdwd dswo|ifdw diaed fdiz o mzsmjudeow m swo~ojdw d mfsduid o dswmzmaudeow dzzif

jofo m|sìjd Kmzsmwz ,499<) em~m swofo~mw }fd adwwdâêo ndfiìdw zmaeo o fdiz

adu}wd` sozzæ~m` m nd`dw jofo zm mzui~mzzm eiwibiaeo&zm d }fd smzzod jof t}mf ui~mzzm

godz wm`dâýmz zmf iauifiedem joazmw~daeo zmfswm d jwmeigiìedem swonizzioad`!

Sdwd umaudw fdaumw d dumaâêo eo sûgìjo ao t}m mzuä zmaeo eiuo o kowadìzud em~m

zmfswm nd`dw o`ldaeo sdwd d jçfmwd! Zmb}aeo Kmzsmwz ,499<) majdwdw d jçfmwd bmwd ad

ifdbmf d zmazdâêo em t}m o dswmzmaudeow o`ld aoz o`loz eo mzsmjudeow!

7!5 Um`mkowadìzfo ao Gwdzi`

D swifmiwd mfizzowd em um`m~izêo noi ifs`dauded ao Gwdzi` mf 49=3 jof d iad}b}wdâêo

ed U^ U}si em Zêo Sd}ò sow Dzziz Jldumd}gwidae! Emzem mauêo o ~mæj}ò zm

sos}`dwi{o} jlmbdaeo d 4=< fi`lýmz em dsdwm`loz mf 49<7! Dsúz t}ia{m daoz kä mwdf

jmwjd em :5 fi`lýmz em dsdwm`loz aoz `dwmz gwdzi`miwoz! O bo~mwao gwdzi`miwo zmfswm

}uiì{o} oz fmioz em jof}aijdâêo sdwd duiabiw d sos}`dâêo! Jof o dsoio eo bo~mwao m

ia~mzuifmauoz eoz zmuowmz swi~deoz d um`m~izêo mzsd`lo}&zm sow uoeo o Gwdzi`! Zoewé

,492=) dniwfd t}m d swmjdwimedem eo mt}i`ægwio niadajmiwo eo Gwdzi` bmwo} d emsmaeëajid

eoz ~mæj}òz em jof}aijdâêo iaj`}zi~m d U^ ã s}gìjiedem! Jof d ~mwgd emzuiaded ã

s}gìjiedem dz wmemz em um`m~izêo zm z}zumaudf dué lokm! Ud` ìbdâêo mauwm um`m~izêo m

soemw sûgìjo bmwded sow iaumwmzzmz mjoaõfijoz uwdaznowfo} d U^ gwdzi`miwd mf

nmwwdfmaud eo bo~mwao!

D um`m~izêo soiz uowao}&zm }f eoz fdiz ifsowudaumz fmioz em jof}aijdâêo ao Gwdzi`!

G}jji ,4992) m|sìjd t}m d um`m~izêo sdzzo} d joazuw}iw o foeo jofo o gwdzi`miwo

ma|mwbd d wmdìedem em zm} sdæz! Nduoz m ziu}dâýmz aêo m|igiedz ad U^ zêo ibaowdeoz!

Amzud ao~d wmdìedem d`bo zú nd{ sdwum eo mzsdâo sûgìjo gwdzi`miwo d sdwuiw eo fofmauo

mf t}m é ei~}`bdeo smòz jdadiz em um`m~izêo!



D`éf eizzo d U^ joat}izuo} m foeinijo} o foeo em ~ied eoz gwdzi`miwoz m sdzzo} d zmw

d swiajisd` noaum em `d{mw em }fd sos}`dâêo emniaied sow G}jji ,4992) jofo sogwm m

z}gemzma~o`~ied m mf z}d fdiowid dad`ndgmud! F}ai{ Zoewé ,492=) emnmaem t}m mzud

joaeiâêo ed sos}`dâêo gwdzi`miwd nd~owmjm oz swojmzzoz em swokmâêo iemauinijdâêo m

mfsduid eo um`mzsmjudeow jof d lizuúwid dswmzmauded! Eidaum ed um`m~izêo o jiedeêo

mauwd ad jmad dgzow~m d fmazdbmf dadìzd o jof}aijdeow sým&zm ao `}bdw em`m! O

mzsmjudeow é `m~deo d zm ifdbiadw adt}m`d ziu}dâêo m d k}`bdw dz dâýmz em t}mf zm

dswmzmaud!

Sow dswo|ifdw dz smzzodz jwidaeo fofmauoz em ei~mwzêo mauwm ndfiìdwmz m dfiboz d

um`m~izêo uowao}&zm o ”ao~o wäeio„ ed sos}`dâêo! ”Eidaum ed um`d oz gwdzi`miwoz uowjmf

}aieoz aoz m~mauoz mzsowui~oz jlowdf }aieoz adz uwdbéeidz djldf bwdâd }aieoz eozsd`ldâoz t}m dsdwmjmf! Ei~mwumf&zm m zm mfojioadf„ ,G]JJI 4992 s!44)! D`éf

eizzo uowao}&zm d swiajisd` noaum em ianowfdâêo ed sos}`dâêo! O z}wbifmauo em

um`mkowadiz t}m fozuwd~df ifdbmaz eoz nduoz joat}izuo} o sûgìjo! Jof o umfso

z}wbiwdf um`mkowadiz mzsmjænijoz sdwd einmwmaumz bw}soz ed zojimedem d}fmaudaeo diaed

fdiz d d}eiëajid ed um`m~izêo!

^mwd Æwiz Sdumwaozuwo ,4999) soau}d t}m }f eid emsoiz ed iad}b}wdâêo ed U^ U}si em

Zêo Sd}ò noi do dw o Ifdbmaz eo Eid swifmiwo um`mkowad` gwdzi`miwo! Dz òj}âýmz mwdf

nmiudz mf onn m oz um|uoz zmb}idf o mzuiò eo wäeio ûaijo foemò ed ésojd! O swobwdfd

mwd m|igieo mauwm 74l:3 m 77l! Aêo ld~id lowäwio ni|o! Dz ifdbmaz m|igiedz nmiudz mf

ni`fm swmuo m gwdajo zmf zof mwdf }zdedz sdwd jogwiw aoudz! O swobwdfd joaud~d jof

}f dswmzmaudeow t}m udfgéf mwd wmeduow em aouæjidz m swoe}uow W}i Wm{maem!

Sdumwaozuwo ,4999) emzudjd t}m o swifmiwo um`mkowad` gwdzi`miwo em z}jmzzo noi o Wmsúwumw

Mzzo t}m mzuwmo} mf 49=: m aêo o Ifdbmaz eo Eid! Wmsúwumw Mzzo noi m|igieo sm`d U^

U}si eo Wio m em Zêo Sd}ò em 49=: d 4923! Uiald mzzm aofm sow zmw }f swobwdfd

sduwojiadeo sm`d mfswmzd ”Mzzo„! Noi }f um`mkowad` t}m bdalo} adwwdui~d fdiz

um`m~izi~d fmzfo zmaeo zm}z dswmzmaudeowmz m|&òj}uowmz em wäeio! O um|uo mwd fdiz

ogkmui~o t}m o dswmzmaudeo ao Ifdbmaz eo Eid! O dswmzmaudeow dsdwmjid mf s`dao

dfmwijdao m o lowäwio em m|igiâêo mwd ni|o ãz oiuo ed aoium! O aouijiäwio uiald d ndfozd

dgmwu}wd; ”Dt}i nd`d o zm} wmsúwumw Mzzo umzumf}ald oj}`dw ed lizuúwid„! Em djoweo jof

Sdumwaozuwo ,4999) mzum noi }f eoz swobwdfdz em fdiow z}jmzzo ao Gwdzi`!





eoz aowum&dfmwijdaoz! O ZGU `daâo} uwëz daoz emsoiz }f um`mkowad` emzuiadeo ãz

j`dzzmz J/E/M o Dt}i m dbowd! Em djoweo jof Sdumwaozuwo ,4999) mwd }f aouijiäwio

”X!!!Vzmazdjioadìzud dsm`dui~o w mjlmdeo em wmsowudbmaz soìjidiz jof dâêo d~mau}wd

n`dbwdaumz emaûajidz ~io`ëajid m umazêo„ ,SDUMWAOZUWO 4999 s!:2)!

D U^ Gdaemiwdaumz mfizzowd t}m zm emeijd~d do mzsowum mzuwmo} zm} swifmiwo um`mkowad`

mf nm~mwmiwo em 4922! O Kowad` ed Gdae ìemwdeo smò kowadìzud Sd}ò Lmawit}m

Dfowif uiald zmb}aeo Sdumwaozuwo ,4999) }f mzuiò nowum m osiadui~o jof

ianowfdâýmz m|j`}zi~dz m do ~i~o!

7!5!4 Um`mkowadìzfo sos}`dw ao Gwdzi`

F}ai{ Zoewé ,7337) jofmaud t}m d sdwuiw ed eéjded em 49>3 d U^ dgdaeoad o mzuiò

mìui{deo t}m dué mauêo swmeofiad~d aoz jdadiz! Jof izzo o ~mæj}ò d`jdaâo} fdiowmz

æaeijmz em d}eiëajid m zm uowad em nduo }f ~mæj}ò fdzzi~o!

D um`m~izêo diaed lokm g}zjd wmswmzmaudw d j}ù}wd sos}`dw m jd}zdw d iemauinijdâêo eo

sûgìjo jof o t}m mzuä zmaeo m|igieo! M o nd{ duwd~éz eo sos}`dwmzjo t}m Zoewé emniam

jofo ”X!!!V d mzsoaudamiedem sos}`dw iae}zuwid`fmaum uwdazsozud m fdais}`ded sow fmioz

em jof}aijdâêo jof ~izudz ã jdsudâêo m dfsìdâêo em d}eiëajid }wgdad„ ,ZOEWÉ

7337 s!42)!

O um`mkowadìzfo mf d`b}fdz mfizzowdz joazuwúi o um`mkowadìzfo sos}`dw! Mzum zm

wmnmwm doz swoe}uoz kowad`æzuijoz em um`m~izêo eiwmjioadeoz do sûgìjo smwumajmaum ãz

j`dzzmz J E m M! Fäwjid Nwda{ Dfdwd` ,733>) m|sìjd t}m o joaumûeo emzzdz swoe}âýmz

é wou}`deo em zmazdjioadìzud fdz m~iemajid t}m d`b}az d}uowmz swmnmwmf emniaiw jofo

sos}`dwmzjo! ”X!!!V d iajowsowdâêo em jdwdjumwæzuijdz j}ù}wdiz sos}`dwmz smòz fmioz em

jof}aijdâêo jof o ogkmui~o em ogumw d}eiëajid„ ,DFDWD@ 733> s!4=)! Zmaeo t}m

sos}`dw iemauinijd d ifswmazd t}m g}zjd mfsduid jof o sûgìjo do t}d` z}d fmazdbmf é

emzuiaded!

Ud` swo|ifiedem jof o mzsmjudeow em gdi|d wmaed bmwd f}edaâdz em soauoz em ~izud ot}m foeinijd d dgowedbmf eo kowad` ao t}m zm wmnmwm do t}m zm smazd zmw o iaumwmzzm eo



sûgìjo mf wm`dâêo do t}m zmwä aouijideo! Zmb}aeo Dfdwd` ,733>) udiz swobwdfdz

kowad`æzuijoz mzudgm`mjmf d mfsduid emzsmwudaeo ao um`mzsmjudeow d zmazdâêo em

wmswmzmaudâêo m em smwumajifmauo! Zêo aouæjidz t}m ”X!!!V zmauifmaudì{df dz t}mzuýmz

zojidiz jwidf smadì{dâêo ao `}bdw em emzjoaumaudfmauo m joazuiu}mf&zm a}f

fmjdaizfo wme}jioaizud t}m sdwuij}`dwi{d oz nmaõfmaoz zojidiz„ ,DFDWD@ 733> s!

74)! Em djoweo jof Dfdwd` ,733>)

X!!!V o zmazdjioadìzfo zm wmnmwm do m|dbmwo8 ã iaumazinijdâêo ~dòwi{dâêo ed mfoâêo8ã m|sòwdâêo eo m|uwdoweiaäwio8 ã ~dòwi{dâêo em joaumûeoz emzjoaum|u}dì{deoz8 ãuwojd eo mzzmajid` smò z}séwn`}o o} siuowmzjo m ia~mwzêo eo joaumûeo sm`d nowfd,DFDWD@ 733> s!74)

Edaiò Dbwifdai ao ì~wo Mzswmfm t}m zdi zdab}m jiudeo sow Fäwjid Nwda{ Dfdwd`

,733>) dsoaud t}m o zmazdjioadìzfo m|izum ad ifswmazd emzem o jofmâo! Kowadiz

nwdajmzmz eo zéj}ò \I\ mwdf joalmjieoz jofo jdadwez t}m mf sowu}b}ëz zibainijd

”joauo dgz}weo o} nduo aêo ~mwæeijo„! Mwdf s}gìjdâýmz t}m n ojd~df jduäzuwonmz m

~io`ëajid m ud` umaeëajid m|izuid ao f}aeo iaumiwo! O swifmiwo kowad` aowum&dfmwijdao

S}gìjh Ojj}wwmajmz jwideo mf 4>93 uiald dz fmzfdz jdwdjumwæzuijdz zmazdjioadìzudz!

Dfdwd` ,733>) dniwfd t}m o dsmwnmiâodfmauo edz uéjaijdz em ifswmzzêo m d m|sdazêo eo

um`ébwdno joauwig}æwdf em nowfd zibainijdui~d sdwd t}m o zmazdjioadìzfo zm mawdi{dzzm

ao kowadìzfo! D sozzigiìedem em s}gìjdâêo eiäwid em aouæjidz d sdwuiw eo um`ébwdno m djwidâêo em }f sûgìjo `miuow jof d ifs`daudâêo eo Zizumfd em Maziao Sûgìjo

d}fmaudwdf o d`jdajm eoz kowadiz! Jof fdiz `miuowmz oz dwuiboz nowdf emi|deoz em `deo

m emwdf `}bdw d s}gìjdâýmz zogwm umfdz eo jouieidao ed sos}`dâêo jofo wm`duoz em

jwifmz m ewdfdz em ndfæìd!

O Amr Yowh Z}a jwideo mf 4<:: t}mgwo} o t}m Dfdwd` ,733>) jldfd em uéeio eoz

kowadiz uwdeijioadiz m sdzzo} d wm~m`dw }f kowadìzfo emzuiadeo d }f sûgìjo em

joaeiâýmz mjoaõfijdz fdiz gdi|dz! Sûgìjo mzum t}m t}mwid ~mw wmuwdudeoz aoz kowadiz

dzz}auoz wm`djioadeoz d zm} jouieidao! Ao Amr Yowh Z}a em djoweo jof Dfdwd` ,733>)

”X!!!V oz msizúeioz zmazdjioadìzudz eo jouieidao mwdf wmuwdudeoz m|umazdfmaum sdwd

dzzmb}wdw d niemìedem eo sûgìjo„ ,DFDWD@ 733> s! 42)!

Oz swifmiwoz ziadiz em zmazdjioadìzfo ao Gwdzi` nowdf smwjmgieoz aoz no`lmuiaz

s}gìjdeoz d sdwuiw em 4<53! Mf 49>9 djoaumjm} d Zmfdad em Mzu}eoz ed Mzjo`d em

Jof}aijdâêo m Dwumz ed ]ai~mwziedem em Zêo Sd}ò ,MJD&]ZS)! Dfdwd` ,733>) fozuwd

t}m oz sd`mzuwdaumz emniaidf uoeo o swojmzzo em jof}aijdâêo jofo zmazdjioadìzud!



Dniad` oz fmioz em jof}aijdâêo ”X!!!V fm|mf jof zmazdâýmz næzijdz m szæt}ijdz m

dsm`df ãz mfoâýmz swifiui~dz sow fmio em jdwdjumwæzuijdz fæzuijdz zäeijdz m

foazuw}ozdz„ ,DFDWD@ 733> s! 73)!

Dfdwd` ,733>) soau}d t}m swoe}âýmz kowad`æzuijdz nojdedz ad jogmwu}wd ed ~io`ëajid zêowou}`dedz em zmazdjioadìzudz! O d}uow dniwfd joau}eo t}m o zmazdjioadìzfo é wmn`m|o

ed fmwjdauiì{dâêo ed ianowfdâêo m m|izum mf uoeo ~mæj}ò t}m g}zjd swmaemw o sûgìjo

jof o ogkmui~o em ~maemw fdiz! Koêo Jdad~i`ldz mf zm} um|uo Um`m~izêo ‚ eo eofæaio

ed ianowfdâêo&mzsmuäj}ò joajowed jof Dfdwd` ,733>) m mzj`dwmjm t}m o nduow

mjoaõfijo é em nduo }f eoz swiajisdiz m`mfmauoz t}m ian`}majidf o jdwäumw ed

ianowfdâêo um`m~izi~d!

Fm`low swobwdfdâêo ogwibd d fdiowmz ia~mzuifmauoz! Fdiz ia~mzuifmauo m|ibm fdizwmjmiudz s}gìjiuäwidz m mzudz zêo joazmt}ëajid eo d}fmauo edz d}eiëajidz! Sdwd t}mdz d}eiëajidz d}fmaumf é amjmzzäwio uowadw d ianowfdâêo fdiz dsm`dui~d m ojdfialo fdiz näji` é o ed osâêo sm`d ianowfdâêo&mzsmjuäj}ò! ,JDADÎ@LDZ7339 s! 34)!

Kmda&Kdjt}mz Kmzsmwz ,499<) dsoaud t}m o kowadìzfo aêo em~m emnmaemw soauoz em ~izud

fdz dsmadz dswmzmaudw d ianowfdâêo zmf amal}f uiso em emnowfdâêo joazjimaum!

Mauwmudauo sdwd dswo|ifdw d ianowfdâêo eo sûgìjo o kowadìzfo eiuo sos}`dw wmjowwm d

wmj}wzoz t}m smwfiumf do um`mzsmjudeow wmjoalmjmw zm} jouieidao ad um`d m dzzif uowadw

d aouæjid iaumwmzzdaum sdwd zmw joaz}fied sm`dz j`dzzmz J E m M! D ifsdwjidìedem

maumaeied sow Kmzsmwz ,499<) jofo o aêo nd~owmjifmauo em amal}f eoz `deoz ed

aouæjid é t}m em~m zmw fdauied!

^mæj}òz em jof}aijdâêo jofmwjidiz uëf jofo swiajisd` noaum em wmaed d s}gìjiedem!

M o fmwjdeo s}gìjiuäwio wmjowwm d ~mæj}òz em fdiow ~izigiìedem sdwd da}ajidw zm}z

swoe}uoz! O} zmkd t}dauo fdiow o sûgìjo fdiow o ndu}wdfmauo jof daûajioz! Ao

maudauo ud` jdwdjumwæzuijd aêo wmuiwd eo kowadìzfo o jdwäumw ianowfdui~o t}m ad ~izêo emDfdwd` ,733>) fmzfo zmaeo zmazdjioadìzud mf einmwmaumz fmeiedz é }f swoe}uow em

joalmjifmauo m joazuw}uow ed wmdìedem sûgìjd!

Zmaeo uoeo swojmzzo em jof}aijdâêo zmazdjioadìzud d einmwmaâd emzudjded sow Dfdwd`

,733>) mauwm d dgowedbmf eoz kowadiz t}m bdaldf ud` wúu}ò eoz eiuoz zéwioz mzuä ad

iaumaziedem ed dgowedbmf!

O zmazdjioadìzfo umf zmw~ieo sdwd jdwdjumwi{dw iaûfmwdz mzuwduébidz ed fæeid mf

bmwd` jof d z}smwsoziâêo eo iaumwmzzm sûgìjo8 d m|sòwdâêo eo zonwifmauo l}fdao8d zifsìnijdâêo8 d emnowfdâêo8 d gdadì{dâêo ed ~io`ëajid ed zm|}dìedem m eo



joaz}fo d wieij}`dwi{dâêo edz smzzodz l}fièmz8 o fd} bozuo8 d oj}ùdâêo eoz nduozsûgìjoz wm`m~daumz8 d nwdbfmaudâêo m emzjoaum|u}dì{dâêo eo nduo8 o ema}ajizfo ozswmk}`bdfmauoz m d ia~dzêo em swi~djiedem udauo em smzzodz sogwmz jofo emjm`mgwiedemz mauwm o}uwoz! ,DFDWD@ 733> s! 74)

Dfdwd` ,733>) mandui{d t}m zmazdjioadìzfo aêo é ziaõaifo em ifswmazd wm~izud o}

swobwdfdz sos}`dwmz! Mzud m|swmzzêo dsmadz jdwdjumwi{d d ifswmazd sos}`dw!

”Jdwdjumwi{dw }f kowad` jofo zmazdjioadìzud é dniwfdw em fdamiwd ifswmjizd dsmadz

t}m m`m zm emeijd d swo~ojdw zmazdâýmz„ ,DFDWD@ 733> s! 77)

Fmzfo dzzif Dfdwd` ,733>) dniwfd t}m é swmjizo dgdaeoadw o swmjoajmiuo m

jofswmmaemw dz mzuwduébidz t}m `m~dwdf do z}jmzzo emzum kowadìzfo sdwd mauêo

mzuw}u}wdw }f kowadìzfo sos}`dw em t}dìedem! ]fd edz jdwdjumwæzuijdz emzzm uiso

kowad`æzuijo é o eizj}wzo aouijiozo foèdeo jof gdzm adz jdwdjumwæzuijdz j}ù}wdiz edz

j`dzzmz J E m M t}m dswmzmaud ìab}dbmf fdiz zifs`mz m jldfdui~d fdiz swú|ifd edz

jof}aijdâýmz wmdì{dedz ao jouieidao!

D g}zjd sm`d ifsdwjidìedem m sm`d ~mwedem duwig}mf ã aouæjid d jdsdjiedem em zmw

dsmadz }f mzsm`lo eoz nduoz zmf fdainmzudâêo em mfoâýmz o} t}d`t}mw uiso em

ian`}ëajid! Mauwmudauo é zdgieo t}m mzum iemd` em kowadìzfo aêo soem zmw d`jdaâdeo!

Fmzfo dzzif Dfdwd` ,733>) joaziemwd t}m é mzud ~izêo eoz kowadìzudz t}m joauwig}i

sdwd d joaemadâêo eo kowadìzfo sos}`dw!

Dz aouæjidz aêo mfmwbmf adu}wd`fmaum eo f}aeo wmd` sdwd o sdsm` aêo zêo owmn`m|o eo t}m djoaumjm! Zêo }f eizj}wzo zogwm o f}aeo wmeibieoz jof gdzm mfnowfdz adwwdui~dz sd}udedz sow zæfgoòz mzumwmúuiso jìjlëz m fmuänowdz!,DFDWD@ 733> s!7:)

Kmzsmwz ,499<) jofs`mud t}m é ogwibdâêo eo kowadìzud emi|dw j`dwo do um`mzsmjudeow zm o

t}m mzuä zmaeo eiuo uwdud&zm em }f jofmauäwio o} em }fd ianowfdâêo!

Oz kowadìzudz em um`m~izêo mzuêo mf bmwd` d}uowi{deoz d nd{mw jofmauäwioz ad

daumad izuo é d edw }f mzj`dwmjifmauo fdiz smzzod` zogwm d ianowfdâêo fdz dsmadzzm mzzmz jofmauäwioz wmzsoaemwmf d ifsmwdui~oz em wibow; loamzuiedem ,zmfemnowfdw o nduo) m ifsdwjidìedem ,zmf nd~owmjifmauoz)! Aêo zm uwdud sowudauo emnd{mw jofmauäwioz ”jofswofmuieoz„ o} em jof}aijdw d z}d osiaiêo smzzod`!,KMZSMWZ 499< s! =9)

Mzumz j}iedeoz zmb}aeo Kmzsmwz ,499<) em~mf zmw mzumaeieoz d o}uwoz wmj}wzoz

d}eio~iz}diz t}m ~maldf d zmw }uiì{deoz m sozzdf wmswmzmaudw osiaiêo! D fæeid

gwdzi`miwd ao niad` ed eéjded em 4993 noi fdwjded smò dsdwmjifmauo em ei~mwzoz

swoe}uoz sos}`dwmz! Dfdwd` ,733>) k}zuinijd ud` nduo sm`d ifs`mfmaudâêo edz wmemz em

um`m~izêo ã jdgo m d demzêo em ei~mwzoz zmuowmz zojidiz bmwd`fmaum fdiz wijoz d mzzdz



wmemz! Wmzuo} ã um`m~izêo dgmwud emeijdw d swobwdfdâêo do ao~o sûgìjo! Amzzm

joaum|uo jofmâdwdf d z}wbiw oz swobwdfdz sos}`dwmz!

Em djoweo jof Dfdwd` ,733>) ao um`mkowadìzfo d jogmwu}wd soìjid` noi d swifmiwd

núwf}`d t}m em} jmwuo! O swobwdfd swmj}wzow emzum mzuiò é o Jdemid jwideo mf 4929mf @oaewiad ao Sdwdaä! O dswmzmaudeow @}i{ Jdwòz D`gowblmuui jofdaed~d o

swobwdfd jof }fd uod`ld ao smzjoâo m }f smedâo em sd} ad fêo! Mf o}uwd ~mwzêo eo

fmzfo swobwdfd jldfded Jdemid am`mz D`gowblmuui gduid jof }f jdjmumum adz nouoz

eoz gdaeieoz! Dfdwd` ,733>) emniam zm} mzuiò em dswmzmaudw jofo mzjwdjldeo m

osiadui~o!

O}uwo um`mkowad` em z}jmzzo noi o Dt}i Dbowd! Smwfdamjm} ao umfd soìjid` fdz

dgowed~d umfdz zogwmadu}wdiz m udfgéf eiwmiuo eo jiedeêo! Jof o goweêo ”}f

um`mkowad` ~igwdaum t}m fozuwd ad U^ d ~ied jofo m`d é„ mzzm um`mkowad` jlmbo} d m|igiw

do ~i~o mf 499: }f jdzo em z}ijæeio!

O Swobwdfd eo Wduialo m|igieo smò ZGU d sdwuiw em 499< noi uêo gmf z}jmeieo t}m

jlmbo} jofsmuiw jof d ao~m`d edz oiuo ed Wmem Bògo emumauowd eoz fdiowmz iaeijmz

em d}eiëajid! Uiald jofo duwdâêo swiajisd` dz gwibdz ndfiìdwmz m o wmjoalmjifmauo em

sdumwaiedem jlmbdaeo d m|igiw gwibdz næzijdz mauwm joa~iedeoz t}m `daâd~df fijwonoamz

}az aoz o}uwoz!

Mf swobwdfdz jofo Gd`daâo Bmwd` ed U^ Wmjowe em Gmò Lowi{oaum wmnowf}`deo mf

733< é sozzæ~m` smwjmgmw mzum uiso em ìab}dbmf fdiz sos}`dw! O dswmzmaudeow Fd}wo

Uwdfoaum swofo~m }f eizj}wzo ianowfdui~o gdzmdeo adz smj}ìdwiedemz eo so~o

fiamiwo! ”]di„ ”uwmf„ ”zõ„ ”fdjmudw„ ”jëz„ zêo m|swmzzýmz mzsmjænijdz em Fiadz

sûgìjo&d`~o emzum um`mkowad`! O}uwd jdwdjumwæzuijd é o eiäòbo t}m o dswmzmaudeow

mzudgd`mjm jof o sûgìjo wmnowâdaeo d mfsduid sûgìjo&dswmzmaudeow! D ìab}dbmfjowsowd` t}m }uiì{d oz m|dbmwoz em nd`d m fo~ifmauoz zêo dâýmz f}iuo swú|ifdz edz

t}m zêo }uiì{dedz ao jouieidao!

Mf d`b}az swobwdfdz o kowadìzfo sdzzo} d zm fizu}wdw jof o mauwmumaifmauo! É o

jdzo eo U}eo d ^mw dswmzmaudeo ad U^ Wmjowe emzem 7335! Ad ~izêo em Dfdwd` ,733>)

swobwdfdz jofo mzum zêo wmbieoz smò mauwmumaifmauo m dz ianowfdâýmz kowad`æzuijdz zêo

dswmzmaudedz zmf o nowfduo swmeofiadaum mf um`mkowadiz! Sdwd mzud d}uowd



X!!!V oz um`mkowadiz swoe}{ieoz sdwd dz j`dzzmz J E m M zmb}mf d umaeëajid emjoaudfiadw kowadìzfo m mauwmumaifmauo! O mauwmumaifmauo swmeofiad o} sm`ddgowedbmf so}jo zéwid ed mznmwd eo jwifm m ed joauwd~maâêo o} sm`d mzjo`ld emsd}udz em ~dwimedemz ,DFDWD@ 733> s! 5<)

É smwjmsuæ~m` t}m ao um`mkowad` sos}`dw o umfso em emnmzd em }f eoz `deoz ed aouæjid mf

wm`dâêo d o}uwo amf zmfswm é ib}d` nduo udfgéf ogzmw~deo aoz kowadiz joalmjieoz

jofo ”zéwioz„! M é jof}f t}m zm joan}aed mzzd jdwdjumwæzuijd jof nd~owmjifmauo em

}f emzzmz `deoz! Mauwmudauo Kmzsmwz ,499<) jofmaud t}m o em~mw ed ifsdwjidìedem

kowad`æzuijd umf ìfiumz! Sdwd m`m ”X!!!V d ifsdwjidìedem ad ianowfdâêo aêo é jofo ei{

Kmda @}j Boedwe ‒em{ fia}uoz sdwd oz k}em}z em{ fia}uoz sdwd Liu`mw„ ,KMZSMWZ

499< s! >3)! O d}uow emnmaem t}m ”X!!!V dz osiaiýmz aêo zmwêo joòjdedz mf sé e m

ib}dèdem smò kowadìzud ed um`m~izêo„ ,KMZSMWZ 499< s! >3)!

: ZOF M ZMAUIEO

:!4 O zof

Kozé Fib}m` Rizaih ,49<9) m|sìjd t}m o zof s}wo é }fd oaed t}m ojowwm jof jmwud

smwioeijiedem emauwo em jmwud nwmtðëajid! Ad ~mwedem oz zoaz t}m smwjmgmfoz d aozzo

wmeow zêo joazuiu}æeoz em }f nmi|m em oaedz em }fd z}smwsoziâêo iauwiajded em

nwmtðëajidz t}m oz uowad fdiz jofs`m|oz! Joau}eo sdwd d jofswmmazêo zmw fdiz näji`joaziemwdwmfoz o zof s}wo nowfdeo sow }fd oaed ûaijd!





o}uwo sdudfdw o ed dù}wd fm`úeijd! D sdwuiw em }f jmwuo ìfidw em nwmtðëajid ,mfuowao em t}ia{m jijòz sow zmb}aeo fdz mzudgiì{daeo&zm zú mf jmf m eizsdwdaeo mfeiwmâêo do db}eo dué d ndi|d d}eæ~m` em jmwjd em t}ia{m fi` lmwu{) o wiufo ~iwdfmòeid! ,RIZAIH 49<9 s!4<)

:!7 D fûzijd

Oz zoaz zêo mfizzýmz s}`zdaumz iaumwswmudedz d sdwuiw eoz s}`zoz jowsowdiz zofäuijoz m

szæt}ijoz! Zmb}aeo Rizaih ,49<9) ”dz fûzijdz zm nd{mf amzzm ìbdfmauo mf t}m

einmwmaumz nwmt}ëajidz zm jofgiadf m zm iaumwswmudf sowt}m zm iaumwsmamuwdf„

,RIZAIH 49<9 s!42)

Kozé Fib}m` Rizaih ogzmw~d t}m sdwd dz zojimedemz uwdeijioadiz d fûzijd aêo é s}wozof zmf zibainijdâêo soiz ”X!!!V am`dz d fûzijd mzuä z}kmiud jofo zmfswm ã n`}u}dâêo

eo zibainijdaum t}m ozji`d mauwm aêo ei{mw aded m ei{mw u}eo sowt}m zmf sowudw

zibainijdeo dsoaud sdwd }f zmauieo bògd`„ ,RIZAIH 7334 s! 22)! Jded j}ù}wd

zm`mjioad zm}z zoaz f}zijdiz eodeowmz em owemf! Rizaih joaziemwd t}m mf d`b}az

jdzoz dué o w}æeo soem wmswmzmaudw o eid&d&eid em }f so~o!

X!!!V zmfswm t}m d lizuúwid eo f}aeo nozzm gmf joauded m`d wm~m`dwid d adu}wm{dmzzmajid`fmaum f}zijd` emzum! D fûzijd dsdwmjm dæ jofo o foeo ed swmzmaâd eo zmw

t}m umf z}d zmem swi~i`mbided ad ~o{ bmwdeowd ao ìfium em }fd swonmwiâêodad`úbijd eo zæfgoò ìbded do jmauwo do jæwj}ò do fiuo/wiuo m ã majdaudâêo jofofoeo em dwuij}`dâêo mauwm d sd`d~wd m d fûzijd! ,RIZAIH 7334 s! :2)

Rizaih emzudjd o soemw t}m d fûzijd sozz}i em uwde}{iw ”X!!!V sdwd aozzd mzjd`d

zmazowid` duwd~éz edz ~igwdâýmz smwjmsuæ~miz m owbdai{ä~miz edz jdfdedz em dw X!!!V

fmazdbmaz z}uiz zogwm d iauifiedem daæfijd ed fduéwid„ ,RIZAIH 7334 s!79)! Diaed

em djoweo jof Rizaih é o wiufo t}m joanmwm ud` soemw ã fûzijd! Jofo m|mfsò o

d}uow jiud d wm`dâêo mauwm o jwmzjifmauo em }f nmuo m dz gduiedz eo jowdâêo ed fêm!

Uwdeijioad`fmaum m|izum dzzojidâêo mauwm o wiufo m o foeo jofo o lofmf jdfiald!

T}dauo fdiz `mauo o jdfialdw fdiz `mauo é o s}`zo! Sowudauo fdiz `maud zmwä d fûzijd!

Sow o}uwo `deo d jowwied kä wmfmum do d``mbwo ,nowfd fdiz ~i~d ed fûzijd fdiz d`mbwm)

sow dswmzmaudw s}`zdâêo fdiz wäsied!

Zêo mzzdz jdwdjumwæzuijdz jiudedz aoz uúsijoz daumwiowmz t}m zmb}aeo Rizaih ,7334)

smwfiumf ã fûzijd du}dw ao joazjimaum m ao iajoazjimaum ao jowso m ad fmaum eo

lofmf! Sow izzo d fûzijd m oz zoaz zêo m|sòwdeoz mf fdainmzudâýmz wmìbiozdz jofei~mwzoz ogkmui~oz swiajisd`fmaum adz j}ù}wdz owimaudiz! D fûzijd soem jd}zdw uwizum{d



o} iaumazd d`mbwid bmwdw sd{ o} iat}imudâêo! Kozé Fib}m` Rizaih ,7334 s! 7=) dniwfd

t}m o zof t}m emjwmzjm mf iaumaziedem emzsmwud ao o}~iaum zmauifmauoz ìbdeoz ã

nwdt}m{d m ã emgiìudâêo! Do fmzfo umfso soem m~iemajidw d m}nowid jdwdjumwæzuijdz

t}m zmb}aeo Rizaih soumajidì{df o zmauieo em ~ied m fowum! Sow o}uwo `deo o zof

t}m jwmzjm m o nowuæzzifo ,zof fdiz ~i~o fdiz d`mbwm) swo~ojdf m|sòzýmz em ~ied o}

mfoâýmz emzuw}ui~dz emsmaemaeo ed iaumaâêo eo w}æeo!

:!7!4 M`mfmauoz mzuw}u}wdiz ed fûzijd

Woy Gmaamuu ,49<<) wmzzdùd t}m o swojmzzo em jwidâêo f}zijd` em~m j}`fiadw jof }fswoe}uo t}m sozz}d joauia}iedem mt}i`ægwio m nowfd zmaeo nowfd d fdamiwd jofo o

jofsoziuow d`jdaâd o mt}i`ægwio do owbdai{dw dz iemidz f}zijdiz!

Jded fûzijd sozz}i }fd uoadìedem joalmjied jofo uoadìedem ed uõaijd! M`d zm wmnmwm

do uof ao t}d` d fûzijd é joazuw}æed! Mzud uoadìedem soem dsdwmjmw ao iaæjio m ~dwidw

ad jofsoziâêo fdz zmb}aeo Gmaamuu ,49<<) m`d é zmfswm wmuofded ao emjowwmw ed

smâd m é jozu}fm zmw o uof ao t}d` d fûzijd umwfiad!

D uoadìedem gdzmid&zm mf }fd mzjd`d f}zijd` em oiuo aoudz iaemsmaemaumfmaum em zmw

}f uof fdiow o} fmaow! O uof é aofmdeo d sdwuiw eo swifmiwo bwd} ed mzjd`d o} zmkd

d uõaijd! Umaeo jofo gdzm d mzjd`d em eú fdiow ,Eú Wé Fi Nä Zo` @ä Zæ) zmwid

dzzif;

Mzjd`d em Eú fdiow

,GMAAMUU 49<< s!43)



N}aâêo ad mzjd`d

,GMAAMUU 49<< s!43)

Amzum jdzo o eú é d uõaijd ed mzjd`d mauêo d uoadìedem ,o uof ed fûzijd) é eú fdiow !

Gmaamuu ,49<<) emzudjd t}m sdwd t}mgwdw d foaouoaid em }fd smâd jofsoziuowmz }zdf

d foe}`dâêo o} f}edaâd em uoadìedem! É }fd nmwwdfmaud t}m duwig}i eiaçfijd ã

fûzijd!

O wiufo d fmòeid d ldwfoaid m o uifgwm zêo o}uwoz m`mfmauoz gäzijoz t}m jofsýmf d

mzuw}u}wd ed fûzijd m udfgéf jo`dgowdf sdwd ud` mt}i`ægwio! Sdwd Ddwoa Jos`dae

,4925) mzumz t}duwo m`mfmauoz zêo fduéwid&swifd eo jofsoziuow! Udiz m`mfmauoz

k}auoz nowfdf o t}m Jos`dae ,4925) jldfd em umjieo zoaowo dsdwmaumfmaum

iam|uwiajä~m` jofgiadâêo t}m bmwd o swoe}uo eo iaumwmzzm eoz o}~iaumz; d fûzijd!

Jos`dae ,4925) emnmaem t}m zm d fûzijd um~m }f jofmâo noi ad gduied em }f wiufo

zof swoe}{ieo sow so~oz swifiui~oz m t}m dué lokm umf mnmiuo eiwmuo m ifmeiduo zogwm o

lofmf! O d}uow dzzif jofo Rizaih ,49<9) m~iemajid d ìbdâêo mauwm jmwuoz wiufoz

gäzijoz m oz fo~ifmauoz eo jowso!

Dué o dao em 44=3 e!j! dao eo z}wbifmauo ed fûzijd fmeied d sdwuiw em }aiedemz

féuwijdz ,jofo o jofsdzzo) d fdiowid edz fûzijdz mwd dsmadz ~ojd` m zmw~id sdwd

djofsdaldw d somzid o} d swozd! Ud` jdwdjumwæzuijd duwig}i} ã fûzijd ed ésojd wiufo

adu}wd`fmaum iwwmb}`dw jdwdjumwæzuijo ed swozd m ed emj`dfdâêo soéuijd! Zmf }fd nowfd

em wmbizuwo d fûzijd mzud~d swmzd do wiufo soéuijo!

D aoudâêo f}zijd` mf zm} iaæjio wmbizuwd~d wiufoz fdiz wmb}`dwmz! Ad ~izêo em

Jos`dae ,4925) ud` nmwwdfmaud noi wm~o`}jioaäwid do emz~maji`ldw d fûzijd ed sd`d~wd

duwig}iaeo ã swifmiwd }fd mzuw}u}wd wæufijd swúswid! Mzzm emzìbdfmauo smwfiui}



f}edaâdz ad fûzijd jofo o m|mfsò jiudeo sow Jos`dae t}m emzudjd d iauwoe}âêo em

fdiz em }fd ~o{ ad jofsoziâêo f}zijd`!

O d}uow dsoaud d jdsdjiedem eoz wiufoz fdiz zifs`mz t}m m|mwjmf mnmiuoz soemwozoz m

lisaúuijoz zogwm o lofmf! ]f wiufo djm`mwdeo jofo dswmzmaud Rizaih ,49<9) é }fnduow t}m soem joauwig}iw jof d bmwdâêo eo zmauifmauo em d`mbwid ao o}~iaum! ]f wiufo

fdiz `mauo soem m~iemajidw d fm`dajoìd dzzif jofo }f wiufo f}iuo ~dwideo soem

wmfmumw do jdoz! Fmzfo dzzif o jofsoziuow em~m g}zjdw ~dwidâýmz wæufijdz emauwo ed

fûzijd sdwd m~iudw d foaouoaid eo zof g}zjdaeo zmfswm o mt}i`ægwio!

]fd m|smwiëajid em z}jmzzo jiuded sow Jos`dae ,4925) é d soìwwiufid k}aâêo em eoiz

o} fdiz wiufoz! Uwdud&zm em }fd jdwdjumwæzuijd t}m soem zmw smwjmgied mf fûzijdz

du}diz aoz fdiz ~dwideoz mzuiòz mf t}m jded iazuw}fmauo é uojdeo mf }f wiufo! Do

niad` umf&zm }f swoe}uo dbwdeä~m` m aded foaúuoao! O wiufo é dzzojideo sow aúz d

sdwuiw ed ieéid em fo~ifmauo næzijo! Kä d fmòeid é smwjmgied jofo }fd mfoâêo æauifd!

Jos`dae wmjoalmjm t}m é d fmòeid d swiajisd` wmzsoazä~m` sm`d jofoâêo jd}zded sm`d

fûzijd!

Sdwd Jos`dae fmòeid em t}dìedem zm uwdud ed jofsoziâêo t}m sdzzd d ifswmzzêo em

mzudw jofs`mud zmf sozzigiìedem o} amjmzziedem em dùmwdâýmz! Sdwd duiabiw ud`

ogkmui~o o jofsoziuow joazuwúi }fd ìald fm`úeijd òabd m n`}maum jof dùoz m gdi|oz

mf z}d jdsdjiedem em iaumwmzzdw! D n`}ëajid wæufijd jof z}dz ~dwidâýmz joauwig}i sdwd

o gof emzmfsmalo ed fmòeid! Mzumz eoiz nduowmz joauwig}mf sdwd swo~ojdw d wmzsozud

mfojioad` eo o}~iaum!

D fmòeid sozz}i }f mzt}m`muo jwideo smò fûzijo swonizzioad`! Am`m d`éf edz aoudz

m|izumf soauoz iaumwfmeiäwioz em wmso}zo! Zêo jdeëajidz t}m zmb}aeo Jos`dae ,4925)

ei~iemf d fûzijd mf nwdzmz ndjiìudaeo d jofswmmazêo f}zijd`!

Dz fmòeidz zêo joazuw}æedz jof gdzm ao zizumfd em mzjd`dz t}m smwfium d ~dwidâêo em

uoaz emauwo em }fd ûaijd fûzijd t}mgwdaeo d foaouoaid m uowadaeo&d dbwdeä~m` sdwd

t}mf mzj}ud! Jos`dae ma}ajid t}duwo zizumfdz swiajisdiz em joazuw}âêo em mzjd`dz; o

owimaud` o bwmbo o mj`mziäzuijo m o foemwao! Zêo mzjd`dz t}m smwfiumf d ~dwidâêo edz

aoudz smwumajmaumz do iaumw~dò mauwm o uof emumwfiadeo m d oiud~d jowwmzsoaemaum d m`m!

Ao zizumfd foemwao fdiz }uiì{deo adz fûzijdz ojiemaudiz mzum iaumw~dò é ei~ieieo mf

eo{m uoaz ib}diz ,zmfiuoaz) t}m nowfdf d mzjd`d jwofäuijd! O d}uow m|sìjd t}m mzzd



mzjd`d umf d zmb}iaum mzuw}u}wd; ”X!!!V eoiz uoaz iaumiwoz zmb}ieoz em }f zmfiuof fdiz

uwëz uoaz iaumiwoz zmb}ieoz em }f zmfiuof„ ,JOS@DAE 4925 s!42)! O mzt}mfd é

wmswmzmaudeo sm`d zmb}iaum mzuw}u}wd; U&U&ZU&U&U&U&ZU! Umaeo jofo gdzm d mzjd`d

jwofäuijd em eú fdiow zmwid dzzif; eú,U) wé,U) fi,ZU) nä,U) zo`,U) `ä,U) zi,ZU)

eú,U) zmaeo fi&nä m zi&eú oz iaumw~dòz ,eizuçajid mauwm e}dz aoudz) zmfiuoadeoz!

Mzzm dwwdako em zmum aoudz é jldfdeo 'mzjd`d eiduõaijd eo foeo fdiow'! Kä t}m läeo{m zmfiuoaz emauwo eo çfgiuo ed oiud~d m jofo d sdwuiw em jded }f soem&zmnowfdw d fmzfd mzjd`d em zmum uoaz m|izumf sowudauo eo{m mzjd`dz eiduõaijdz aofoeo fdiow t}m zêo einmwmaumz fdz j}kd joazuw}âêo é ieëauijd! Lä fdiz eo{mmzjd`dz ao foeo fmaow nowfdaeo }f uoud` em 75 mzjd`dz ,JOS@DAE 4925 s! 42)!

Oz zmum bwd}z ed mzjd`d uëf wm`dâýmz emniaiedz mauwm zi;

Zêo bo~mwadeoz smò swifmiwo bwd} X!!!V joalmjieo jofo uõaijd! Do fmaoz mf

fûzijdz swé&zéj}ò \\, uoedz dz fmòeidz umaemf d biwdw mf uowao ed uõaijd! Mdsmzdw em mznowâoz lmwúijoz sdwd emww}gdw mzzd lmbmfoaid ed uõaijd m`d diaed émfgowd aêo fdiz jofo mf o}uwdz ésojdz o jmauwo em joa~mwbëajid edz o}uwdz aoudz!O zmb}aeo bwd} mf soemw em duwdâêo é o t}iauo jldfdeo em eofiadaum8 ~mf emsoizo t}dwuo bwd} o} z}geofiadaum! Diaed dt}i mzzdz wm`dâýmz dsdwmaumfmaumdwgiuwäwidz zêo joaniwfdedz smò mzu}eo edz ~igwdâýmz ,JOS@DAE 4925 s! 42)!

O wiufo m d fmòeid smwumajmf adu}wd`fmaum do lofmf! Sow o}uwo `deo d ldwfoaid noi

m~o`}iaeo bwde}d`fmaum jof oz mzu}eoz wm`djioadeoz ã fûzijd! Jos`dae m|sìjd t}m

”X!!!V uoaz zmsdwdeoz zodaeo k}auoz swoe}{mf djowemz! D ldwfoaid joaziemwded jofo

}fd jiëajid é o mzu}eo emzzmz djowemz m ed z}d wm`dâêo fûu}d„ ,JOS@DAE 4925 s!77)!

O d}uow udfgéf dniwfd t}m ”X!!!V d umowid ldwfõaijd gdzmid&zm ad z}soziâêo em t}m

uoeoz oz djowemz zêo joazuw}æeoz d sdwuiw ed aoud fdiz bwd~m mf }fd zéwim em iaumw~dòz

em umwâdz dzjmaemaumz„ ,JOS@DAE 4925 s! 77)!

Sow m|mfsò uofm&zm d aoud `ä jofo gdzm em }f djowem d zmw joazuw}æeo!Djwmzjmaudaeo umwâd zogwm umwâd d mzzd gdzm ogumwmfoz o djowem `ä&eú&fi&zo`&zi&wé&nä! Zm joauia}dwfoz mzudwmfoz zifs`mzfmaum wmsmuiaeo aoudz t}m kä mzud~dfiaj`}æedz ao djowem! Zm mf ~m{ em uofdw d aoud `ä }zdwfoz o a}fmwdi ` sdwdzifgoì{dw d aoud gdzm ogumwmfoz o zmb}iaum t}dewo em t}d`t}mw zéwim em umwâdz; 4&:&=&2&9&44&4:! Umowijdfmaum mzzm djowem em zmum uoaz é sozzæ~m` fdz ad swäuijd dfdiowid edz fûzijdz t}m aúz joalmjmfoz gdzmidf&zm mf 4&:&= o djowem em uwëz uoazjoalmjieo jofo uwædem! ,]f djowem jofs`muo é zmfswm nmiuo em uwëz o} fdiz uoaz8'djowemz' em eoiz uoaz zêo f}iuo dfgæb}oz sdwd zmwmf joaziemwdeoz o}uwd joizd t}maêo iaumw~dòz! ,JOS@DAE 4925 s! 77)

Mauwmudauo d soziâêo edz aoudz ao djowem soem ~dwidw! O} zmkd d swifmiwd aoud emi|d em

zmw d fdiz bwd~m m jof d ia~mwzêo d umwjmiwd o} d t}iaud uowad&zm d aoud gäzijd! Ud`

~dwidâêo ad ldwfoaid ifsmem t}m d fûzijd uowam&zm maumeidaum!



D ldwfoaid uwdâd }fd ìald em mt}i`ægwio f}zijd` t}m soem zmw d`jdaâdeo jof djowemz

joazoadaumz o} eizzoadaumz fmzfo t}m o zmb}aeo sozzd bmwdw d emzdbwdeä~m` zmazdâêo

em jdoz! ]fd emniaiâêo zifs`mz ~izuo t}m

X!!!V }f djowem é fdiz o} fmaoz eizzoadaum sdwd ~ojë em djoweo jof o smwæoeo mft}m ~ojë ~i~m em djoweo jof d z}d swúswid m|smwiëajid em o}~iaum m em djoweo jofd fdamiwd jofo m`m é uojdeo ― nowuæzzifo aoz fmudiz o} z}d~mfmaum adz jowedz,JOS@DAE 4925 s! 77)!

O uifgwm é o ûùifo m`mfmauo gäzijo ed mzuw}u}wd f}zijd`! Uwdud&zm zmb}aeo Jos`dae

,733<) ed t}dauiedem eo zof swoe}{ieo sow }f emumwfiadeo iazuw}fmauo! O uifgwm é

t}m duwig}i ã fûzijd o joòwieo zoaowo! Jded iazuw}fmauo f}zijd` sozz}i }f uifgwm

jdwdjumwæzuijo dzzif jofo d ~o{ l}fdad! É o uifgwm t}m nd{ o o}~iaum wmjoalmjmw smò

zof o ~io`êo o} d n`d}ud o} t}d`t}mw o}uwo iazuw}fmauo t}daeo do fmzfo umfsouoeoz uojdf d fmzfd aoud!

Ad jofsoziâêo em }fd fûzijd o uifgwm é joaziemwdeo ao fofmauo em mzjo`lmw o

iazuw}fmauo t}m uwdazfiuiwä em nowfd fdiz iaumazd d zmazdâêo t}m o fûzijo emzmkd

iazsiwdw adz smzzodz! ”Oz wmj}wzoz iazuw}fmaudiz ã z}d eizsoziâêo zêo uêo wijoz t}m m`m

zú emjieiwä mauwm }f iazuw}fmauo o} o}uwo o} mauwm }f m o}uwo bw}so em iazuw}fmauoz

zm ui~mw }fd ieéid j`dwd eo uiso em mfoâêo t}m emzmkd swo~ojdw„ ,JOS@DAE 4925 s!

75)!

:!: D fûzijd m o lofmf

Oz zoaz mwdf m diaed zêo dz swiajisdiz nowfdz em fdainmzudâêo eoz wiu}diz zdbwdeoz mf

einmwmaumz sdwumz eo f}aeo! D wm`dâêo eo zof jof dz s}`zdâýmz eo jowso l}fdao

m|sìjdf d zmazigiìedem l}fdad ao t}m zm wmnmwm ãz einmwmaumz nowfdz eo zof! Sdwd

Rizaih ,49<9) ”X!!!V o zof bwd~m umaem d zmw dzzojideo do smzo ed fduéwid jof oz

ogkmuoz fdiz swmzoz ã umwwd sm`d `mi ed bwd~iedem m t}m mfiumf ~igwdâýmz fdiz `maudz

mf osoziâêo ã ìbmiwm{d `m~m m `æsied eo db}eo„ ,RIZAIH 49<9 s!49)!

Sdwd Rizaih ,7334) o zof smwfium d jof}aijdâêo eo lofmf jof o f}aeo mzsiwiu}d` m

ia~izæ~m`! Sow izzo joaziemwd dz swoswimedemz eo zof jofo emfoaædjdz em~ieo do t}m

m`m jldfd em soemw ia~dzi~o ma~o`~maum dsdi|oadaum m dumwwowi{daum! O d}uow wm~m`d

t}m d fûzijd do joauwäwio ed ìab}dbmf ~mwgd` aêo mzudgm`mjm ìbdâýmz jof joizdz~izæ~miz! M`d dsmadz jof}aijd o aêo&~mwgdì{ä~m`! Rizaih djwmeiud t}m o zof }ùwdsdzzd



gdwwmiwdz eo joazjimaum m t}m d ìab}dbmf f}zijd` é jdsd{ em zm wmn`muiw ao fmaud` m ao

jowsowd` ao iaum`mju}d` m ao dnmui~o em t}mf d mzj}ud! Sow mzzdz wd{ýmz d fûzijd

swo~ojd o t}m Rizaih jldfd em dz fdiz dsdi|oadedz demzýmz m dz fdiz ~io`maudz

wmj}zdz!

O d}uow udfgéf emzudjd o soemw ed fûzijd do uwde}{iw ”X!!!V sdwd aozzd mzjd`d zmazowid`

duwd~éz edz ~igwdâýmz smwjmsuæ~miz m owbdai{ä~miz edz jdfdedz em dw X!!!V fmazdbmaz

z}uiz zogwm d iauifiedem daæfijd ed fduéwid„ ,RIZAIH 7334 s!79)! É o wiufo t}m

joanmwm mzum soemw ã fûzijd udauo t}m sdwd m|mfsìnijdw ud` fä|ifd jiud d wm`dâêo

mauwm o jwmzjifmauo em }f nmuo m dz gduiedz eo jowdâêo ed fêm!

Uoedz dz jdwdjumwæzuijdz jiudedz zmb}aeo Rizaih smwfiumf ã fûzijd du}dw ao

joazjimaum m ao iajoazjimaum ao jowso m ad fmaum eo lofmf! Sow izzo d fûzijd m oz

zoaz zêo m|sòwdeoz mf fdainmzudâýmz wmìbiozdz jof ei~mwzoz ogkmui~oz

swiajisd`fmaum adz j}ù}wdz owimaudiz! Kozé Fib}m` Rizaih ,7334 s! 7=) dniwfd t}m o

zof t}m emjwmzjm mf iaumaziedem emzsmwud ao o}~iaum zmauifmauoz ìbdeoz ã nwdt}m{d m

ã emgiìudâêo! Do fmzfo umfso soem m~iemajidw d m}nowid! Zêo jdwdjumwæzuijdz t}m

zmb}aeo Rizaih soumajidì{df o zmauieo em ~ied m fowum! Sow o}uwo `deo o zof t}m

jwmzjm m o nowuæzzifo ,zof fdiz ~i~o fdiz d`mbwm) swo~ojdf m|sòzýmz em ~ied o}

mfoâýmz emzuw}ui~dz emsmaemaeo ed iaumaâêo eo w}æeo!

:!5 Zmfiúuijd ed fûzijd

D jof}aijdâêo é joazuw}æed d sdwuiw em zibaoz t}m aowumidf o zmw l}fdao emauwo em

}fd j}ù}wd! Ao ì~wo M`mfmauoz em Zmfioòbid Wo`dae Gdwulmz ,7334) m|sìjd t}m o

zibao é jofsozuo em }f zibainijdaum m em }f zibainijdeo zmaeo o swifmiwo d m|swmzzêo

,emaoudâêo) m o zmb}aeo o joaumûeo ,joaoudâêo)! Emzzd nowfd o zibao mzuä wm`djioadeo

jof d nowfd m d z}gzuçajid8 d j}ù}wd ,joaoudâêo) m dt}iò t}m é næzijo ,emaoudâêo)!

Gdwulmz ,7334) emniam t}m nowfd é o t}m soem zmw emzjwiuo sm`d ìabðæzuijd zmf

amjmzziedem em }uiì{dw nduowmz m|uwdìab}æzuijoz mat}dauo z}gzuçajid é o joak}auo eoz

dzsmjuoz eo nmaõfmao ìabðæzuijo t}m aêo soemf zmw emzjwiuoz smòz fmzfoz fmioz! O}

zmkd lä amjmzziedem em wmjowwmw ã m|uwdìab}æzuijd sdwd zm nd{mw maumaemw!



O zibainijdeo é d wmswmzmaudâêo szæt}ijd em d`bo }fd ifdbmf nowfded ao jéwmgwo eo

lofmf! Mzuä ìbdeo do dgzuwduo! Sow o}uwo `deo o zibainijdaum é o joajwmuo o sd`sä~m`

}f zof }f ogkmuo }f ì~wo! M }f emsmaem eo o}uwo sdwd m|izuiw! O zibainijdaum

emzsmwud o zibainijdeo dui~d d fmfúwid eo iaei~æe}o m o nd{ `mfgwdw em m|smwiëajidz

sm`dz t}diz sdzzo} e}wdaum d ~ied zmazdâýmz zmauifmauoz muj!

D fûzijd ao joaum|uo ed jof}aijdâêo é o zibainijdaum! É o zof t}m emzsmwud wmdâýmz

ao o}~iaum! M zêo mzzdz wmdâýmz t}m oz nd{mf wm`mfgwdw joizdz eo sdzzdeo m wm`djioadw o

t}m mzuä zmaeo eiuo dzzojidw d j}ù}wd jof o t}m mzuä zmaeo fozuwdeo! Sow nif soemf

m~iemajidw dz zmazdâýmz t}m o meiuow em }fd mfizzowd em um`m~izêo o} }f meiuow em }f

ni`fm emzmkd sdwd emumwfiaded jmad o} nduo!

@moadweo em Zä ,733:) ao dwuibo O zmauieo eo zof joaziemwd t}m jded j}ù}wd zm

wm`djioad em fdamiwd einmwmaum jof d zoaowiedem! Zä m|sìjd t}m mf d`b}fdz j}ù}wdz

o zof é d`bo t}m wmfmum d ei~mwzdz zmazdâýmz jofo jlmiwo bmzuo jow!

Ao um`mkowadìzfo d fûzijd é }uiì{ded sdwd emzsmwudw ziu}dâýmz kä ~i~majidedz smò

um`mzsmjudeow t}m bmwmf zmazdâýmz t}m iaumazinit}mf o t}m é m|sozuo ad fduéwid! Zä

fozuwd t}m o zof aoz wmfmum d ei~mwzdz ziu}dâýmz! Zibaoz iaeijidiz aêo iaumajioadiz

jofo o zof em äb}d jowwmaum sow m|mfsò soem aoz nd{mw smazdw mf widjlo ,wmnmwmaum)

emzsmwudaeo ei~mwzdz `mfgwdaâdz m zmazdâýmz! Kä o zof eo dsiuo em }fd ziwmam em

dfg}`çajid }uiì{deo jof iaumaâýmz mzsmjænijdz é o jldfdeo zibao iaumajioad` t}m

emsmaem em }f joaum|uo j}ù}wd` emumwfiadeo udfgéf joalmjieo jofo zibao! O} zmkd

t}daeo o}~ifoz o zof m o joamjudfoz d }fd ifdbmf duwig}ifoz zibainijdeo do t}m

Zä emaofiad ”m~mauo zoaowo„! Ao jdzo ed dfg}`çajid `mfgwdfoz em smwibo o}

djiemaum o} eomaâd m dgwifoz jdfialo ao uwçaziuo!

X!!!V Uoeoz mzzmz m~mauoz ,zof eo dsiuo em }f k}i{ em n}umgo` d ziwmam edz nägwijdz)

z}sýmf d`b}f uiso em sdjuo o} em júeibo uoeoz m`mz zibainijdf d`bo swm~idfmaumjofgiadeo m mf uoeoz é n}aedfmaud` emumwfoz d`b}fd ianowfdâêo swé~id d wmzsmiuosdwd t}m sozzdfoz em nduo duwig}iw zibainijdeo do t}m o}~ifoz! ,ZÄ 4999 s 47=)!

Zä ,4999) joaziemwd t}m t}daeo o}~ifoz d`b}fd fûzijd ”nd{mfoz }fd zéwim em

dzzojidâýmz t}m }ùwdsdzzdf d zifs`mz d}eiâêo em smâdz f}zijdiz„ ,ZÄ 4999 s 47=)!

Dz fmòeidz edz jdaâýmz joazuiu}mf o t}m Zä jldfd em duwig}uo zifgúìjo

emzma~o`~mf ”}fd n}aâêo mzsmjænijd m aoz wmfmumf d einmwmaumz iazuçajidz em

zibainijdâêo„ ,ZÄ 4999 s 47>)!



Zä ,4999) diaed zm wmnmwm d mnmiuoz mzsmjidiz m uwmjloz em ogwdz f}zijdiz jofo æjoam! O}

zmkd zêo uwmjloz t}m ifiudf nduoz wmdiz o} nmaõfmaoz! Zif}`df zoaz em säzzdwoz

sdzzoz jl}~d! Sdwd Zä dz uwëz jdumbowidz ,iaeijid` zifgúìjd m ijõaijd) ojowwmf em

fdamiwd jofs`mfmaudw m é d sdwuiw emzzd wm`dâêo t}m o ifdbiaäwio é joazuw}æeo ao

swojmzzo em jof}aijdâêo!

X!!!V Oz zoaos`dzudz jwidf joazudaumfmaum æjoamz zoaowoz sdwd oz swobwdfdzwdeionõaijoz o} em U^ o} zmkd do o}~iwfoz o swoe}uo em zm}z uwdgd`loz wmfmumaeo&aoz eiwmudfmaum d zibainijdeoz mzsmjænijoz X!!!V! ,ZÄ 4999 s 47>)!

Sdwd Zä d um`m~izêo }uiì{d o wmj}wzo joalmjieo jofo `miufo~iu ,foui~o joae}uow)! Mzud

uéjaijd }uiì{d z}ui`m{d sdwd wm`djioadw o um|uo ewdfäuijo do um|uo f}zijd`! O} zmkd

joazizum mf ”}f m`mfmauo fm`úeijo o} wæufijo o} ldwfõaijo o} fmzfo uæfgwijo t}m

é dzzojideo ao emjowwmw em }fd ogwd d d`b}fd smwzoadbmf o} ziu}dâêo o} ieéid!

Wmj}wzo t}m smwfium do mzsmjudeow djofsdaldw o joaum|uo d`éf eo um|uo m|s`æjiuo!

O d}uow emniam `miufo~iu jofo }f zibao zifgúìjo t}m do zmw smwjmgieo fmzfo t}m

z}gkmui~dfmaum dui~d o wmsmwuúwio emzsmwud ~i~ëajidz ed fmfúwid eo mzsmjudeow m o

nd{maeo smwjmgmw o t}m mzuä d}zmaum o} zmauiw o t}m mzuä ifs`æjiuo! Ud` jdwdjumwæzuijd

smwfium t}m d smzzod t}m mzumkd dzzizuiaeo ã fduéwid kowad`æzuijd smwjmgd o nduo em nowfd

einmwmaum jof dz mfoâýmz dnòwdedz!

E}wdaum uoeo o umfso o mzsmjudeow wmjmgm ziadiz fdiz o} fmaoz z}uiz d emsmaemwzogwm t}iò t}m ~di djoaumjmw zogwm dt}iò t}m umwid djoaumjieo zogwm o swúswio~mæj}ò um`m~izi~o m dué zogwm dt}iò t}m em~mwä nd{mw o emzmkdw sdwd t}m sozzd nw}iwdo fä|ifo o swd{mw t}m d swobwdfdâêo `lm onmwmjm! ,ZÄ 4999 s!4:2)!

Zmb}iaeo smazdfmauo zmfm`ldaum do em @moadweo em Zä Wogmwu J`d}em ,49<7)

joaziemwd t}m d fûzijd umf d jdsdjiedem em m|mwjmw einmwmaumz n}aâýmz! Zm}z sdséiz

~dwidf zmb}aeo d ifdbiadâêo m d zmazigiìedem eoz wmdì{deowmz! Ao jdzo ed U^ oz

meiuowmz em ~æemo m|mwjmf d n}aâêo em iazmwiw d fûzijd ad wmsowudbmf mzjo`lmaeo&d d

sdwuiw ed amjmzziedem ed wmsowudbmf! Dniad` jofo dniwfd J`d}em ,49<7) d fûzijd

djofsdald d dâêo m ndfiìdwi{d dfgimaudì{d o mzsmjudeow jof d jmad wmswmzmauded

jof o t}m mzuä zmaeo fozuwdeo; ”X!!!V m`d djmau}d d smwzsmjui~d edz ifdbmaz sm`d jwidâêo

em }fd dufoznmwd„ ,J@D]EM 49<7)!

Amzum joaum|uo d nwmt}ëajid f}zijd` umf n}aâêo szijo`úbijd m ewdfäuijd m du}d

eiwmudfmaum adz zmazdâýmz emzsmwudedz ao mzsmjudeow! ”Z}d nwmt}ëajid uowad o foui~o

djmzzæ~m` òbo iemauinijä~m` nd~owmjmaeo djmzzowidfmaum d jofmwjidì{dâêo eo umfd„

,J@D]EM 49<7)!



D }uiì{dâêo ed fûzijd mf um`mkowadiz é swäuijd jof}f! O ogkmui~o jmauwd` é uojdw o

mzsmjudeow m emzsmwudw z}d zmazigiìedem! Sow izzo zmb}aeo J`d}em d fûzijd z}gzuiu}i o

eiäòbo! D jofoâêo jd}zded é fdiow sow jdwwmbdw }fd dufoznmwd ”X!!!V dbiaeo zogwm d

wmjmsui~iedem eo mzsmjudeow m swmnib}wdaeo o mzudeo em d`fd eoz smwzoadbmaz„

,J@D]EM 49<7)!

Ad um`m~izêo d fûzijd f}iudz ~m{mz é }zded sdwd emzudjdw aêo d jmad fdz d mfoâêo

eoz smwzoadbmaz o} d umazêo bmwded smò nduo! J`d}em ,49<7) joaziemwd t}m d fûzijd

aêo emzudjd o joaumûeo fdz o t}m mzuä sow uwäz o t}m mzuä d`éf eo fozuwdeo ad

ifdbmf!

:!= Wm`dâýmz f}zijdiz

D fûzijd jofo dniwfd Rizaih ,7334) mzuä swmzmaum ad ~ied l}fdad emzem d ésojd t}m

daumjmem o adzjifmauo em Jwizuo! Zojimedemz dauibdz uialdf d fûzijd jofo iazuw}fmauo

em djmzzo do zogwmadu}wd` do fæzuijo zmkd ad gduied em udfgow em uwigoz swifiui~dz o}

adz emj`dfdâýmz sûgìjdz em somzidz ed zojimedem bwmbd eduded em daumz em Jwizuo t}m

joanowfm mzjwiuoz majoauwdeoz mwdf djofsdaldedz em ~o{mz m zoaz! Dz fdainmzudâýmz

zoaowdz dzzojid~df&zm d d`b}f wiu}d` o} djoaumjifmauo ad iaumaâêo em duwig}iw zmauieod m`d m djmau}dw dz zmazdâýmz l}fdadz eidaum eo t}m é dswmzmaudeo!

D`b}az so~oz }uiì{df diaed lokm d fûzijd jofo djmzzo do ei~iao! M|mfsòz zêo dz

uwigoz dnwijdadz o} iaeæbmadz m zm}z wiu}diz! Fdz sdwd dz zojimedemz joaziemwdedz

ji~iì{dedz d fûzijd fdauéf bmwd`fmaum d n}aâêo em djmau}dw zmazdâýmz wmj}wzo

f}iuo }uiì{deo sow m|mfsò ad U^ ao jiamfd!

:!=!4 D fûzijd m o jiamfd

Ao jiamfd d fûzijd wmjmgm o aofm em uwi`ld zoaowd eo iab`ëz zo}aeuwdjh m ei{

wmzsmiuo do joak}auo zoaowo em }f ni`fm! Zmb}aeo Uoay Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) amzum

joak}auo mzuêo iaj`}æeoz udfgéf oz mnmiuoz zoaowoz m oz eiäòboz! Mauwmudauo diaed em

djoweo jof Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) o fdiz jof}f é wmnmwiw&zm ã uwi`ld zoaowd sdwd emzjwm~mw

d jo`muçamd em jdaâýmz t}m jofsýmf o ni`fm o} diaed sdwd emzudjdw d sdwum f}zijd`



iazuw}fmaud` ed ogwd! Sdwd Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) o fm`low umwfo sdwd d fûzijd em }f

ni`fm é ”fûzijd owibiad` eo ni`fm„! Mf iab`ëz zjowm!

Fd}wo Biowbmuui ,733<) ei~iem o zof em }f ni`fm mf uwëz jdumbowidz; w}æeo eiäòbo m

fûzijd! O d}uow m|sìjd t}m d fûzijd nijd zmfswm mf ûùifo s`dao ao jiamfd zmaeoswiowi{deoz o w}æeo m o eiäòbo! Mauwmudauo Biowbmuui ,733<) wmjoalmjm t}m d fûzijd

umf ifsowuçajid emjizi~d ao wmz}ùdeo niad` eo ni`fm!

Sdwd Biowbmuui ,733<) ~o{mz m w}æeoz uëf zibainijdeo emumwfiadeo! O mzsmjudeow do

o}~iw o gdw}`lo em äb}d òbo wmjoalmjm t}m zm uwdud em äb}d! Do o}~iw gdw}`lo em uiwo

zdgm t}m zm uwdud eo eizsdwo em }fd dwfd! O} zmkd aêo é sozzæ~m` duwig}iw o}uwo zmauieo

d m`mz! Do sdzzo t}m sdwd Biowbmuui ,733<) d fûzijd é n`m|æ~m`! ”D fûzijd sow z}d

adu}wm{d mfiamaumfmaum n`m|æ~m` dzz}fm o zmauieo t}m zm `lm t}izmw joanmwiw soem

ia~deiw u}eo dfoèdw u}eo m dfoèdw&zm d u}eo„4!

Sow mzzd jdwdjumwæzuijd Biowbmuui ,733<) dniwfd t}m d fûzijd é }f wmj}wzo ~dìozo ã

eizsoziâêo eo eiwmuow jiamfduobwänijo! Uwdud&zm em jofsoamaum m`dgowdeo dsúz d

ni`fdbmf m zm ìbd doz emfdiz jofsoamaumz! Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) m|sìjd t}m mwd jof}f

o ni`fm zmw m|igieo djofsdaldeo em }fd owt}mzuwd! Amzzd ésojd d fûzijd aêo mwd nmiud

sdwd o ni`fm m aêo m|izuid d ~izêo em t}m d fûzijd du}d~d jofo nduow ifsowudaum! Udauo

t}m ao Gwdzi` zmb}aeo Biowbmuui ,733<) d owt}mzuwd uojd~d jlowialoz t}daeo dsdwmjid

}f iaumw~dò ad sdwuiu}wd ed fûzijd eo ni`fm!

Sdwd o jofsoziuow Lmawi Jo`si ad ogwd Emnmazm mu i``}zuwduioa em `d f}zit}m edaz `m

ni`f ,Zojiéué e’Éeiuioaz em wmjlmwjlmz mu em Eoj}fmauduioa Jiamfduobwdslit}mz @yoa

Nwdajm) jiudeo sow Biobmuui ,733<) ”d fûzijd em }f ni`fm em~m zmw n}ajioad` o} aêo

m|izuiw! É swmjizo duwig}iw&`lm }fd n}aâêo! Aêo é zmaêo amzud n}aâêo swmjizd t}m m`d

mfswmzudwä ã ifdbmf z}d souëajid swúswid em z}bmzuêo„7

Jo`si emnmaem t}m d fûzijdumf o sdsm` mzzmajid` em djmau}dw d mfoâêo edz ifdbmaz m mandui{d t}m d ifswmzzêo

zoaowd wmnowâd d ifswmzzêo ~iz}d`! Biowbmuui ,733<) joajowed jof Jo`si fdz wmdì{d

foeinijdâýmz ad dniwfdâêo! Sdwd m`m d fûzijd umf jofo n}aâêo z}bmwiw o} djmau}dw o

zibainijdeo edz ifdbmaz!

4 BIOWBMUUI 733< ‚ eizsoaæ~m` mf;0luus;//famfojiam!dwu!gw/iaem|!sls?osuioa6jof_joaumau.~imr6dwuij`m.ie6442;n}ajomz&f}zijd&jiamfd.jduie6=:;zofjiamfd.Iumfie6>21! Djmzzo mf 77 em dgwi` em 7343!7

JO@SI dae BIOWBMUUI eizsoaæ~m` mf; 0luus;//famfojiam!dwu!gw/iaem|!sls?osuioa6jof_joaumau.~imr6dwuij`m.ie6442;n}ajomz&f}zijd&jiamfd.jduie6=:;zofjiamfd.Iumfie6>21! Djmzzo mf 77 em dgwi` em 7343!

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Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) jofmaud t}m jof o sdzzdw eo umfso lo}~m d amjmzziedem em m`m~dw

d m|smwiëajid eo sûgìjo edaeo fdiz ewdfduijiedem do ni`fm! D fûzijd jof z}d

jdwdjumwæzuijd em mzuif}`dw d wmzsozud mfojioad` eo sûgìjo mauwd amzum joaum|uo jof

}fd ao~d n}aâêo; ”mfojioadw smò m|jmzzo umaudw uwdaznowfdw d lizuúwid edz

smwzoadbmaz a}fd m|smwiëajid iamzt}mjæ~m` m dwwdzdeowdfmaum ifsdjudaum„

,GMWJLFDAZ 733> s!72)!

D sdwuiw emzzm fofmauo d fûzijd sdzzd d zmw jwided sdwd o ni`fm! Jded fûzijd é

eiwmjioaded sdwd }f uwmjlo ed ogwd jof d iaumaâêo em swo~ojdw emumwfiadeoz

zmauifmauoz ao mzsmjudeow! Sdwd Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) ”d fûzijd umf o fizumwiozo soemw

em swo~ojdw zmauifmauoz em umazêo fmeo d`mbwid uwizum{d dabûzuid d`æ~io lowwow

jofsdi|êo muj„ ,GMWJLFDAZ 733> s!7>)! Gmwjlfdaz emzudjd t}m ”mzum sdsm`szijo`úbijo ed fûzijd é }fd soemwozd nmwwdfmaud ewdfäuijd `dwbdfmaum }uiì{ded sow

jofsoziuowmz t}m g}zjdf emzsmwudw dz fdiz ~dwidedz zmazdâýmz ao sûgìjo„

,GMWJLFDAZ 733> s!7>)!

Biowbmuui ,733<) dzz}fm t}m aêo é näji` emniaiw }fd n}aâêo swmjizd ed fûzijd ao

jiamfd! Dz jdwdjumwæzuijdz em jded woumiwo m o ogkmui~o dwuæzuijo eo ni`fm zêo nduowmz t}m

ian`}majidf ad joajmsâêo em n}aâêo ed fûzijd! Biowbmuui ,733<) m|sìjd t}m ”X!!!Vd

sm`æj}`d emzuiaded ã fmwd ei~mwzêo o} fmaoz uwdudwä d fûzijd em fdamiwd f}iuo

einmwmaum edt}m`d t}m zm iazmwm ad 'bwdaem dwum' o jiamfd em zéwidz swmumazýmz X!!!V„!

D fûzijd zo{iald zmb}aeo Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) umf }f bwdaem soemw em jof}aijdâêo

mfojioad`! M`d m|mwjm ian`}ëajid joaziemwä~m` zogwm dz smzzodz! Sow izzo emnmaem t}m d

ewdfduijiedem ed fûzijd em~m zm zofdw ã adwwdui~d n}zêo t}m umf jofo n}aâêo

d}fmaudw o nduow mfojioad` eo ni`fm m uojdw dz smzzodz!

Uojdw soem zmw mfojioadw dwwdajdw `äbwifdz jd}zdw umazêo emzjoanowuo iajofoedwadwwdw }f djoaumjifmauo }fd fowum }fd smwzmb}iâêo }fd sided }f eiäòbo }fd`æ~io }fd nmzud emzjwm~mw }f fo~ifmauo jwidw }f jìfd djm`mwdw }fd ziu}dâêodjd`fä&`d X!!!V! ,GMWJLFDAZ 733> s!73)

O eiwmuow jiamfduobwänijo Zieamy @}fmu mf zm} ì~wo Nd{maeo Ni`fmz jiudeo sow

Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) emnmaem t}m d fûzijd zmkd }f wäsieo foeo em duiabiw dz smzzodz

mfojioad`fmaum! Fmzfo t}m d amjmzziedem eo m`mfmauo f}zijd` ~dwim em djoweo jof

dz ~dwidâýmz em bëamwoz mzuiòz ìab}dbmaz mauwm oz ni`fmz Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) emnmaem

t}m o jiamfd amjmzziud ed fûzijd dzzif jofo zm nd{ amjmzzäwio o eiwmuow em dwum em

jmaobwdnid muj!



Sdwd o eiwmuow E! R! Bwinniul jiudeo sow Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) ”d fûzijd eiud o jìfd eo

t}m oz zm}z o`loz ~ëmf8 m`d b}id z}dz mfoâýmz8 m`d é d foè}wd mfojioad` sdwd oz

t}dewoz ~iz}diz„ ,GMWJLFDAZ 733> s!437)!

:!=!7 D fûzijd m o um`mkowadìzfo

O um`mkowadìzfo dsdwmjm} mf 49=3 jof d m|igiâêo eo kowad` Ifdbmf eo Eid ad UÛ}si em Zêo Sd}ò! Amzzd ésojd dz aouæjidz mwdf ìedz eidaum edz jçfmwdz aêo ld~id d

s`mad }uiì{dâêo eoz soumajidiz bmwdeoz d sdwuiw ed ifdbmf! T}dzm >3 daoz emsoiz o

kowadìzfo em um`m~izêo zm emzma~o`~m} m ao~dz uéjaijdz sdwd swoe}âêo em aouæjidz

z}wbiwdf! D ifdbmf bdald emzudt}m m sdzzd d aowumdw dz m~o`}âýmz ao t}m zm wmnmwm ã

um`m~izêo! O um|uo kowad`æzuijo bdalo} ao~o nowfduo zmaeo swoe}{ieo sdwd zmw maumaeieo

em }fd ûaijd ~m{ dniwfdaeo d iazudaudamiedem eo ~mæj}ò! Ud` foeinijdâêo zmb}aeo

Sdumwaozuwo nd{ ”X!!!V jof t}m um|uo m ifdbmf jdfialmf k}auoz zmf }f jofsmuiw jofo o}uwo! O} o um|uo umf d ~mw jof o t}m mzuä zmaeo fozuwdeo o} aêo umf wd{êo em

m|izuiw„ ,SDUMWAOZUWO 733> s! <=)!

D um`m~izêo dbwmbd ao~o nduow do kowadìzfo; o zof dfgimaum! Smwjmgm&zm d sdwuiw edæ

t}m um`mkowadìzfo aêo é nmiuo dsmadz em um|uoz m ifdbmaz! D`éf ed ~izêo d d}eiâêo

sdzzd d zmw m|sòwded! M é d sdwuiw edæ zmb}aeo Sdumwaozuwo ,733>) t}m d fûzijd zm

iazmwm jofo nmwwdfmaud ed meiâêo sdwd dbwmbdw zmauieo do t}m mzuä zmaeo fozuwdeo!

D fûzijd sozz}i jdwdjumwæzuijdz t}m du}df eiwmudfmaum adz zmazdâýmz em t}mf d o}~m!

]fd n}aâêo emniaied sow Wogmwu J`d}em ,49<7) jofo szijo`úbijd m ewdfäuijd! O d}uow

mzj`dwmjm t}m d fûzijd umf d jdsdjiedem em m|mwjmw einmwmaumz n}aâýmz ~dwidaeo

joanowfm d ifdbiadâêo m d zmazigiìedem eoz wmdì{deowmz! Ao jdzo eo jiamfd

Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) m Biowbmuui ,733<) emnmaemf d ifsowuçajid ed fûzijd ad umaudui~d em

wmd`âdw o zmauifmauo t}m zm emzmkd uwdazfiuiw mf jded jmad! Ad um`m~izêo d ~dwidâêo adz

n}aâýmz umf soumajid` sdwd zmw m|sòwded e}wdaum d meiâêo edz fduéwidz kowad`æzuijdz! Oz

meiuowmz em ~æemo soemf iazmwiw }fd fûzijd ad wmsowudbmf mzjo`lmaeo&d zmb}aeo d



umfäuijd! Dniad` jofo dniwfd J`d}em ,49<7) d fûzijd djofsdald d dâêo m ndfiìdwi{d

dfgimaudì{d o mzsmjudeow jof d jmad wmswmzmauded jof o t}m mzuä zmaeo fozuwdeo;

”X!!!V m`d djmau}d d smwzsmjui~d edz ifdbmaz sm`d jwidâêo em }fd dufoznmwd„ ,J@D]EM

49<7)!

Aoz um`mkowadiz d wmdìedem é zmfm`ldaum! Dz jmadz zêo m|igiedz jofo }f ni`fm! Zêo

nmiudz bwd~dâýmz mauwm~izudz ,eiäòbo) ifdbmaz bmwdiz m em jowum! Do jlmbdw ad wmedâêo

o fdumwid` sdzzd smò fmzfo swojmzzo ed joazuw}âêo em }fd ogwd jiamfduobwänijd jof

meiâêo em ifdbmaz em ä}eio m djwézjifoz em wmj}wzoz d}eio~iz}diz jofo bwänijoz

m|sìjdui~oz fdsdz m f}iudz ~m{mz d mzjo`ld m deiâêo ed fûzijd!

Ad um`m~izêo d fûzijd f}iudz ~m{mz é }zded sdwd emzudjdw aêo d jmad fdz d mfoâêo

eoz smwzoadbmaz o} d umazêo bmwded smò nduo! J`d}em joaziemwd t}m d fûzijd aêo

emzudjd o joaumûeo fdz o t}m mzuä sow uwäz o t}m mzuä d`éf eo fozuwdeo ad ifdbmf! O

t}m f}iuoz um`mkowadiz swduijdf du}d`fmaum é d }aiêo ed fûzijd jof d ifdbmf sdwd

djmau}dw oz zmauifmauoz d zmwmf emzsmwudeoz e}wdaum d m|igiâêo edz fduéwidz!

D fûzijd é jdsd{ em emzsmwudw einmwmaumz zmazdâýmz ao lofmf; uwizum{d d`mbwid wm~oùd!

M d sdwuiw edz jdwdjumwæzuijdz t}m jofsýmf d fûzijd ,nwmtðëajid uof dz mzjd`dz t}m d

jofsýmf o wiufo) é sozzæ~m` mzjo`lmw d fûzijd iemd` sdwd swo~ojdw jded }fd em`dz!

Sow uoedz mzzdz jdwdjumwæzuijdz d fûzijd f}iudz ~m{mz z}gzuiu}i o eiäòbo m izuo umf zm

uowadeo swäuijd jof}f! D jofoâêo jd}zded é fdiow sow jdwwmbdw }fd dufoznmwd ”X!!!V

dbiaeo zogwm d wmjmsui~iedem eo mzsmjudeow m swmnib}wdaeo o mzudeo em d`fd eoz

smwzoadbmaz„ ,J@D]EM 49<7)!



5

D FÛZIJD AO UM@MKOWAD@IZFO

5!4 Fmuoeoòbid

O swmzmaum uwdgd`lo umf jofo ogkmui~o dadìzdw o sdsm` m|mwjieo sm`d fûzijd mf

wmsowudbmaz um`mkowad`æzuijdz! O ogkmuo em daäìzm emzud foaobwdnid é o swobwdfd

Gd`daâo Bmwd m|igieo sm`d U^ Wmjowe Fiadz em zmb}aed d zm|ud&nmiwd ãz 47l5= m

dswmzmaudeo sow Fd}wo Uwdfoaum!

Sdwd duiabiw ud` ogkmui~o zmwidf dadìzdeoz iaijid`fmaum 43 swobwdfdz oz t}diz nowdf

m|igieoz adz zmfdadz t}m jowwmzsoaemf doz smwæoeoz em 4» d = em nm~mwmiwo m em 4= d 49

em fdwâo em 7343! Mauwmudauo smwjmgmfoz d m|izuëajid em f}iuo fdumwid` o t}m

ia~idgiì{dwid o uéwfiao eo uwdgd`lo mf umfso lägi`! Emjieifoz mauêo dadìzdw dsmadz d

zmfdad eo eid 4= em fdwâo! Ud` iaumw~dò noi mzjo`lieo smò nduo em uoeoz oz swobwdfdz

umwmf zieo joae}{ieoz smò dswmzmaudeow onijid` eo swobwdfd; Fd}wo Uwdfoaum!

Jofo d iaumaâêo emzum mzu}eo é dadìzdw d swmzmaâd ed fûzijd ao um`mkowadìzfo noi

ifsowudaum mzjo`lmw edudz d`mduúwidz d nif em joanmwiw ei~mwziedem em dzz}auoz do

fdumwid` jo`mudeo! D zmfdad mzjo`lied aêo swmjmem} amal}f nmwideo m aêo lo}~m

m~mauoz swobwdfdeoz ifsowudaumz!

O Gd`daâo Bmwd` umf e}wdâêo em e}dz lowdz m amf uoedz dz z}dz wmsowudbmaz

dswmzmaudf uwi`ld zoaowd! Sow izzo aêo zm k}zuinijd~d d daäìzm eo swobwdfd jofs`muo!



Amzum jdzo dsmadz dz fduéwidz i`}zuwdedz jof fûzijd m oz jofmauäwioz eo dswmzmaudeow

t}m dswmzmaudzzmf fûzijd do n}aeo jofsýmf d gdzm em ia~mzuibdâêo emzum uwdgd`lo!

Adz fduéwidz soiz dadìzdfoz dsmadz oz uwmjloz t}m dswmzmaudf fûzijd m d daäìzm zm

wmzuwiabi} ã wm`dâêo mauwm fûzijd ifdbmf m um|uo!

5!4!4 Emniaiâêo em jwiuéwioz em daäìzm

D swifmiwd mudsd emzud daäìzm jofswmmaem mzu}eo t}dauiudui~o wmnmwmaum do joaumûeo eo

swobwdfd Gd`daâo Bmwd`, jo`mudeo ao smwæoeo kä jiudeo daumwiowfmaum! Iaijid`fmaum

nowdf t}dauinijdeoz dzsmjuoz mzzmajidiz sdwd o emzma~o`~ifmauo eo uwdgd`lo;

& T}daudz fduéwidz zêo dswmzmaudedz jof d`b}f uiso em fûzijd?8

& T}diz dz meiuowidz dgowededz adz wmnmwiedz fduéwidz?8

& T}diz oz mzuiòz f}zijdiz swmzmaumz adz fduéwidz zm`mjioadedz?8

& T}dauoz uwmjloz f}zijdeoz dswmzmaudf nd`dz m t}dauoz aêo!

& T}dauoz eoz wmnmwieoz uwmjloz zêo jogmwuoz jof ifdbmaz zogwm o dzz}auo m t}daudz

dswmzmaudf smwzoadbmaz mf nojo?

Dsúz d daäìzm t}dauiudui~d noi sozzæ~m` jofsow dfozuwd t}m wmswmzmaudzzm uoeo o

fdumwid` m mauêo swojmemw ã daäìzm t}dìudui~d! Ud` swojmeifmauo noi wmdì{deo d sdwuiw

ed smwjmsâêo em jdwdjumwæzuijdz eo wmnmwieo swobwdfd m eo joaumûeo m|igieo! Amzum

zmauieo joaziemwdfoz swiajisd`fmaum dz jdwdjumwæzuijdz ed fûzijd m zm} sozzæ~miz

wmn`m|oz ao zmw l}fdao dzzif jofo d wm`dâêo mauwm zof m um|uo ifdbmf m ä}eio ad

um`m~izêo! Sdwd ud` nowdf mzudgm`mjieoz oz zmb}iaumz jwiuéwioz em daäìzm;

● Mf t}diz fofmauoz d fûzijd é }uiì{ded ao emjowwmw ed fduéwid?8



● T}d` d dufoznmwd bmwded jof d m|igiâêo ed wmsowudbmf fdiz mzsmjinijdfmaum o

fofmauo t}m noi f}zijdeo?8

● T}d` ifdbmf mzud~d zmaeo m|igied ao fofmauo?8

● Jofo d fûzijd iaumwdbm jof dz nd`dz o} jof o zi`ëajio m smwfium d swoe}âêo em

zmauieo?8

● T}diz jdwdjumwæzuijdz ,mzjd`d }uiì{ded uof wiufo muj) d fûzijd }uiì{ded mf

jded fduéwid sozz}i?8

● Jofo d fûzijd zm wm`djioad jof o um|uo m/o} d ifdbmf }uiì{ded?8

● T}d` d adwwdui~d joazuw}æed smò zof?

5!7 D U^ Wmjowe Fiadz

D U^ Wmjowe Fiadz noi n}aeded mf 47 em fdio em 4994ésojd mf t}m zm jldfd~d U^

Zojimedem m mwd dniìded ed Wmem Wmjowe! Mf 499: noi jofswded sm`d Jmauwd` Wmjowe

em Jof}aijdâêo m d sdwuiw em mauêo sdzzo} d zm jldfdw U^ Wmjowe Fiadz dzz}fiaeo

d n}aâêo em joìbded! Ao dao em 7333 d mfizzowd iad}b}wo} z}d zmem ad wmbiêo jmauwd`

em Gmò Lowi{oaum m lokm uwdazfium d swobwdfdâêo ed U^ Wmjowe sdwd fdiz em :73

f}aijæsioz fiamiwoz! Zmb}aeo edeoz s}gìjdeoz ao zium ed mfizzowd d Wmem Wmjoweduwd~éz em z}dz dniìdedz dgwdabm =53 f}aijæsioz m|igiaeo zm}z swobwdfdz sdwd

dswo|ifdedfmaum 42= fi`lýmz em smzzodz!

D Wmem Wmjowe Fiadz jowwmzsoaem do jdad` 7 ^LN ao zizumfd dad`úbijo ed jdsiud` m

7<]LN ao eibiud`! D`éf eizzo sozz}i o}uwdz e}dz mfizzowdz dniìdedz ao mzudeo; U^

@mzum m U^ Sdwdadægd! D U^ @mzum umf z}d zmem mf Bo~mwadeow ^d`dedwmz m sozz}i }fd

}aiedem mf Jowoam` Ndgwijidao! Dgwdabm 45: jiedemz eo `mzum em Fiadz o t}mjowwmzsoaem d fdiz em 7 fi`lýmz em ldgiudaumz! D U^ Sdwdadægd òjdì{d&zm mf

]gmw`çaeid m jogwm uoeo o Uwiçab}ò Fiamiwo Dùo Sdwdadægd wmbiêo em Sdwdjdu} sdwum

eo z}eomzum fiamiwo m z}` eo mzudeo em Boiäz!

5!7!4 O swobwdfd Gd`daâo Bmwd`



Ad bwdem em swobwdfdz ed U^ Wmjowe Fiadz joazudf oz swobwdfdz FB ao Dw

dswmzmaudeo sow Jdwòz îdad8 FB Wmjowe jofdaedeo sow Daewé ^dzjoajmòz m

Sduwæjid Jozud m Gd`daâo Bmwd` ìemwdeo sow Fd}wo Uwdfoaum! Mzum ûùifo mzuwmo} mf

733= m kä noi dswmzmaudeo sow Wijdweo Zdsid Bi`~da Jozud m Jdwòz îdad! Emzem 733<

t}daeo noi wmnowf}`deo m dzz}fi} o nowfduo du}d` o Gd`daâo Bmwd` é dswmzmaudeo sow

Fd}wo Uwdfoaum!

O wmnmwieo um`mkowad` é dswmzmaudeo em zmb}aed d zm|ud&nmiwd ãz 47l5= òbo dsúz o

swobwdfd Lokm mf Eid! É uwdazfiuieo udfgéf sdwd Bo~mwadeow ^d`dedwmz dsúz o

@mzum Aouæjidz! Umf jofo nojo d swmzudâêo em zmw~iâoz m zm swosým d dgowedw umfdz em

iaumwmzzm ed jof}aiedem! D jwmeigiìedem o eiadfizfo m d ei~mwzêo zêo dz gdzmz eo

joaumûeo dswmzmaudeo!

5!: Daäìzm

5!:!4 Gd`daâo Bmwd` em 4= em fdwâo em 7343

5!:!4!4 Daäìzm em ifdbmaz um|uo mf onn m fûzijdz em n}aeo

D wmsowudbmf Gmikoz mauwm fêm m ni`lo bmwdf so`ëfijd wmnmwm&zm d }fd nouobwdnid t}m

jiwj}ò} sow ei~mwzoz ~mæj}òz em jof}aijdâêo ad t}d` d foemò Jwizuiad Fowudb}d

dsdwmjm zofmaum em jd`âd kmdaz dgwdâded do ni`lo! Mauwmudauo d wmsowudbmf umf jofo

nojo d bwd~dâêo wmdì{ded e}wdaum zmzzêo em nouoz t}m bmwo} ud` nouobwdnid d t}d`

fozuwo} }f gmiko mauwm oz eoiz! Ao swifmiwo onn t}m e}wd ~iaum m zmiz zmb}aeoz o

dswmzmaudeow wmzzdùd;

Jmadz sijdaumz! O ~æemo noi ei~}`bdeo ad iaumwamu! ]fd f}`lmw m }f ko~mf dfgozzofmaum em kmdaz zm dgwdâdf zm uojdf zm gmikdf! M`d é d m|&foemò JwizuiadFowudb}d! M`m o ni`lo em`d em dsmadz t}ia{m daoz! Dz ifdbmaz fozuwdf ozgdzuieowmz em }f mazdio nouobwänijo so`ëfijo! ,GMIKOZ MAUWM FÊM M NI@LOBMWDF SO@ËFIJD! Gd`daâo Bmwd`! Gmò Lowi{oaum; U^ Wmjowe Fiadz 4= emfdwâo em 7343! Swobwdfd em U^)



Sdwd jogwiw d nd`d eo d}uow o meiuow }uiì{o} ifdbmaz em }f ~æemo nmiuo e}wdaum d zmzzêo

nouobwänijd! Adz ifdbmaz d foemò m o ni`lo dsdwmjmf dsmadz em jd`âd kmdaz m oz zmioz

em`d majozudeoz ao jowso eo ni`lo! Mf emumwfiadeo fofmauo oz eoiz zm gmikdf!

F}ai{ Zoewé ,492=) mandui{d o jdwäumw emnowfdeow ed meiâêo! D mzjo`ld edz ifdbmaz moz mnmiuoz }uiì{deoz zêo nduowmz t}m fdais}`df o joaumûeo ed fmazdbmf! O} zmkd

duwig}mf ã aouæjid dsmadz o çab}ò t}m o meiuow emzmkd edw d m`d! M é mzzd ~mwedem t}m o

sûgìjo ~di wmjmgmw sdwd nowfdw zm} k}`bdfmauo!

Dz ifdbmaz bwd~dedz ao òjd` oaem noi wmdì{ded d nouo em Jwizuiad Fowudb}d nowdf

sozudedz ao zium yo}u}gm m e}wdf 7< zmb}aeoz! Ad ~mwzêo dswmzmauded smò Gd`daâo

Bmwd` zú o swifmiwo onn t}m dswmzmaud dz ifdbmaz e}wdf 7> zmb}aeoz umfso ianmwiow

do ed bwd~dâêo owibiad`! Mauwmudauo nowdf nmiuoz ~äwioz jowumz o t}m mandui{d d

m|sòwdâêo ed jmad eo gmiko m eo dgwdâo mauwm oz eoiz ‚ sdzzdbmaz j}wudz m wäsiedz fdz

sozudz mf zòr fouioa ao swifmiwo onn ed fduéwid do òabo eo t}d` é sozzæ~m` smwjmgmw

jowumz! O}uwo emud`lm é t}m o wozuo eo bdwouo noi eizndwâdeo jof }f mnmiuo ~iz}d` sdwd

t}m d jwidaâd aêo ui~mzzm z}d ifdbmf ~mij}`ded duiu}em t}m zmb}m o Mzudu}uo ed Jwidaâd

m eo Deo`mzjmaum!

D swifmiwd jmad t}m dsdwmjm é d eo gmiko! Mf zmb}ied é nmiuo }f jowum m d jmad mauêo

é ~mij}`ded emzem o jofmâo! Mauwmudauo daumz t}m o gmiko djdgm d jmad é ao~dfmaum

jowuded! D jmad t}m zm zmb}m fozuwd d foemò m ni`lo dgwdâdeoz! Amzud jmad d ifdbmf

dsdwmjm mf jçfmwd `maud! D ifswmzzêo t}m zm umf é em t}m oz jdwialoz zêo emfowdeoz!

Ad ~mwzêo owibiad` o dgwdâo e}wd fmaoz em uwëz zmb}aeoz m é sozzæ~m` ~mw t}m zm uwdud

dsmadz em }f dgwdâo! Ad ~mwzêo eo Gd`daâo Bmwd`, o dgwdâo e}wd 44 zmb}aeoz! Dsúz o

jowum d jmad é wmiaijided! Daumz eo gmiko d jmad é jowuded sdwd o swifmiwo so~o&nd`d!

Aêo noi sozzæ~m` iemauinijdw d fûzijd dswmzmauded amzum swifmiwo onn ! Joau}eosmwjmgmfoz t}m d uwi`ld zoaowd du}d jofo zibainijdaum m uwd{ ã uoad zmazdâýmz m

zmauifmauoz wm`djioadaeo&oz ã fmazdbmf dswmzmauded! Dìded ã j}ù}wd ad t}d` o

iaei~æe}o mzuä iazmwieo d fûzijd zm uwdaznowfd mf m`mfmauo swoe}uow em zmauieo! ]fd

edz jdwdjumwæzuijdz ed fûzijd ad emniaiâêo em Rizaih ,49<9) é d em emzsmwudw zmazdâýmz

ao o}~iaum m d uwi`ld }uiì{ded e}wdaum o swifmiwo onn mf uof fmaow é jdsd{ em bmwdw

fm`dajoìd! D b}iudwwd m|mj}ud zmt}ëajid emzjmaemaum em aoudz em }fd mzjd`d o} zmkd

eo zof fdiz db}eo sdwd o fdiz bwd~m! Ud` jdwdjumwæzuijd ad ~izêo em Rizaih swo~ojd dzmazdâêo em uwizum{d! O d}uow udfgéf emniam o zof bwd~m jofo o wmzsoazä~m` sm`d



zmazdâêo em smzo ad fûzijd! O joauwd&gdi|o iazuw}fmauo em jowed jdwdjumwi{deo smò

zof bwd~m j}fswm ud` sdsm` ad fûzijd! O iazuw}fmauo djofsdald d b}iudwwd ad mzjd`d

fmaow emzjmaemaum o t}m wmnowâd d fm`dajoìd m d bwd~iedem f}zijdiz!

Zofdaeo dz zmazdâýmz em uwizum{d m smzo ã òj}âêo eo wmsúwumw m ãz ifdbmaz o t}m zmumf é d j`dwd iaumaâêo em duwig}iw bwd~iedem ã fmazdbmf m emzsmwudw d swmoj}sdâêo eo

um`mzsmjudeow eidaum ed so`ëfijd eo dzz}auo! O}uwo soauo ifsowudaum d zmw emzudjdeo é o

nduo em d bwd~dâêo owibiad` aêo sozz}iw fûzijd fdz dsmadz zof dfgimaum! T}daeo zm

dzzizum d mzzd bwd~dâêo dz mfoâýmz emzjwiudz djifd djmau}dedz sm`d fûzijd em n}aeo

aêo mzuêo m~iemajidedz! Em djoweo jof J`d}em ,49<7) d fûzijd dfgimaud o mzsmjudeow

jof o t}m mzuä zmaeo dswmzmaudeo! M mzzd é d n}aâêo emzum m`mfmauo mf uoed d fduéwid

dswmzmauded; ndfiìdwi{dw o mzsmjudeow jof d ianowfdâêo! Amzum jdzo swmsdwä&ò sdwdzmauiw d bwd~iedem eo dzz}auo!

E}wdaum o so~o&nd`d udfgéf m|igieo do òabo ed wmsowudbmf zogwm Jwizuiad Fowudb}d

o}~mf&zm em soifmauoz ei~mwzoz mf t}m dz smzzodz emj`dwdf; ”Fm} Lofmf é }fd

joizd! Fm} ni`lo é fm} ni`lo„! ”Aêo jlojd em kmiuo amal}f! Fêm umf uoed ìgmwedem

jof o ni`lo! Noi }fd nouo nmiud soem zm XzijV dwuizuijdfmaum jof jdwialo„! ,GMIKOZ

MAUWM FÊM M NI@LO BMWDF SO@ËFIJD! Gd`daâo Bmwd`! Gmò Lowi{oaum; U^

Wmjowe Fiadz 4= em fdwâo em 7343! Swobwdfd em U^)! Sdumwaozuwo ,733>) emniam d

m|swmzzêo jowsowd` m d mauoadâêo em ~o{ jofo nduowmz emumwfiadaumz sdwd d dzzifi`dâêo

ed fmazdbmf uwdazfiuied! Dz m|swmzzýmz ndjidiz ed f}`lmw m d mauoadâêo em ~o{

fozuwdwdf t}m m`d mzud~d `m~mfmaum iaeibaded jof d ziu}dâêo! Sow o}uwo `deo o wdsd{

t}m dsdwmjm} mf zmb}ied mzud~d zmwmao m jof ~o{ `m~m! D jmad uwdazsdwmjm} d ndùd em

swmoj}sdâêo eo wdsd{ t}m ao um|uo emniai} o jdzo jofo uwdgd`lo dwuæzuijo m z}sõz }fd

wm`dâêo jdwialozd mauwm fêm m ni`lo!

Amzum fofmauo ed wmsowudbmf aêo noi sozzæ~m` emniaiw o uof ed fûzijd sow d}zëajid

em edeoz sdwd jofsdwdâêo! Joau}eo o uifgwm eoz iazuw}fmauoz é jdsd{ em emniaiw dz

jdwdjumwæzuijdz ed fûzijd! D smwj}zzêo m o joauwd&gdi|o zêo oz ûaijoz iazuw}fmauoz t}m

jofsýmf d fûzijd em n}aeo sdwd d nd`d eoz eoiz iaei~æe}oz! O bwd~m eo gdi|o djmau}d o

jdwäumw swmoj}sdaum t}m oz meiuowmz t}izmwdf edw ã fduéwid! Mauwmudauo o db}eo ed

smwj}zzêo emi|d d fûzijd fdiz `m~m mt}iìgwdaeo mzzd zmazdâêo ed fmzfd nowfd t}m o

so~o&nd`d mt}iìgwd dz osiaiýmz; }fd joauwd m o}uwd d nd~ow! Do òabo eo zmb}aeo onn

joauia}d d lizuúwid ed jmad eo gmiko;



Jwizuiad Fowudb}d mauwo} sdwd o f}aeo dwuæzuijo ao iaæjio eoz daoz 93! Nijo} ndfozdbwdâdz do jowso smwnmiuo! Mzudfso} jdsdz em ~äwidz wm~izudz fdzj}ìadz! Nowdf oiuomazdioz do òabo ed jdwwmiwd! Mf 95 Jwizuiad ~iwo} f}zd eo jdwad~d` eo Wio emKdamiwo emsoiz em emzni`dw jof oz zmioz em nowd! X!!!V Ao fmzfo dao joalmjm} o

kobdeow Mef}aeo wmjéf jdzdeo ad ésojd! Dsmzdw eo jofswofizzo m`m aêo wmzizui}doz majdauoz ed foemò! Mef}aeo `m~o} eoiz daoz sdwd wmjoalmjmw d sdumwaiedem eoni`lo jofswo~ded jof }f m|dfm em EAD! Mef}aeo aêo t}iz nd`dw zogwm dnouobwdnid t}m d k}zuiâd fdaeo} uiwdw em jiwj}`dâêo! ,GMIKOZ MAUWM FÊM MNI@LO BMWDF SO@ËFIJD! Gd`daâo Bmwd`! Gmò Lowi{oaum; U^ Wmjowe Fiadz4= em fdwâo em 7343! Swobwdfd em U^)!

Sdumwaozuwo ,733>) dniwfd t}m o onn em~m zmw jogmwuo jof ifdbmaz t}m k}zuinit}mf o

um|uo dswmzmaudeo! Ao jdzo emzum uwmjlo mwd mzzd d n}aâêo edz ifdbmaz! D meiâêo jofo

m`mfmauo fdais}`deow smwfdamjm mf uoeoz oz onnz, soiz uoeoz dswmzmaudf jowumz

mnmiuoz em meiâêo m du}df em nowfd d m~iemajidw }f soauo em ~izud! Amzum zmb}aeo onn

t}m e}wd =3 zmb}aeoz d swifmiwd ifdbmf d eo wozuo ed foemò Jwizuiad Fowudb}d

i`}zuwo} d swifmiwd nwdzm eo wmsúwumw t}m jiuo} o aofm ed foemò! Dz ifdbmaz t}m

dsdwmjmf ad zmt}ëajid wm`djioadf&zm d Jwizuiad Fowudb}d! Dniad` t}dzm uoeo o onn zm

wmnmwm d m`d! M|igmf&zm mauêo nouoz ed foemò ã ésojd mf t}m nd{id z}jmzzo!

O onn zmb}m jof ifdbmaz ed foemò em zmioz ã fozuwd mf }f eoz jdwad~diz eo Wio em

Kdamiwo! Diaed ao fmzfo joaum|uo dsdwmjmf ifdbmaz eo kobdeow em n}umgo` Mef}aeo!O um|uo ìeo smò wmsúwumw wmnmwm&zm ã sdwuijisdâêo em Jwizuiad Fowudb}d ao jdwad~d`

jdwiojd em 4995 jof oz zmioz ã fozuwd! Dsúz o jowum ad ifdbmf Mef}aeo dsdwmjm

ao~dfmaum mf }fd bwd~dâêo nmiud mf dfgimaum fdiz æauifo jdfialdaeo swú|ifo d

}fd sizjiad! O um|uo m dz ifdbmaz daumwiowmz wm`dui~oz do jowso smwnmiuo ed foemò do

nduo em umw mzudfsdeo jdsdz em oiuo wm~izudz fdzj}ìadz m d z}d sdwuijisdâêo ao jdwad~d`

jdwiojd zêo m`mfmauoz t}m em jmwud nowfd m|sìjdf o nduo em o kobdeow Mef}aeo umw

uwdæeo d f}`lmw!

Mef}aeo smwfdamjm adz ifdbmaz dué o niad` eo onn ! Emsoiz ed jmad ed sizjiad o

kobdeow é fozuwdeo mf jìfd fdiz zéwio ao t}m sdwmjm zmw }f uwig}ad`! Mf zmb}ied é

ni`fdeo do mauwdw mf }f m`m~deow m~iudaeo o`ldw sdwd dz jçfmwdz! O um|uo dgowed d

emfowd eo kobdeow mf dzz}fiw o ni`lo m d amjmzziedem em }f m|dfm em EAD sdwd t}m

izzo ojowwmzzm! Fdiz }f jowum é nmiuo m o t}m zm zmb}m é d ni`fdbmf ed nouo t}m bmwo} d

so`ëfijd! Mzum onn dswmzmaud uwëz fûzijdz einmwmaumz! D swifmiwd dgwm o onn m zú umwfiad

t}daeo wmsúwumw ei{ ”X!!!V Doz majdauoz ed foemò„! D zmb}aed swmmajlm d smaûùifd



nwdzm m d umwjmiwd m ûùifd nmjldaeo o onn ! D swifmiwd fûzijd é mzuw}u}wded jof gdumwid

b}iudwwd t}m m|mj}ud dsmadz }f djowem gdi|o t}m udfgéf m|mj}ud dsmadz }fd aoud m

iazuw}fmauoz m`muwõaijoz! Eidaum ed d}zëajid em jofsdwdâêo aêo é sozzæ~m` emniaiw o

uof mf t}m d fûzijd mzuä!

Zmb}iaeo ã daäìzm eoz uifgwmz o zof db}eo ed b}iudwwd joanmwm ã fûzijd }fd

jdwdjumwæzuijd fdiz ~i~d! O gdi|o ,bwd~m) eä smzo ã jofsoziâêo m wm`mfgwd d bwd~iedem

eo dzz}auo! Mauwmudauo d swmzmaâd em iazuw}fmauoz m`muwõaijoz ma~o`~m d fûzijd ao

joaum|uo edz fûzijdz m`muwõaijdz m|mj}udedz mf wd~mz m godumz! O wiufo daifdeo

uwdazfium d zmazdâêo em t}m zm uwdud em d`bo soziui~o daifdeo! Dniwfdâêo wmnowâded

smò onn m sm`dz ifdbmaz t}m emzjwm~mf d jdwwmiwd ed foemò m d sdwuijisdâêo em`d m em

Mef}aeo ao Jdwad~d` jdwiojd em 4995 dzzif jofo dswmzmaud d wm`dâêo mauwm oz eoizt}m bmwo} o deo`mzjmaum ma~o`~ieo ad so`ëfijd!

D zmb}aed fûzijd noi jofsozud sow iazuw}fmauoz em smwj}zzêo m sow }f gdi|o! Aêo é

sozzæ~m` emniaiw o uof smò fmzfo foui~o ed swifmiwd fûzijd eo onn ! Mauwmudauo d aoud

m|mj}uded smò gdi|o é f}iuo bwd~m djmau}daeo o smzo ed jofsoziâêo m

joazmt}maumfmaum d bwd~iedem eo dzz}auo do t}d` mzud sdwum eo onn zm wmnmwm! Fmzfo o

db}eo ed smwj}zzêo aêo iazmwm `m~m{d ã fûzijd! Smò joauwäwio d wmsmuiâêo eoz

fo~ifmauoz m eoz iazuw}fmauoz em smwj}zzêo wmfmumf d jmwuo dw em ”mzuwmzzm„! Uwdud&zm

em zmazdâêo smwu}wgdeowd jofo o jdoz m~iemajideo sow Rizaih ,733>) eidaum ed

d}zëajid em }fd zmt}ëajid `úbijd em aoudz! Mzzd bwd~iedem f}zijd` jofs`mud o um|uo

ìeo ao swobwdfd Gd`daâo Bmwd` t}m zm wmnmwm d }f dzz}auo bwd~m; o nduo em o kobdeow

zú umw dzz}fieo o ni`lo emsoiz em eoiz daoz dsmadz emsoiz em wmdì{dw }f m|dfm em

EAD!

D umwjmiwd fûzijd mzud~d mf uof fmaow m noi m|mj}uded sow }f |iònoam }f gdi|o m

iazuw}fmauoz em smwj}zzêo! D uwi`ld zoaowd jogwm d nwdzm niad` eo onn ; ”Mef}aeo aêo

t}iz nd`dw zogwm d nouobwdnid t}m d k}zuiâd fdaeo} uiwdw em jiwj}`dâêo„! O uof fmaow

wmfmum d uwizum{d! O |iònoam fmzfo umaeo }f zof fdiz db}eo m|mj}ud zmt}ëajid em

aoudz mf mzjd`d fmaow! Oz iazuw}fmauoz em smwj}zzêo }uiì{deoz ad fûzijd dswmzmaudf

zof fdiz bwd~m t}m o ed fûzijd daumwiow! D zofd eoz zoaz d ifdbmf eo kobdeow

Mef}aeo mauwdaeo ao m`m~deow zmf nd`dw jof oz wmsúwumwmz m o um|uo mf onn m~iemajidf

d iaumaâêo em djmau}dw d bwd~iedem ed t}mzuêo!



O umwjmiwo onn ed wmsowudbmf zogwm Jwizuiad Fowudb}d ‚ ”Zmb}aeo d foemò d nouo

zmw~iwid sdwd edw }f mfs}wwêo{ialo ad jdwwmiwd eo ni`lo t}m zoald zmw duow„ ,GMIKOZ

MAUWM FÊM M NI@LO BMWDF SO@ËFIJD! Gd`daâo Bmwd`! Gmò Lowi{oaum; U^

Wmjowe Fiadz 4= em fdwâo em 7343! Swobwdfd em U^) wmnmwm&zm ã m|sìjdâêo ed

foemò sdwd d nouo! Amzum jdzo é }uiì{ded d ifdbmf ed swúswid nouo! Am`d zêo

}uiì{deoz mnmiuoz em meiâêo t}m zm dzzmfm`ldf d }f uwd~m`ìab sdwd d eiwmiud wmdì{deo

sow }fd jçfmwd em ~æemo e}wdaum bwd~dâêo! ]f mnmiuo em uwdaziâêo smwfium t}m ao

fmio eo onn d ifdbmf daumwiow zmkd iaumwwofsied sdwd t}m zm fozuwm d nouo zog o}uwo

çab}ò!

M|mj}uded zofmaum sm`d b}iudwwd d fûzijd emzum uwmjlo mzuä mf uof fmaow! Amzum jdzo

o uof zmw~m dsmadz sdwd emi|dw ao dw d zmazdâêo em bwd~iedem ~izuo t}m o db}eo edb}iudwwd é t}m zm emzudjd! O zof ed b}iudwwd duwig}i ~ied do joaum|uo dsmzdw ed

bwd~iedem ed ziu}dâêo!

Mf zmb}ied d wmsowudbmf sdzzd do t}dwuo onn ‚ ”Sdwd mzzd mzsmjidìzud mf

jofsowudfmauo em jwidaâdz m deo`mzjmaumz d duiu}em é bwd~m„ ,GMIKOZ MAUWM FÊM M

NI@LO BMWDF SO@ËFIJD! Gd`daâo Bmwd`! Gmò Lowi{oaum; U^ Wmjowe Fiadz 4=

em fdwâo em 7343! Swobwdfd em U^) ‚ dsúz o t}ë zêo dswmzmaudedz zoaowdz ed

szijúòbd Fdwid @}i{d G}zudfdaum m eo k}i{ Ziwo Edw`da! O um|uo eo onn iauwoe}{ d

osiaiêo ed szijúòbd t}m joaemao} d duiu}em em Jwizuiad Fowudb}d! Sdwd jogwiw d nd`d

nowdf zêo }zdedz ifdbmaz em jowum edt}m`d swonizzioad`! Dz sd`d~wdz emzudjdedz ad

òj}âêo eo wmsúwumw smwfiumf dniwfdw t}m m`m fmzfo é joauwd d duiu}em ed foemò!

E}wdaum uoed d zoaowd G}zudfdaum smwfdamjm zéwid m jof m|swmzzêo dj}zdeowd!

Amzum uwmjlo o sidao é o ûaijo iazuw}fmauo swmzmaum! O uof fmaow m o zof bwd~m edz

aoudz m|mj}udedz d}fmaudf d zmazdâêo em zmwimedem m bwd~iedem wm`dui~oz do t}m mzuä

zmaeo eiuo! Adz sd`d~wdz emzudjdedz aoz onnz adz zoaowdz mzjo`liedz o} adz fûzijdz

m|mj}udedz e}wdaum uoed d wmsowudbmf d osiaiêo eo wmsúwumw soem zmw smwjmgied! O t}m

fdiz jldfd d dumaâêo m m~iemajid d dj}zdâêo ed foemò sow sdwum eo wmsúwumw é o nduo

em d fûzijd umw zieo jowuded ao niad` ed zoaowd ed szijúòbd! D nd`d eo k}i{ Ziwo Edw`da

t}m dswmzmaud osiaiêo fmaoz dj}zdeowd mf wm`dâêo do jdzo é m|igied zmf fûzijd o t}m

mìfiad d zmwimedem m d bwd~iedem ‚ duwig}æedz sm`d fûzijd ad zoaowd ed szijúòbd ‚ eo

t}m m`m eizzm!





J}zuúeio eoz Wmiz; ,wmzsiwdâêo swon}aed) fm zmaui f}iuo l}fi`ldeo aé XzijV! Djlot}m swduijdfmaum }f jdjlowwo daedaeo swä `ä swd jä! O gwdâo f}iuo e}mao XzijVjlowdaeo em eow! O t}m m`mz ni{mwdf é }f emzjdzo f}iuo bwdaem ad zdûem zif! M} ~if}iud ambìbëajid ao lozsiud` amzzm jdzo! M ~o XzijV `}uä XzijV smòz fm}z eiwmiuozdbowd! Fiald mzsozd eizizsmwded XzijV m} udfgéf fiald ndfæìd! ,jlowd) Fmeizj}sd XzijV!

Fd}wo Uwdfoaum; É einæji` aé XzijV! ôjë aêo zú zonwm jof d smwed di aé XzijV em}f fmfgwo di t}m ~ojë wmd`fmaum swmjizd swmjizdwid swd XzijV uwdgd`ld XzijV!!!J}zuúeio eoz Wmiz; Jof jmwum{dFd}wo Uwdfoaum; !!! jofo o mzudeo szijo`úbijo udfgéf djdgd zmaeo dnmudeo aéXzijV J}zuúeio?J}zuúeio eo Wmiz; F}iuo! Bwdâdz do dsoio ed fiald ndfæìd m ed fiald mzsozd!Bwdâdz d Em}z t}m m} uo XzijV fm wmj}smwdaeo fm`low! Fdz d t}mzuêo eo lozsiudàmzzm jdzo dzzif f}iuo jlojdeo dué lokm XzijV! M m} ~o XzijV jowwm XzijV duwäz zif zmEm}z t}izm XzijV! Zmi t}m umf }f Em}z t}m o`ld sow aúz aé XzijV! M m`m ~di nd{m XzijV

k}zuiâd t}dauo d izzo!Fd}wo Uwdfoaum; D`b}f fofmauo ~ojë noi fdùwdudeo `ä ao dumaeifmauo? T}daeo~ojë jlmbo XzijV m`mz zifs`mzfmaum nd`dwdf ú XzijV aêo ~êo dumaem XzijV sowt}m aúzudfoz XzijV mf bwm~m ! ôjë jlmbo} d zm fdùwdudeo? ôjë noi gmf uwdudeo?

J}zuúeio eoz Wmiz; D bmaum sdwdfo XzijV `ä ad sowud eo Koêo \\III m kä eizzmwdf t}maêo dumaemwid XzijV t}m mzud~df mf bwm~m! M oz féeijoz mzud~df `ä emauwo aé XzijV!Fd}wo Uwdfoaum; Fmzfo zmf zdgm XzijV eo zm} jdzo! O} noi ianowfdeo t}m zm} jdzomwd uêo bwd~m!J}zuúeio eoz Wmiz; Nowdf ianowfdeo XzijV! O B`d}gmw uéjaijo mf zmb}wdaâdz eizzmt}m mwd }f jdzo em emjdsiudâêo em fmfgwo t}m d o}uwd sdwum ed fêo mzud~d `ä aéXzijV! Ao jdzo zm nozzm ao jdzo zm emzzm swd ifs`daudw! Zú t}m m`mz eizzmwdf t}m aêodumaemwid XzijV! ,FMUD@ÛWBIJO DIAED ZONWM JOF O EMZJDZO! Gd`daâoBmwd`! Gmò Lowi{oaum; U^ Wmjowe Fiadz 4> em fdwâo em 7343! Swobwdfd em U^)!

F}ai{ Zoewé ,492=) m|sìjd t}m t}dauo fdiz wme}aedaum d ianowfdâêo fdiow zmwä d

jdsdjiedem em jof}aijdw! O djiemaum eo wdsd{ ojowwm} ad zmb}aed&nmiwd eid 4= em

fdwâo }f eid daumz ed ~mij}`dâêo ed wmnmwied mauwm~izud! O swobwdfd Gd`daâo Bmwd

edt}m`m eid umf jofo emzudt}m d ianowfdâêo zogwm d ofizzêo em zojowwo t}m ma~o`~m}

o fmud`ûwbijo! O dzz}auo é wmsmuieo e}wdaum uoed d swobwdfdâêo zmaeo aouijided d

sozzæ~m` mauwm~izud ”do ~i~o„ jof d ~æuifd!

Zoewé udfgéf emzudjd d wm`m~çajid eo eizj}wzo eo dswmzmaudeow/wmsúwumw! O d}uow emniam

o foeo em dbiw m em nd`dw jofo nduowmz t}m nd~owmjmf d dzzifi`dâêo ed aouæjid! Ud`

wme}aeçajid t}m zm mzumaem dué o eid zmb}iaum ‚ 4> em fdwâo ‚ dìded do eizj}wzo

ndfiìdw eo dswmzmaudeow t}m nd`d mwwdeo m m|sòwd o foeo fiamiwo em nd`dw um~m jofo

joazmtðëajid d mzsmudj}`dwi{dâêo ed fmazdbmf ~mij}`ded!

Fd}wo Uwdfoaum wmjmgm o fmud`ûwbijo J}zuúeio eoz Wmiz aoz mzuûeioz ed U^ Wmjowe! D

mauwm~izud em~mwid umw zieo nmiud ao eid daumwiow 4= em fdwâo fdz sow swog`mfdz ao

uwçaziuo o fmud`ûwbijo jlmbdwd duwdzdeo m aêo ld~id fdiz umfso em zmw mauwm~izudeo ao

swobwdfd edt}m`m eid! Eidaum em ud` swog`mfd d mauwm~izud t}m zmwid ”do ~i~o„ ébwd~ded meiuded m m|igied ao eid 4> em fdwâo em 7343!



D mauwm~izud é bwd~ded ao mzuûeio eo swobwdfd Gd`daâo Bmwd ! Oz eoiz mzud~df

zmaudeoz }f em nwmaum sdwd o o}uwo! O fmud`ûwbijo mzud~d jof o gwdâo diaed mandi|deo

m dsoideo mf }fd uisúid! D soziâêo ed jçfmwd emzudjo} o mzudeo eo wdsd{! D fêo

emjmsded fdaum~m&zm em nwmaum sdwd d jçfmwd jofo zm o um`mzsmjudeow s}emzzm ~mw em

nwmaum o òjd` oaem d fêo noi jowuded! O ogkmui~o mwd emzudjdw d d}zëajid eo fmfgwo eo

uwdgd`ldeow!

D dswmzmaudâêo eo mauwm~izudeo noi nmiud duwd~éz em }f jowum em jçfmwd t}m zdi eo bmwd`

m zmb}m do s`dao dfmwijdao ao fmud`ûwbijo! Mf zmb}ied d jçfmwd wmuowad ã soziâêo

iaijid` sdwd t}m o dswmzmaudeow mauwm~izudzzm J}zuúeio eoz Wmiz! E}wdaum d swifmiwd

smwb}aud eo dswmzmaudeow d jçfmwd smwfdamjm ad fmzfd soziâêo mf s`dao bmwd`! Do

nif ed smwb}aud d jçfmwd nmjld ao wozuo eo dswmzmaudeow m daumz t}m o mauwm~izudeojofmjm d nd`dw z}wbm mf swifmiwæzzifo s`dao d fêo emjmsded eo wdsd{! Eo jòzm d

jçfmwd dgwm d ifdbmf dué jlmbdw do s`dao dfmwijdao eo fmud`ûwbijo t}m smwfdamjm

em jdgmâd gdi|d! Jofo d mauwm~izud noi bwd~ded o meiuow em ifdbmaz soem nd{mw

dùmwdâýmz! D swifmiwd em`dz ojowwm e}wdaum d nd`d eo smwzoadbmf! O wozuo eo wdsd{ é

z}gzuiu}æeo sow ifdbmaz eo eid mf t}m m`m um~m o zojowwo ambdeo ao LSZ Koêo \\III!

Do nd`dw eo emzmzsmwo ed ndfæìd do nif ed swifmiwd wmzsozud J}zuúeio eoz Wmiz jlowd!

D sdwuiw emzzm fofmauo o swifmiwæzzifo s`dao sdzzd d zmw m|sòwdeo! O s`dao bmwd` zú é

}uiì{deo sdwd dz smwb}audz eo dswmzmaudeow! Aoz o}uwoz fofmauoz zêo }uiì{deoz

swifmiwæzzifoz s`daoz eo wozuo em J}zuúeio eoz Wmiz o} em z}d fêo emjmsded!

F}ai{ Zoewé ,492=) emniam d meiâêo jofo emnowfdeowd ed wmdìedem jofo }fd nowfd

em wmzuwiabiw o joaumûeo m em m|igiw do sûgìjo d ~mwzêo t}m iaumwmzzd ã mfizzowd! Oz

jowumz adz nd`dz eo mauwm~izudeo soemf zmw smwjmgieoz em nowfd zifs`mz dsmadz sm`d

~mwinijdâêo em dùmwdâêo zûgiud ad ~o{ eo fmud`ûwbijo! Mauwmudauo o jowum fdiz dsdwmaum

é wmdì{deo do niad` ed mauwm~izud! Ad wmnmwied jmad }uiì{d&zm d ifdbmf eo fofmauo mf

t}m o fmud`ûwbijo jlowd ao iaæjio ed mauwm~izud! Sdumwaozuwo ,733>) dniwfd t}m d

ifdbmf umf adwwdui~d swúswid m t}m o zi`ëajio o} o zof owibiad` eo t}m ojowwm umf

fdiz ifsdjuo t}m dz nwdzmz emzjwiui~dz! Amzum jdzo o zof eo jlowo eo wdsd{ é fdiz

ifsdjudaum eo t}m uoed d mauwm~izud!

F}ai{ Zoewé ,492=) diaed mzj`dwmjm t}m dz mzjo`ldz em ifdbmaz m uwmjloz em mauwm~izudz

zêo nowfdz em fdais}`dâêo! D iaumaâêo em fdais}`dw o joaumûeo m m|sòwdw ozonwifmauo em J}zuúeio eoz Wmiz sõem zmw joaniwfded jof d }uiì{dâêo em }f mnmiuo em



meiâêo jldfdeo zòr fouioa! Duwd~éz emzum mnmiuo d jmad é m|igied mf jçfmwd `maud!

Zoewé emzudjd t}m d i`}zêo em ogkmui~iedem bmwded sm`d meiâêo nd{ jof t}m o

um`mzsmjudeow djwmeium ao t}m mzuä zmaeo eiuo m umald ud` ianowfdâêo jofo ~mwedem!

Jofo d fûzijd nd{ sdwum ed meiâêo joazuiu}i&zm mf nmwwdfmaud em fdais}`dâêo!Mat}dauo zibainijdaum emzsmwud wmdâýmz ao o}~iaum t}m smwfiumf do um`mzsmjudeow

wm`mfgwdw o sdzzdeo m wm`djioadw z}d j}ù}wd jof o t}m mzuä zmaeo fozuwdeo! Duwd~éz ed

fûzijd o um`mzsmjudeow wm`mfgwd zmazdâýmz zmauifmauoz m oz wm`djioad ã wmsowudbmf

dswmzmauded! D mauwm~izud eo fmud`ûwbijd noi i`}zuwded sow fûzijd owt}mzuwd` mf uof

fmaow! Smwjmgmfoz d m|mj}âêo em ~ioìao sidao m fmudiz! O swifmiwo iazuw}fmauo

sozz}i uifgwm fdiz z}d~m! O zmb}aeo é fdiz nowum fdz diaed joazmw~d jdwdjumwæzuijdz em

z}d~iedem! Kä oz fmudiz db}eoz zêo jdsd{mz em bmwdw iajofoeo! O uof fmaow zofdeod mzumz uwëz uisoz em uisoz em uifgwm m do mzsdâo em m|mj}âêo mauwm dz aoudz joanmwm ã

fûzijd d zmazdâêo em m|smjudui~d fizu}wded ã em fm`dajoìd! O wmz}ùdeo niad` em ud`

jofgiadâêo é jmwuo jìfd em ”z}zsmazm„!

Sdwd Rizaih ,7334) d fûzijd uwde}{ fmazdbmaz z}uiz djmwjd ed iauifiedem ed fduéwid! M

emniam o wiufo jofo wmzsoazä~m` sow mzud jdwdjumwæzuijd! O wiufo em m|mj}âêo ed fûzijd

amzud mauwm~izud wm~m`d&zm `mauo jof bwdaemz iaumw~dòz mauwm dz aoudz zofdeoz do uof

fmaow! Udiz jdwdjumwæzuijdz wmnowâdf d uwizum{d eo jdzo uowadaeo&o fm`dajúìjo dsmzdw

eo db}eo eoz fmudiz t}m do ia~éz em d`mbwid bmwdf diaed fdiz umazêo ã jofsoziâêo

f}zijd`!

5!:!: Gd`daâo Bmwd` em 4< em fdwâo em 7343

5!:!:!4 Swifmiwd wmsowudbmf

Dzzif jofo djoaumjm} jof d mauwm~izud eo fmud`ûwbijo J}zuúeio eoz Wmiz mf t}m lä

emnmzd ed ~æuifd d wmsowudbmf Jwmzjm jwifmz joauwd lofozzm|}diz emzudjd&zm sm`d

emnmzd doz lofozzm|}diz! O swifmiwo onn m d swifmiwd zoaowd ed wmsowudbmf aêo joaudf

jof fûzijd em n}aeo sow izzo aêo nowdf dadìzdedz! O zmb}aeo onn uwdud edz mzuduæzuijdz

eo swmjoajmiuo mf Fiadz Bmwdiz;

Fiadz Bmwdiz mzuä mf 5» `}bdw ao sdæz mf aûfmwo em fowumz em lofozzm|}dizmfsdudeo jof Zêo Sd}ò smwemaeo sdwd o Sdwdaä Gdlid m Sid}æ! O wm`duúwio



ei~}`bdeo smò bw}so bdy ed Gdlid wm~m`d t}m zú ao dao sdzzdeo jduow{mlofozzm|}diz nowdf dzzdzziadeoz mf Fiadz! Zmiz d fdiz t}m mf 733<! Mf uoeo osdæz nowdf 49< dzzdzziaduoz! ,JWMZJM JWIFMZ JOAUWD LOFOZZM\]DIZ!Gd`daâo Bmwd`! Gmò Lowi{oaum; U^ Wmjowe Fiadz 4< em fdwâo em 7343! Swobwdfdem U^)!

D meiâêo emniaied jofo m`mfmauo em fdais}`dâêo m mzsmudj}`dwi{dâêo sow F}ai{ Zoewé,492=) mzuä swmzmaum mf uoeoz oz onnz ed wmsowudbmf! Joau}eo udauo amzum zmb}aeo

t}dauo ao t}iauo onn, jmadz em }f ni`fm t}m m~iemajid d ~io`ëajid joauwd smzzodz

jofsýmf d jmad! Uwdud&zm em ifdbmaz nowumz t}m m~iemajidf d iwd eo dbwmzzow m o

sçaijo eo dbwmeieo! Ifdbmaz t}m meiudedz m m|igiedz swofo~mf d mzsmudj}`dwi{dâêo eo

dzz}auo! O zmb}aeo onn diaed é jofsozuo sow ianobwänijo t}m ad ~izêo em Sdumwaozuwo

,733>) ndjiìud d dzzifi`dâêo em edeoz a}féwijoz!

Aêo noi sozzæ~m` iemauinijdw o aofm m o d}uow ed fûzijd t}m i`}zuwo} mzum onn em~ieo ã

iaumwnmwëajid ed òj}âêo! Mauwmudauo é sozzæ~m` dniwfdw t}m zm uwdud em fûzijd }zded mf

ni`fmz em z}zsmazm m umwwow! Uwdud&zm em jofsoziâêo m|mj}uded sow owt}mzuwd! O} zmkd

ei~mwzoz iazuw}fmauoz mzuêo ma~o`~ieoz! Oz t}m fdiz zm emzudjdf zêo o g}fgo

zianõaijo t}m smwfdamjm e}wdaum uoeoz oz uwmjloz m|igieoz ad wmsowudbmf m oz fmudiz

t}m m|mj}udf d fûzijd mf mzjd`d fmaow ,uof fmaow)!

O g}fgo é o wmzsoazä~m` smò zof bwd~m mf emzudt}m m sow jwidw d zmazdâêo em smzo em

bwd~iedem! Oz fmudiz t}m dswmzmaudf zoaz db}eoz swoe}{mf d zmazdâêo em iajõfoeo

m ad nwdzm niad` eo onn, oz fmudiz jwmzjmf mf iaumaziedem em zof mat}dauo o g}fgo

smwfdamjm ao n}aeo diaed d}eæ~m`! D zmazdâêo é d em }fd umazêo t}m mzsmwd }f

emznmjlo dzz}zudeow! Uoeo o onn wmnmwm&zm ã fowum eoz lofozzm|}diz m do wizjo t}m

jowwmf mf Fiadz Bmwdiz!

D sdzzdbmf wmdì{ded sm`d wmsúwumw Zliw`my Gdwwozo é nmiud ad D~maied Dnoazo Smad mf

Gmò Lowi{oaum! Jofo d fduéwid wmnmwm&zm do æaeijm em dzzdzziaduoz em lofozzm|}diz aoMzudeo o òjd` ed sdzzdbmf, d jdsiud` fiamiwd g}zjd ”mabògdw„ uoeo o Mzudeo!

Mauwmudauo dz ifdbmaz mzjo`liedz sdwd o wmzudaum ed sdzzdbmf aêo zm k}zuinijdf m d

ifdbmf ed wmsúwumw soemwid umw zieo z}zumauded ad um`d! Dniad` o meiuow osuo} sow m|igiw

ao~dz ifdbmaz eizuowjiedz em jdzdiz lofozzm|}diz dùmwdâêo so}jo wm`m~daum sdwd d

uwdazfizzêo ed ianowfdâêo!

D fûzijd em n}aeo e}wdaum d sdzzdbmf ‚ d fmzfd }zded mf uoed d wmsowudbmf ‚ é

iaumwwofsied mat}dauo d wmsúwumw mzuä ao ~æemo! T}daeo d ifdbmf em Zliw`my Gdwwozo é



z}gzuiu}æed sow jmadz em jdzdiz lofozzm|}diz mf sdwt}mz joau}eo d fûzijd ~oùd jof

o fmzfo ogkmui~o eo zmb}aeo onn ! Aoz uwmjloz f}zijdeoz t}m zm zmb}mf d iaumaâêo é d

fmzfd!

O umwjmiwo onn ed wmsowudbmf dswmzmaud Jdwòz Fdbao iaumbwdaum eo bw}so B@GU emFiadz! Dz ifdbmaz em jowum eo smwzoadbmf i`}zuwdf o um|uo dswmzmaudeo sm`d wmsúwumw

Zliw`my Gdwwozo! Jdwdjumwæzuijd t}m soem zmw smwjmgied emzum uwmjlo mf eidaum é o t}m

aoz wm~m`d J`d}em ,49<7) sdwd t}mf d fûzijd f}iudz ~m{mz é }zded sdwd emzudjdw d

mfoâêo eoz smwzoadbmaz o} d umazêo bmwded smò nduo m aêo swoswidfmaum d jmad! D

sdwuiw eo t}dwuo onn dz swifmiwdz ifdbmaz ei{mf wmzsmiuo ãz d{}`dedz jmadz em }f ni`fm

t}m fozuwdf }f dbwmzzow m d ~æuifd! Dìded ã fûzijd mf uof fmaow d ifdbmf soem

bmwdw m|smjudui~d umazêo m fmeo!

Kä ao zéuifo sdwd aêo iemauinijdw }f ko~mf ~æuifd ed ~io`ëajid zêo dswmzmaudedz

ifdbmaz em sdwumz eo jowso eo wmnmwieo wdsd{ jofo o`loz adwi{ owm`ldz gojd m fêoz!

O jdwäumw ~io`mauo m bwd~m mabògd uoed d dgowedbmf wmdì{ded sm`d wmsowudbmf! Amzum

zéuifo onn d fûzijd m~iemajid diaed o uof dfmdâdeow eo dzz}auo ao jdzo d dfmdâd

zonwied smò smwzoadbmf lofozzm|}d` mzsdajdeo m t}m um~m em f}edw em jiedem!

5!:!:!7 Zmb}aed wmsowudbmf

Udfgéf ao eid 4< em fdwâo em 7343 ~di do dw d wmsowudbmf D`}aoz zm dwwizjdf mf

mzjo`dw z}smwòudeo! Ao swifmiwo onn d emzjwiâêo eo swog`mfd;

Oz õaig}z t}m uwd{mf oz d`}aoz eo smwæoeo ed udwem `m~df swd XzijV jdzd ozmzu}edaumz eo u}wao ed fdalê! O mfgdwt}m é emfowdeo em~ieo do bwdaem ~o`}fm em

jwidaâdz m deo`mzjmaumz! D z}smwòudâêo diaed m|izum! Wmsdwm t}daeo o mzjo`dw jw}{djof aozzo jdwwo em wmsowudbmf! Ãz fdwbmaz ed FB&43 zdiaeo eo eizuwiuo em ZêoKozé eo D`fmied joazmb}ifoz mauwdw mf }f eoz õaig}z m joa~mwzdw jof o fouowizud!,D@]AOZ ZM DWWIZJDF MF MZJO@DW Z]SMW@OUDEO! Gd`daâo Bmwd`! GmòLowi{oaum; U^ Wmjowe Fiadz 4< em fdwâo em 7343! Swobwdfd em U^)!

O swifmiwo onn jofsým&zm sow ifdbmaz em jwidaâdz m deo`mzjmaumz t}m emzmfgdwjdf em

õaig}z t}m jiwj}`df sm`d jiedem em Kdgouijdu}gdz! T}daeo o wmsúwumw jiud d t}mzuêo ed

z}smwòudâêo dsdwmjmf ifdbmaz em ei~mwzdz jwidaâdz m deo`mzjmaumz mf sé mat}dauo o

õaig}z zm fo~ifmaud! Do nd`dw t}m o jdwwo em wmsowudbmf jw}{d jof o õaig}z o t}m

dsdwmjm é d ifdbmf em }f ~mæj}ò jlmio em jwidaâdz mf sé! Mf zmb}ied z}wbmf



ifdbmaz eo õaig}z nd{maeo o uwdkmuo ldgiu}d`! Sow nif o wmsúwumw mauwd ao õaig}z! Amzum

uwmjlo d fûzijd em n}aeo fdwjd&zm sow gdi|o m gdumwid! D uwi`ld mf uof fdiow emzudjd

d `m~m{d ed wmsowudbmf! Kä d zmwimedem eo dzz}auo dgowedeo é i`}zuwded smò bwd~m eo

joauwdgdi|o!

D fûzijd jofmâd dsmadz jof d gdumwid t}daeo o um|uo dgowed o mfgdwt}m m o

emzmfgdwt}m em jwidaâdz m o mzsmjudeow ~ë jmad em jwidaâdz d mfgdwjdw ao õaig}z! Aêo

lä bwd~iedem ad nd`d! Sow izzo d fûzijd aêo swmjizd i`}zuwdw aded d`éf em }fd ziu}dâêo

aowfd`! O joauwdgdi|o mauwd ao iaæjio ed zmb}aed nwdzm t}daeo o wmsúwumw iauwoe}{ o

dzz}auo m d fduéwid bdald d bwd~iedem z}zumauded dué o niad`! Ao zmb}aeo onn o wmsúwumw

m o jiambwdnizud kä mzuêo emauwo eo õaig}z t}m dsdwmjm zmf `}bdwmz ~d{ioz m jof f}iuoz

deo`mzjmaumz m jwidaâdz mf sé! Mf zmb}ied z}wbmf ad um`d uwëz jwidaâdz zmaudedz aofmzfo gdajo t}m em~mwid uwdazsowudw zofmaum e}dz!

Sdwd J`d}em ,49<7) d fûzijd emzudjd o t}m mzuä sow uwäz ed jmad o t}m mzuä d`éf eo t}m

zm fozuwd! Amzum uwmjlo mzsmjænijo ed wmsowudfbm em Gd`daâo Bmwd dzzif jofo aoz

t}m zm zmb}mf é m|igieo o wmnwêo ed jdaâêo Ao gd`daâo eo Gd`dio eo jdauow m

jofsoziuow ^daemw @mm t}m i`}zuwd uoed d fduéwid! D fûzijd é iaumwswmuded

owibiad`fmaum mf zo` fdiow o} zmkd mf uof fdiow! Ud` joazududâêo wm~m`d t}m d

iaumaâêo ed fduéwid aêo é ewdfdui{dw d ziu}dâêo edz jwidaâdz eo f}aijæsio t}m

emsmaemf eo uwdazsowum sûgìjo mzjo`dw! D ziu}dâêo é wm~m`ded fdz em }fd nowfd fdiz

`m~m! Amzum zmauieo d fûzijd Ao gd`daâo eo Gd`dio i`}zuwd gmf d iaumaâêo ed

wmsowudbmf duwd~éz swiajisd`fmaum em zm} wmnwêo; ”Ao gd`daâo eo gd`dio / zdj}`mko

zdj}`mko zdj}`mko / Dæ fm eä }f zoao„! Uwdud&zm em }fd nowfd em zduiwi{dw d ziu}dâêo

eoz mzu}edaumz eo f}aijæsio!

D fduéwid é niadì{ded zmf onnz, jof ifdbmaz eo õaig}z ao jdfialo smwjowwieo

eidwidfmaum sdwd `m~dw oz d`}aoz ã mzjo`d! Ad jmad dz jwidaâdz mf sé zm dbdwwdf do

majozuo eo gdajo sdwd aêo jdiw! Mf zmb}ied é m|igied }fd jmad eo `deo em nowd eo

õaig}z mf t}m o ~mæj}ò sdzzd mf }f t}mgwd fo`dz! D ifdbmf smwfium d ~iz}dì{dâêo

em }f sdzzdbmiwo zmaeo kobdeo em }f `deo sdwd o o}uwo jof o fo~ifmauo eo jdwwo

zmf amal}fd zmb}wdaâd! D jmad t}m zm zmb}m umf jofo emzudt}m o jowwmeow òudeo eo

õaig}z! M d fduéwid umwfiad jof d ifdbmf em jwidaâdz d mfgdwjdw ao ~mæj}ò!



5!:!5 Gd`daâo Bmwd` em 49 em fdwâo em 7343

5!:!5!4 Swifmiwd wmsowudbmf

D wmsowudbmf Izo`deoz eo f}aeo t}daeo jlo~m jofmâd ed zmb}iaum fdamiwd; ”Aúz

mzudfoz mf Zdaud Fdwid em Iudgiwd jiedem em em{ fi` ldgiudaumz d 4:7 hf em Gmò

Lowi{oaum! Swd `ä adt}m`d eiwmâêo nijd d {oad w}wd` eo f}aijæsio„ ,IZO@DEOZ EO

F]AEO T]DAEO JLO^M! Gd`daâo Bmwd`! Gmò Lowi{oaum; U^ Wmjowe Fiadz 49 em

fdwâo em 7343! Swobwdfd em U^)! D dgmwu}wd ed fduéwid einmwmaumfmaum edz o}uwdz dt}i

dadìzdedz aêo sozz}i onn o} um|uoz iauwoe}uúwioz! Lä ad ~mwedem }fd zmt}ëajid em

ifdbmaz eo jdfialo smwjowwieo sm`d mt}ism em wmsowudbmf dué jlmbdw ã jiedem em Zdaud

Fdwid em Iudgiwd! D swifmiwd fozuwd }f smedâo ed mzuwded t}m eä djmzzo do f}aijæsio!

D zmb}aed nojd d s`djd oaem mzuä mzjwiuo ”Zmkd gmf ~iaeo d Zdaud Fdwid em Iudgiwd„

sdwd m~iemajidw t}m dz swú|ifdz ifdbmaz wmnmwmf&zm ãz w}dz eo f}aijæsio t}m aêo zêo

em umwwd gduied!

D iauwoe}âêo iazuw}fmaud` ed fûzijd D~izo doz ad~mbdaumz eo jdauow @}`} Zdauoz dgwm

d fduéwid! Sdwd Gmwjlfdaz ,733>) d fûzijd umf d jdsdjiedem em bmwdw iaûfmwoz

zmauifmauoz m zmazdâýmz! Ao uof fdiow jof d }uiì{dâêo eo uifgwm eo |iònoam ‚ db}eo

‚ m eo uifgwm eo joauwdgdi|o ‚ bwd~m ‚ d fûzijd mzuif}`d jmwjd zmazdâêo em

uwdatðiìedem em gmf mzudw em ~ied! Jofo zm o jdfialo smwjowwieo `m~dzzm d }f `}bdwdbwdeä~m`! D fûzijd em @}`} Zdauoz smwfdamjm dué d ifdbmf edz swifmiwdz w}dz ed

jiedem!

Amzum fofmauo d fûzijd é z}gzuiu}æed sow }fd foed em ~io`d! Sdwd Gmwjlfdaz ,733>)

m Biowbmuu ,733<) d fûzijd wmd`âd o zmauifmauo t}m zm emzmkd uwdazfiuiw jof d jmad m

du}d jofo zibainijdaum! Z}d n}aâêo amzud wmsowudbmf m em djoweo jof d emniaiâêo em

Gdwulmz ,7334) é dui~dw d fmfúwid eo um`mzsmjudeow sdwd t}m uwdbd ã uoad m|smwiëajidz

em ~ied eo iaei~æe}o zmauifmauoz m zmazdâýmz m|smwifmaudedz daumwiowfmaum! D foed



em ~io`d é o zibainijdaum eo jdfso eo iaumwiow ed zifsìjiedem eoz jdisiwdz! Sow izzo d

jdaâêo jdisiwd é m|igied mf uoeoz oz uwmjloz f}zijdeoz ed wmsowudbmf! Amzum jdzo aêo

jdgm daäìzm edz jdwdjumwæzuijdz ed fûzijd dniad` d ûaijd iaumaâêo é fmzfo

”uwdazsowudw„ o um`mzsmjudeow d }f dfgimaum w}wd`!

Dsúz d sdzzdbmf eo wmsúwumw zmb}m&zm zm }fd zmt}ëajid em ifdbmaz eo smwj}wzo t}m o

jdwwo em wmsowudbmf eo Gd`daâo Bmwd` nd{ sdwd jlmbdw ã swmnmiu}wd em Zdaud Fdwid em

Iudgiwd! D bwd~dâêo fozuwd f}iud `dfd m f}iuoz g}wdjoz! D mzuwded é emzai~m`ded m d

uoeo umfso é sozzæ~m` smwjmgmw oz ”zdùoz„ eo jdwwo mat}dauo! D fûzijd f}ed

m|dudfmaum ao fofmauo mf t}m o wmsúwumw emzjo`d&zm eo so~odeo sdwd d swmnmiu}wd m

umf t}m manwmaudw }fd mzuwded em umwwd smwj}wzo t}m jofsdwo} ”d }f wdì„! Amzum

fofmauo d fûzijd mf uof fdiow é m|mj}uded sow b}iudwwd joauwdgdi|o m gdumwid! Odb}eo ed b}iudwwd m o zof dgmwuo ed jdi|d ed gdumwid bmwdf d zmazdâêo em d`mbwid

ë|udzm mfoâêo! U}eo o t}m o wdì wmswmzmaud! D fûzijd é iaumwwofsied dzzif t}m o

smwj}wzo djdgd!

5!:!5!7 Zmb}aed wmsowudbmf

Ad wmsowudbmf Oz smwiboz em uwdnmbdw sm`d GW&353 oz uwëz swifmiwoz um|uoz mf onn

da}ajidf d dgowedbmf eo dzz}auo; ”]fd woeo~id t}m zmw~i} em iazsiwdâêo sdwd }fd

fûzijd„ X!!!V GW&:! Dué 49>5 dzzif mwd joalmjieo o uwmjlo mauwm o Wio m d Jdsiud`

Fiamiwd„ X!!!V ”Lokm oz umfsoz zêo o}uwoz! M dué o aofm ed woeo~id f}eo}„

,IZO@DEOZ EO F]AEO T]DAEO JLO^M! Gd`daâo Bmwd`! Gmò Lowi{oaum; U^

Wmjowe Fiadz 49 em fdwâo em 7343! Swobwdfd em U^)! Ifdbmaz em uwmjloz ed GW&353

i`}zuwdf o um|uo m do n}aeo emzudjd&zm o wmnwêo em }fd jdaâêo mf uof fmaowdemt}ded sdwd dgwiw wmsowudbmf t}m dgowed d t}mzuêo edz fowumz ad wmnmwied woeo~id! D

fûzijd é GW&: z}jmzzo ã ésojd eoz nmzui~diz ad ~o{ jdauow Uoay Uowadeo!

O sidao jof zm} uifgwm z}d~m fdz do fmzfo umfso bwd~m m iaumwswmudeo mf uof

fmaow m~iemajid d fm`dajoìd eo dzz}auo uwdudeo! Udiz jdwdjumwæzuijdz eo joak}auo

f}zijd` smwfiumf zmb}aeo Rizaih ,49<9) emzsmwudw ao o}~iaum/um`mzsmjudeow

zmazdâýmz em dabûzuid m uwizum{d! D `muwd eo wmnwêo ‚ ”D bmaum jowwm d bmaum jowwm ad

GW&: ad GW&:! M d bmaum fowwm d bmaum fowwm ad GW&: ad GW&:„ ‚ é fdiz }fd



m~ieëajid ed iaumaâêo ed wmsowudbmf; m~iemajidw oz smwiboz ed GW&353 o t}m udfgéf

zm wm~m`d mf o}uwo um|uo mf onn ;

Mzud é d GW&353 }fd woeo~id nmemwd` em 442< hf em m|umazêo! ^di em Gwdzæìd doWio em Kdamiwo! Ao fmio eo jdfialo sdzzd sow Boiäz fdz o fdiow uwmjlo mzuä mf

Fiadz fdiz em <33 hf! ,OZ SMWIBOZ EM UWDNMBDW SM@D GW&353! Gd`daâoBmwd`! Gmò Lowi{oaum; U^ Wmjowe Fiadz 49 em fdwâo em 7343! Swobwdfd em U^)

Iaijid`fmaum dsdwmjmf ifdbmaz ed woeo~id t}m doz so}joz dsdwmjmf mf o}uwd

~mòjiedem! D ifswmzzêo t}m zm umf é d em t}m uoeoz oz ~mæj}òz jowwmf djifd ed

~mòjiedem smwfiuied! Kä ao t}dwuo onn z}wbm }f ianobwänijo zogwm d eizuçajid mauwm o

iaæjio m o niad` ed woeo~id! Zmb}mf&zm fdiz ifdbmaz djm`mwdedz ed woeo~id m ifdbmaz em

ogwdz ad sizud! D ~mòjiedem edz ifdbmaz f}ed dzzif jofo d fûzijd em n}aeo! Dzzif

t}m dz ifdbmaz zm djm`mwdf }fd fûzijd m`muwõaijd mf uof fmaow sdzzd d jofsow d

jmad! Oz zoaz zêo swoe}{ieoz d sdwuiw em iazuw}fmauoz m`muwõaijoz m f}iuo bwd~mz m d

zmazdâêo bmwded é em umazêo t}m zm djmau}d t}daeo zofded ã dùd ~mòjiedem mf t}m oz

jdwwoz dsdwmjmf!

O t}iauo onn ed wmsowudbmf é jogmwuo ad swifmiwd sdwum sow ifdbmaz aêo dùmwdedz

zmb}iaeo d ~mòjiedem adu}wd` aowfd` eoz jdwwoz! Amzud zmb}aed sdwum ed fduéwid é

dgoweded d t}mzuêo eoz djiemaumz ao uwm~o smwuo em Gmò Lowi{oaum m zêo fozuwdedz

jmadz em djiemaumz wmbizuwdeoz mf smwæoeoz daumwiowmz do ed wmsowudbmf! T}daeo dwmsúwumw jiud d t}dauiedem em djiemaumz mzum aûfmwo djwmzjieo ed sd`d~wd ”djiemaumz„

dsdwmjm bwdaem ad um`d! Do nd`dw ed j}w~d eo jd~dò z}wbmf ifdbmaz eo òjd` zmf

djiemaumz! Joau}eo do ianowfdw t}m oiuo smzzodz ld~idf fowwieo o aûfmwo udfgéf

dsdwmjm bwdaem ad um`d do `deo ed sd`d~wd ”fowumz„! Amzum joaum|uo d fûzijd d`éf em

zmw jdsd{ em emzsmwudw umazêo bmwd m|smjudui~d t}dauo do t}m mzuä zmaeo eiuo! D ëandzm

adz sd`d~wdz ”2< fowumz„ dìdeo do joak}auo f}zijd` zêo wmzsoazä~miz sow mzud umazd

m|smjudui~d!

Do òabo eo zm|uo onn zêo fozuwdedz ifdbmaz em dwt}i~o ed mfizzowd adz t}diz

dsdwmjmf }f jdfialêo m }f jdwwo djiemaudeoz ad woeo~id! ]fd foâd mzuä swmzd ãz

nmwwdbmaz! T}daeo o onn umwfiad dsdwmjm d ifdbmf m o ä}eio ed dâêo eo jowso em

gofgmiwoz! Do joaumûeo f}zijd` swmzmaum dué mzum uwmjlo ed wmsowudbmf é deijioadeo

}f umj`deo jof mnmiuo t}m bmwd }f zof f}iuo bwd~m zmfm`ldaum do zof eo

~ioòajmò! Ã zmazdâêo em umazêo bwd~iedem m m|smjudui~d emzjwiudz daumwiowfmaum é

deijioadeo jmwuo zmauifmauo dfmdâdeow jdsd{ em bmwdw fmeo! D jmad i`}zuwded sow mzud



sdzzdbmf f}zijd` wm~m`d }f jdfialêo m }f jdwwo emzuw}æeoz! Emauwo emzum }fd foâd

nmwied é zojowwied sm`d mt}ism em wmzbdum!

Mf o}uwo uwmjlo ed wmsowudbmf }fd ao~d jofsoziâêo é deijioaded do joaumûeo! Uwdud&

zm em fûzijd m|mj}uded sow }fd owt}mzuwd! O swifmiwo zof t}m zm o}~m noi jofsozuosow ~ioòajmòz t}m m|mj}udf }fd zú aoud ao fmzfo iaumw~dò em umfso ao fmzfo

wiufo m do fmzfo umfso! O zof swoe}{ieo é f}iuo bwd~m! Adz swifmiwdz nwdzmz eo onn o

zof é t}dzm iad}eæ~m`! D iaumaziedem zú é d}fmauded ad ûùifd nwdzm eo um|uo uwmjlo

t}m m~iemajid oz ~mæj}òz }zdeoz ao wmzbdum! O smzo eo zof djwmzjieo edz ifdbmaz eo

mabdwwdndfmauo m eo um|uo jwidf }f dfgimaum em bwd~iedem m em umazêo!

Mf o}uwo uwmjlo d wmsúwumw Sduwæjid Bofmz wmzzdùd;

Mauwm oz uwmjloz fdiz umfieoz smòz fouowizudz mzuä mzum m`m~deo t}m bdalo} oaofm em î`d Wijd fdz t}m é joalmjieo fmzfo jofo ~ide}uo edz d`fdz!Joazuw}æeo mf 49=2 jofo }fd edz ogwdz fdiz jldwfozdz em uoed d woeo~id o~ide}uo zm uwdaznowfo} mf sd`jo em bwdaemz uwdbéeidz! Jmaumadz em smzzodz käfowwmwdf mf djiemaumz wmbizuwdeoz dt}i amzudz sizudz! ,OZ SMWIBOZ EMUWDNMBDW SM@D GW&353! Gd`daâo Bmwd`! Gmò Lowi{oaum; U^ Wmjowe Fiadz 49em fdwâo em 7343! Swobwdfd em U^)!

D wmsúwumw mzuä ao jmauwo ed um`d jofo djoaumjm ad fdiowid edz sdzzdbmaz! D einmwmaâd

é o n}aeo ed ifdbmf! O ogkmuo eo eizj}wzo ed wmsúwumw o ~ide}uo î`d Wijd fdiz

joalmjieo jofo ~ide}uo edz d`fdz swmmajlm d jmad m eä zmauieo ã nd`d ed wmsúwumw! Do

niad` ed sdzzdbmf dsdwmjm d ifdbmf em }f jdfialêo t}m sdzzd smò ~ide}uo! @obo

dsúz é m|igied d ifdbmf ed f}wmud t}mgwded! Amzud sdzzdbmf d iaumaziedem ed fûzijd

é wme}{ied! D jdwdjumwæzuijd umazêo bmwded sm`dz aoudz mf uof fmaow djwmzjiedz eo

um|uo t}m m~iemajio} o umfow eoz fouowizudz mf duwd~mzzdw o ~ide}uo î`d Wijd m d

fowum em jmaumadz em smzzodz ao òjd` é jdsd{ em uwd{mw ã uoad o zmauifmauo em fmeo m

em smwibo!

Ao eéjifo onn ed wmsowudbmf t}m uwdud ed swifmiwd fowum ao ~ide}uo zêo m|igiedz

ifdbmaz eo ni`lo ed wmnmwied ~æuifd zmb}wdaeo }f wmjowum em kowad` dauibo t}m aouijid o

djiemaum! Amzum fofmauo dsdwmjm ao~d fûzijd! Uwdud&zm em jofsoziâêo iaijided sow

iazuw}fmauoz em owt}mzuwd fdz t}m òbo mf zmb}ied é z}gzuiu}æeo smò zof eo sidao

t}m m|mj}udf aoudz mf mzjd`d fmaow! O um|uo t}m m~iemajid d iauwoe}âêo em }fd

smzzod dnmuded smòz smwiboz eo ~ide}uo dìdeo ã mzjd`d mf uof fmaow jof d t}d` d

fûzijd noi jofsozud dgwm jdfialo sdwd d zmt}ëajid em wm`duoz em sdwmaumz em ~æuifdz!



Em djoweo jof J`d}em ,49<7) d fûzijd é jdsd{ em emzudjdw d`bo t}m o um`mzsmjudeow

aêo ~ë d`bo t}m mzuä sow uwäz! Mf o}uwo onn ed wmsowudbmf o wm`duo uwizum emzjwm~m o

djiemaum ao t}d` o sdi em }f mauwm~izudeo smwemwd d ~ied! Uwdud&zm em `mfgwdaâd t}m

gdzmded ad m|swmzzêo ndjid` eo smwzoadbmf é eoòwozd! Amzum jdzo dzzif jofo adz

e}dz zoaowdz zmb}iaumz d iaumaâêo é emzudjdw aêo o joaumûeo fdz d mfoâêo eo

smwzoadbmf!

Amzud wmsowudbmf d fûzijd soem zmw dadìzded jofo m`mfmauo jdsd{ em emzudjdw d

mfoâêo eo um`mzsmjudeow eidaum eo dzz}auo! Ad ûùifd nwdzm ed fduéwid }f ao~o

smwzoadbmf é dswmzmaudeo! D mauwm~izud em Wiad Ziwild` iwfê ed ~æuifd em }f djiemaum

ao ~ide}uo î`d Wijd wmzbdud d mfoâêo ed lizuúwid! D fûzijd mf uof fmaow m

m|mj}uded mf wiufo `mauo sow }f sidao jof bwdaemz iaumw~dòz mauwm dz aoudz emzudjdjofo dniwfd F}ai{ Zoewé d zmazdâêo d zmw emzsmwuded8 amzum jdzo d jofsdi|êo d

uwizum{d m d iaeibadâêo eidaum eoz nduoz!

= JOAJ@]ZÊO

D szm}eo&ogkmui~iedem bmwded d sdwuiw ed meiâêo m`}jieo} d m|izuëajid em }f ogkmui~o d

zmw d`jdaâdeo }f nojo d zmw edeo! Jded wmsowudbmf noi joazuw}æed jof }f ogkmui~o

zmkd m`m o em mfojioadw dj}zdw joaemadw muj! Ad wmsowudbmf eo eid 4= em fdwâo em

7343 oz mnmiuoz em meiâêo }uiì{deoz ,zòr fouioa, ndem ia, ndem o}u )8 o um|uo nd`deo m dz

mauoadâýmz eo wmsúwumw8 dz ifdbmaz wmsmuiedz ~äwidz ~m{mz joaniwfdf d m|izuëajid em }f

ogkmui~o d zmw d`jdaâdeo jof d ~mij}`dâêo ed fduéwid! D fûzijd é deijioaded ad meiâêosdwd wmnowâdw o zmauifmauo t}m zm emzmkd uwdazfiuiw jof d zmtðëajid em ifdbmaz m um|uoz

zm`mjioadedz smò meiuow!

O swobwdfd Gd`daâo Bmwd` umf o ogkmui~o j`dwo m zmfswm da}ajideo smò dswmzmaudeow

Fd}wo Uwdfoaum em smwfiuiw t}m o sûgìjo ziaud t}m o um`mkowad` noi nmiuo sdwd o

um`mzsmjudeow! Sdwd umaudw duiabiw ud` ogkmui~o o dswmzmaudeow }uiì{d sowu}b}ëz joòt}id`

e}wdaum uoeo o swobwdfd! Ud` jdwdjumwæzuijd sõem zmw smwjmgied ad mauwm~izud m|igied ao

eid 4> em fdwâo em 7343 t}m udfgéf joazuiu}i }f m|mfsò ed iajìadâêo eo swobwdfd



sdwd m|sòwdw o ewdfd d`lmio d nif em sdwd ogumw d}eiëajid! Sd`d~wdz jofo ”J}fé

t}m!!!„ ”sdzzo„ ”e}mao„ ”eizizsmwded„ m ”aé„ zêo m|mfsòz ed ìab}dbmf }uiì{ded

e}wdaum uoed d mauwm~izud jof o fmud`ûwbijo! D ìab}dbmf joòt}id` sozzi~m`fmaum é

}zded sdwd joat}izudw o um`mzsmjudeow t}m zm zmaum wmswmzmaudeo! Emzzd nowfd d

fmazdbmf soem zmw dgzow~ied em nowfd fdiz adu}wd`!

E}wdaum uoed d mauwm~izud eo fmud`ûwbijo J}zuúeio eoz Wmiz d mt}ism em meiuowmz eo

swobwdfd m|sòwd udfgéf d ifdbmf eo gwdâo emjmsdeo m o jlowo eo wdsd{! Ud`

mzuwduébid em jofoâêo dìded ã fûzijd é jdsd{ em bmwdw d jofsdi|êo eo sûgìjo eidaum

ed ziu}dâêo!

D fmzfd joaemadâêo smwjmgied ad wmsowudbmf Gmikoz mauwm fêm m ni`lo bmwdf so`ëfijd

sõem zmw smwjmgied ad wmsowudbmf Jwmzjm jwifmz joauwd lofozzm|}diz! O swifmiwo nduow

noi }uiì{dw zofmaum zoaowdz em smwzoadbmaz t}m sdzzdwdf sow m|smwiëajidz em dbwmzzêo!

Sdwd mt}iìgwdw d dgowedbmf em~mwidf umw zieo mauwm~izudeoz udfgéf iaei~æe}oz

lofozzm|}diz t}m a}ajd sdzzdwdf sow izzo! Ud` ziu}dâêo swmzmaum ad wmsowudbmf emi|d

z}gmaumaeieo t}m uoeo lofozzm|}d` é dbwmeieo m t}m d ~io`ëajid joauwd m`mz é swduijded

sow t}d`t}mw }f! D }uiì{dâêo em jmadz em }f ni`fm m|sìjiud o jdwäumw em

mauwmumaifmauo ed wmsowudbmf! D fûzijd dsmadz wmnowâd ud` dniwfdâêo! Ifdbmaz nijuæjidz

mf }fd wmsowudbmf ~mwæeijd zêo }uiì{dedz d swiowi sdwd djmau}dw d zmazdâêo em

dabûzuid! D fûzijd udfgéf umf mzzd n}aâêo m sozz}i jdwdjumwæzuijdz jdsd{mz em duiabiw

udiz ogkmui~oz! Mauwmudauo zêo nduowmz t}m emnowfdf d wmdìedem! Ud` ziu}dâêo joaniwfd d

dniwfdâêo em t}m uoedz dz wmsowudbmaz dadìzdedz uialdf }f ogkmui~o; joaemadw }f eoz

`deoz dswmzmaudeoz!

]uiì{dw nwdzmz eo wmnwêo em }fd fûzijd sdwd zduiwi{dw jwiuijdw }fd ziu}dâêo o}

jdwdjumwi{dw }fd sos}`dâêo zêo dâýmz wmjowwmaumz ao swobwdfd Gd`daâo Bmwd`! Dsmadz

ad zmfdad dadìzded ud` ziu}dâêo noi smwjmgied e}dz ~m{mz! D swifmiwd wmsowudbmf d

dswmzmaudw mzum m`mfmauo noi D`}aoz zm dwwizjdf mf mzjo`dw z}smwòudeo! Am`d o wmnwêo

ed fûzijd eo ^daemw @mm Ao gd`daâo eo Gd`dio ‚ ”Ao gd`daâo eo gd`dio / Zdj}`mko

zdj}`mko zdj}`mko / Dæ fm ed }f zoao„ ‚ noi }uiì{deo mf uoeoz oz uwmjloz mf t}m mwdf

m|igiedz ifdbmaz eo õaig}z! D iaumaâêo mwd d em zduiwi{dw d ziu}dâêo eoz d`}aoz t}m

~idkd~df udauo mf sé t}dauo zmaudeoz mf }f õaig}z ~m`lo!

Ad zmb}aed wmsowudbmf Izo`deoz eo f}aeo t}daeo jlo~m }fd foed em ~io`dswmmajlm d fduéwid mat}dauo oz so~odeoz m oz swog`mfdz manwmaudeoz sm`d sos}`dâêo



zêo m|igieoz m oz fowdeowmz mauwm~izudeoz! D fûzijd amzum zmb}aeo jdzo zmw~i}

dsmadz sdwd jwidw }f jìfd em iaumwiow!

Oz swifmiwoz uwmjloz f}zijdeoz ed wmsowudbmf Oz smwiboz em uwdnmbdw sm`d GW&353

g}zjd~df duwig}iw bwd~iedem m umazêo doz edeoz dswmzmaudeoz! Dsúz d swifmiwdsdzzdbmf d wmsowudbmf det}iwm o}uwo nojo; m|sòwdw o ewdfd em smzzodz t}m smwemwdf

sdwmaumz mf djiemaumz ao ~ide}uo î`d Wijd joalmjieo sos}`dwfmaum jofo ”~ide}uo edz

d`fdz„! Mwd j`dwd d iaumaâêo em duwdiw d dumaâêo eo um`mzsmjudeow duwd~éz ed jofsdi|êo

mzuif}`ded smòz emsoifmauoz em uwëz mauwm~izudeoz t}m ui~mwdf sdwmaumz ~iuifdeoz ao

wmnmwieo ~ide}uo D m|sòwdâêo eoz emnmiuoz eo ~ide}uo edz ifdbmaz dauibdz em }fd

wmsowudbmf m eo eizj}wzo `mauo m jdwwmbdeo m~iemajid~df o jdwäumw em mzsmudj}`dwi{dâêo

eo dzz}auo! M d fûzijd t}m smwfdamjm} e}wdaum t}dzm uoed d wmsowudbmf du}o} jofozibainijdaum uwd{maeo ã uoad o zmauifmauo em jofsdi|êo emzsmwudeo smòz emsoifmauoz

daumwiowmz!

Dzzif jofo ao jiamfd d fûzijd ad um`m~izêo i`}zuwd d jmad! Umf jofo n}aâêo

m~iemajidw zmazdâýmz iazmwiw o um`mzsmjudeow ao dfgimaum wm`dudeo m emzsmwudw amzum

iaei~æe}o dz zmazdâýmz m `mfgwdaâdz t}m o fmzfo umald d wmzsmiuo eo t}m mzuä zmaeo

dgowedeo ad wmsowudbmf!

WMNMWËAJIDZ

GDWULMZ Wo`dae! M`mfmauoz ed zmfioòbid! Zêo Sd}ò J}ùwi| 7334!

GMWJLFDAZ Uoay! D fûzijd eo ni`fm! U}eo o t}m ~ojë bozudwid em zdgmw zogwm dfûzijd em jiamfd! Zêo Sd}ò Meiuowd mzjwiu}wdz 733>!

GO]WEIM] Simwwm! Zogwm d um`m~izêo! Zmb}ieo em; d ian`}ëajid eo kowadìzfo m oz koboz o`æfsijoz! Uwde}âêo; Fdwid @ûjid Fdjldeo! Wio em Kdamiwo Kowbm [dldw 4992!

G]JJI M}bëaio! Gwdzi` mf umfso em U^ ! Zêo Sd}ò Meiuowd Goiumfso 4992!

BIOWBMUUI Fd}wo! Ed adu}wm{d m sozzæ~miz n}aâýmz ed fûzijd ao jiamfd! o}u! 733<!Eizsoaæ~m` mf;0luus;//famfojiam!dwu!gw/iaem|!sls?osuioa6jof_joaumau.~imr6dwuij`m.ie6442;n}ajom

z&f}zijd&jiamfd.jduie6=:;zofjiamfd.Iumfie6>21 Djmzzo mf; 43 fdwâo 7343!



KMZSMWZ Kmda&Kdjt}mz! Kowadìzfo um`m~izi~o; swiajæsioz m féuoeoz! Uwde}âêo em WiudDfdwd`! Joifgwd; Fiamw~d 499<!

FDJLDEO Dwìaeo! D um`m~izêo `m~ded d zéwio! 5! me! Zêo Sd}ò; Zmadj 733=!

FMEIAD Jwmfièd! Aouæjid, }f swoe}uo d ~maed; Kowadìzfo ad zojimedem }wgdad miae}zuwid`! 7 me! Zêo Sd}ò; Z}ff}z!! 499<

F]AI[ Zoewé8 SDI^D Wdt}m`! O ifséwio eo bwoumzjo! Wio em Kdamiwo; FD]DE7337!

F]AI[ Zoewé! D jof}aijdâêo eo bwoumzjo! Wio em Kdamiwo Meiuowd ô{mz 492=!

F]AI[ Zoewé O foaosúìo ed nd`d! Wio em kdamiwo Meiuowd ô{mz 49<4!

SDUMWAOZUWO ^mwd Iwiz! O um|uo ad U^; fda}d` em um`mkowadìzfo! 7! me! wm~! m

du}d`! Wio em Kdamiwo; Jdfs}z 733>!

ZÄ @moadweo! O zmauieo eo zof! Ia; AO^DMZ Ded}uo ,owb!)! Wmem Ifdbiaäwid ‚ Um`m~izêo m Emfojwdjid! 7 me! Zêo Sd}ò; Jofsdalid ed @muwdz Zmjwmudwid F}aijisdèm J}ù}wd 4999!

ZO][D Kozé Jdwòz Daoajli em! Bëamwoz m nowfduoz ad um`m~izêo gwdzi`miwd! ZêoSd}ò Z}ff}z meiuowid` 7335!

RIZAIH Kozé Fib}m`! Zof m o zmauieo; }fd o}uwd lizuúwid edz fûzijdz! Zêo Sd}òJofsdalid edz @muwdz 7334!

RO@UOA Eofiait}m! Mòbio eo bwdaem sûgìjo ‚ }fd umowid jwiuijd ed um`m~izêo! ZêoSd}ò Meiuowd Äuijd 499>!

MÚSICA NO TELEJORNALISMO: Análise das funções da trilha sonora como produtora de sentidos em matérias jornalísticas veiculadas no programa Balanço Geral

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