Music of the Lowlands of Luzon 1: Music for Liturgay and
Devotional MusicMusic of the Lowlands of Luzon 1: Music for Liturgy
and Devotional Music
The music of the Lowlands of Luzon, particularly on the Music
for Liturgy and Devotional Music.. The Lowlands of Luzon consist of
several ethnolinguistic groups.. Throughout the lesson, one will
discover how the people of the Lowlands of Luzon express their
feelings towards each other and the environment, their history, and
their religious beliefs through voice and musical instruments. A
group performance inspired by the Lowlands musical examples will
culminate the educational experience.
Vocal Music 1. The Mass -, a form of sacred musical composition,
is a choral composition that sets the invariable portions of the
Eucharisticliturgy (principally that of the Catholic Church, the
Anglican Communion, and Lutheranism) to music. Most Masses are
settings of the liturgy in Latin, the liturgical sacred language of
the Catholic Church's Roman liturgy, but there are a significant
number written in the languages of non-Catholic countries where
vernacular worship has long been the norm. For example, there are
many Masses (often called "Communion Services") written in English
for the Church of England. Musical Masses take their name from the
Catholic liturgy called "the Mass" as well.Masses can be a
cappella, that is, without an independent accompaniment, or they
can be accompanied by instrumentalobbligatos up to and including a
full orchestra. Many Masses, especially later ones, were never
intended to be performed during the celebration of an actual
massSongs in Massa. Kyrie is the first movement of a setting of the
Ordinary of the Mass:
Kyrie eleison; Christe eleison; Kyrie eleison ( . . )
Lord have mercy; Christ, have mercy; Lord, have mercy.
This is from the ancient (Biblical New Testament) Greek
language, unlike the rest of the mass which is Latin.Kyrie
movements often have a structure that reflects the concision and
symmetry of the text. Many have a ternary (ABA) form, where the two
appearances of the phrase "Kyrie eleison" consist of identical or
closely related material and frame a contrasting "Christe eleison"
section. Or AAABBBCCC' form is also found later on. Famously,
Mozart sets the "Kyrie" and"Christe" texts in his Requiem Mass as
the two subjects of a double fugue.b. Gloria is a celebratory
passage praising God and Christ:
Gloria in excelsis Deo et in terra pax hominibus bonae
voluntatis. Laudamus te, benedicimus te, adoramus te, glorificamus
te, gratias agimus tibi
Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to men of good
will. We praise You, we bless You, we adore You, we glorify You, we
give thanks
propter magnam gloriam tuam, Domine Deus, Rex caelestis
[coelestis], Deus Pater omnipotens.
to You for Your great glory, Lord God, heavenly King, almighty
God the Father.
Domine Fili unigenite, Jesu Christe, Domine Deus, Agnus Dei,
Filius Patris, qui tollis peccata mundi,
Lord Jesus Christ, only begotten Son, Lord God, Lamb of God, Son
of the Father, who taketh away the sins of the world,
miserere nobis; qui tollis peccata mundi, suscipe deprecationem
nostram. Qui sedes ad dexteram Patris, miserere nobis.
Have mercy on us; You who take away the sins of the world, hear
our prayers. Who sits at the right hand of the Father, have mercy
upon us.
Quoniam tu solus Sanctus, tu solus Dominus, tu solus Altissimus,
Jesu Christe, cum Sancto Spiritu in gloria Dei Patris. Amen.
For You are the only Holy One, the only Lord, the only Most
High, Jesus Christ, with the Holy Spirit in the glory of God the
Father, Amen.
In Mass settings (normally in English) composed for the Church
of England's Book of Common Prayer liturgy, the Gloria is commonly
the last movement, because it occurs in this position in the text
of the service. In Order One of the newer Common Worship liturgy,
however, it is restored to its earlier season.c. Credo, a setting
of the Nicene Creed, is the longest text of a sung Mass:
Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem,
I believe in one God, the Father Almighty
factorem cli et terrae, visibilium omnium et invisibilium.
Maker of heaven and earth, of all things visible and
invisible:
Et in unum Dominum, Jesum Christum,
And in one Lord, Jesus Christ,
Filium Dei unigenitum, et ex Patre natum ante omnia saecula.
the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all
time;
Deum de Deo, Lumen de Lumine, Deum verum de Deo vero,
God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God;
genitum non factum, consubstantialem Patri;
begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father,
per quem omnia facta sunt.
by Whom all things were made;
Qui propter nos homines et propter nostram salutem descendit de
clis.
Who for us men and for our salvation came down from Heaven.
Et incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto ex Maria Virgine, et homo
factus est.
and was made flesh by the Holy Ghost out of the Virgin Mary, and
was made man:
Crucifixus etiam pro nobis sub Pontio Pilato passus, et sepultus
est,
He was also crucified for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered
and was buried:
et resurrexit tertia die, secundum Scripturas,
And on the third day rose again according to the Scriptures:
et ascendit in clum, sedet ad dexteram Patris.
And ascended into Heaven, and sits on the right hand of the
Father:
Et iterum venturus est cum gloria, iudicare vivos et
mortuos,
And He shall come again, with glory, to judge the living and the
dead:
cuius regni non erit finis;
Of His Kingdom there shall be no end;
Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et vivificantem,
And I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, and Giver of
Life,
qui ex Patre Filioque procedit.
Who proceeds from the Father and the Son
Qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur:
Who, with the Father and the Son, is similarly adored and
glorified,
qui locutus est per prophetas.
Who has spoken through the Prophets.
Et unam, sanctam, catholicam et apostolicam Ecclesiam.
And I believe in One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church,
Confiteor unum baptisma in remissionem peccatorum.
I confess one Baptism for the remission of sins.
Et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum,
And I expect the Resurrection of the Dead:
et vitam venturi saeculi. Amen.
And the Life of the world to come. Amen.
Since the Second Vatican Council composers have mostly ignored
writing melodies for the Credo in vernacular languages. Today, the
Creed is usually recited by the congregation.Organizers of
international celebrations, such as World Youth Day, have been
encouraged by Rome to familiarize congregants in the Latin chants
for the Our Father and the Credo, specifically Credo III (17th
century, Fifth Mode) from theMissa de Angelis (the Mass of the
Angels). The purpose of singing these two texts in Latin is to
engender a sense of unity in the faithful, all of whom thus sing
the prayer of Jesus and the shared belief of the universal Church
in the same language.d. SanctusThe Sanctus is a doxology praising
the Trinity:
Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus Dominus Deus Sabaoth; pleni sunt coeli
et terra gloria tua
Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God of Hosts; Heaven and earth are full of
Your glory.
Hosanna in excelsis
Hosanna in the highest.
A variant exists in Lutheran settings of the Sanctus. While most
hymnal settings keep the second person pronoun, other settings
change the second person pronoun to the third person. This is most
notable in J.S. Bach's Mass in B minor, where the text reads gloria
ejus ("His glory"). Martin Luther's chorale Isaiah, Mighty in Days
of Old, and Felix Mendelssohn's setting of the Heilig! (German
Sanctus) from his Deutsche Liturgie also use the third person.e.
BenedictusThe Benedictus is a continuation of the Sanctus:
Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini.
Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord
Hosanna in excelsis is repeated after the Benedictus section,
often with musical material identical to that used after
theSanctus, or very closely related.In Gregorian chant the Sanctus
(with Benedictus) was sung whole at its place in the mass. However,
as composers produced more embellished settings of the Sanctus
text, the music often would go on so long that it would run into
the consecration of the bread and wine. This was considered the
most important part of the Mass, so composers began to stop the
Sanctushalfway through to allow this to happen, and then continue
it after the consecration is finished. This practice was forbidden
for a period in the 20th century.f. Agnus DeiThe Agnus Dei is a
setting of the "Lamb of God" litany:
Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi,
Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world,
miserere nobis.
have mercy upon us.
Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi,
Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world,
miserere nobis.
have mercy upon us.
Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi,
Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world,
dona nobis pacem.
grant us peace.
In a Requiem Mass, the words "miserere nobis" are replaced by
"dona eis requiem" (grant them rest), while "dona nobis pacem" is
replaced by "dona eis requiem sempiternam" (grant them eternal
rest).
2. Pastores -3.. Moro-moro/Komedya; 4. Senakulo
What is Senakulo? Lenten play depicting the life, suffering
& death of Christ Comes from Spanish word cenaculo meaning
cenacle -> room where the Last Supper took place takes at least
8 nights -> (Pam Sunday Easter) Uses both songs and
recitation
Focuses on Christs meek submissiveness People in play do so for
entertainment and because of their holy vows Performed on a
proscenium-type stage with painted cloth or paper backdrops called
telon
ModernizationDont last as long -> some can last only 2 hours
Focus more on Christs courageous motives rather than his
submissiveness May be presented in different types of venues
Comedy, courtship and special effects may be added Street
SenakulosA form of penance reenact sufferings of Jesus on his way
and on the cross people participating as Jesus suffer the physical
harm Jesus did crucifixion Whipping Crowning with thorns
Manila Mobile TheatreSegment of Tanghalang Sta. Ana Has been
organizing these plays for over 22 years Add social commentary to
the play
Sourceshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Senakulo
5. Pabasa ng Pasyon
What is Pabasa?Every year during Holy Week celebrations some
Filipino Catholics get together. This tradition is called
Pabasa.
Pabasa starts on a Holy Wednesday until Good Friday. Which are
often held in community chapels.How do we celebrate this
festival?Pabasa festival is more like a tradition when old folks in
particular read a book called Pasyon ( The Passion of Christ ).
But instead of reading it, they chant it or read it in a tune.
Singing the whole book phrase by phrase, line per line.
Why do we celebrate this festival?We celebrate this festival to
commemorate the death of Jesus Christ in a solemn and calm manner
compared to the other traditions.SOURCES>Oic_ed., A Filipino
Catholic tradition during Holy Week. Retrieved on February 21,2011,
from
http://edisonism.com/index.php.option=com_content&view=article&id=321%3Aaquotpabasaaquot-a-filipino-chatholic-tradition-during-the-holy-week-celebration&catid=39%3Aedisonism&Itemid=1
6. Salubong;
An Extra-Liturgical ActivityIt is an Easter Sunday ritual done
before dawn at exactly 4amReenacts the Risen Christs meeting with
His motherOriginated from Marinduque
It is performed in the churchyard under a specially prepared
arch where the veiled image of the Virgin Mary has been placedA
child dressed as an angel that is on a high platform being held up
by ropes, lifts the mourning lambong (veil of the grieving)off
image of the MotherConfetti is thrown into the air and songs of joy
are sung to celebrate the Risen ChristHow is it PerformedThe church
bells are rung and there is a procession of the images of Christ
and His mother that ends up in the churchThe participants in the
procession are segregated by genderThe men follow the image of
Christ while the women follow the image of MaryThe procession ends
with the two groups meeting inside the church where the mass is
held
What does it Signify?How powerful God is for he sacrificed his
only son and brought Him back to life again to save us all from our
sinsNew beginning for us because Jesus gave us a new life by saving
us from our sins
Music UsedSongs of PraiseJoyful Hymns
At Present TimeThe Salubong is still being performed on Easter
SundayIt is most popular in places like Marinduque, Cebu, Bulacan
and RizalNow, instead of using a toddler to lift the veil from the
image of Mary, they now use stronger 12 year olds
7. Flores de Mayo8. Santacuzan
A month-long Catholic event to honor the Virgin MaryFinding of
the True Cross by Saint Helena and her son Emperor
ConstantineIntroduced during the Spanish eraAssociated with youth,
love and romance
Originated in Malolos, BulacanStarted after:Immaculate
Conceptionpublication of Mariano Sevilla's Flores de Maria or
Mariquit na Bulaclac na sa Pagninilaynilay sa Buong Buan nang Mayo
ay Inihahandog nang manga Devoto cay Maria SantisimaWhere it is
heldIn the Bicol region, (especially in Barangay Sabang in Naga
City), it is held every Wednesday and Saturday of May.The ritual is
started with the rosary, with every decade followed by Spanish
Marian songsNine day novenaSantacruzanAlso known as The
SagalaPageant on the last day of Flores de MayoProcession of queens
(ex. Reyna Elena, Reyna ng Sba, Reyna Mra)
Pabtin culminating activity for all the children to enjoy.Square
trellis to which goodies (candies, fruits, small trinkets, etc.)
are tied with strings.Suspended on a strong branch or pole.Children
jump to try to pick the goodies while someone jerks it up and down
repeatedly until all the goodies are gone.
Flores de Mayo is still celebrated in many provinces in the
Philippines (Laguna, Bulacan, Iloilo), and is kept alive by
Filipino communities overseas such as in New Orleans and in Belgium
through a special Euro-Santacruzan hosted by Filipinos.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_de_Mayohttp://education.ezinemark.com/flores-de-mayo-santacruzan-4dc49f43651.htmlhttp://www.asiarooms.com/en/travel-guide/philippines/philippines-festivals-and-events/flores-de-mayo-or-santacruzan-festival-in-philippines.htmlhttp://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_festivals/santacruzan.html
Instrumental Music- Las Pinas Bamboo Organ If theres one thing
that is unique about Las Pias, it is the Bamboo Organ, which is
considered a Philippine National Treasure. On November 24, 2003, it
was given this recognition by the National Museum of the
Philippines since it is the only 19th century Bamboo Organ in the
Philippines that has survived and is still functioning. This unique
musical instrument is composed of 1,031 pipes, and 902 of which are
made out of bamboo while the rest are metal. A dose of historyThe
man behind this masterpiece was a Spanish missionary called Fray
Diego Cera Dela Virgen Del Carmel, who was in fact, the first
parish priest in Las Pias during the Spanish era. He came from the
town of Graus (Huesca, Spain), but he settled in this part of the
Philippines from 1795 to 1830.Fr. Diego Cera started with the
construction of the bamboo organ in 1816 and it was finished eight
years after in 1824. It has gone through a lot since then.During
the 1880s, there was a typhoon and earthquake that damaged the roof
of the church, which left the bamboo organ open to natures
elements. The rainwater and stones got inside the organ case, which
destroyed the instrument and made it unplayable for years. After
that, the pipes were stored in the old sacristy and were forgotten
about until around 1917 when a tourist rediscovered its beauty.It
was only in 1972 when the bamboo organ restoration project began.
Johannes Klais Orgelbau was the one who was awarded the contract,
and he had the organ shipped all the way to Bonn, Germany in 1973.
After about a couple of years, the bamboo organ returned to its
homeland in 1975. LocationThe St. Joseph Parish Church in Las Pias
houses the Bamboo Organ, and it is about ten kilometers south of
the heart of Metro Manila. Built between 1797 and 1819, the church
has an earthquake Baroque architectural style and is mainly made
out of adobe stones. It had to undergo renovation with the
assistance of the local community and the neighboring area, in
order to restore the structure and the grounds to its original
state. Architects Francisco Bobby Maosa and Ludwig Alvarez
effectively spearheaded the renovation from 1971 to 1975.Located
within the grounds of the church is the Antillan House, which
serves as the point of entry to the Bamboo Organ Foundation Inc,
its souvenir shop, the museum, and the Parish Adoration Chapel.
This place used to be an old Spanish convent, and is now being used
as a passage to the Bamboo Organ as well.The Festival and the
FoundationEver since the bamboo organs rigorous restoration, the
people celebrate this work of art through the International Bamboo
Organ Festival every February. The Bamboo Organ Foundation Inc.
organizes this annual musical and cultural event, in cooperation
with the people of Las Pias. The festivals aim is to pursue and
develop the rich cultural tradition of Las Pias, and a number of
established foreign and local artists have participated in this
event. It attracts a lot of local and foreign tourists, as well as
all kinds of music aficionados.The Bamboo Organ Foundation Inc. is
a non-stock and non-profit group that endeavors to preserve and
maintain the Bamboo Organ. Aside from organizing the yearly
festival, it is also involved in the educational, spiritual and
social enrichment of the people in the city. The foundation has
also sent scholars to Austria who have managed to make a name for
themselves in their chosen fields. Theres Armando Salarza who
specialized in organ performance and church music, Gerado Fajardo
who concentrated on choir conducting, as well as Cealwyn Tagle and
Edgar Montiano (+) who focused on organ building.
Source: http://laspinascity.gov.ph/home/article?cat=lsCultural
Context (History and Traditions) Spanish colonisation, Spanish
colonization
The invasion of the Filipinos by Spain did not begin in earnest
until 1564, when another expedition from New Spain, commanded by
Miguel Lpez de Legaspi, arrived.Permanent Spanish settlement was
not established until 1565 when an expedition led by Miguel Lpez de
Legazpi, the first Governor-General of the Philippines, arrived in
Cebu from New Spain. Spanish leadership was soon established over
many small independent communities that previously had known no
central rule. Six years later, following the defeat of the local
Muslim ruler, Legazpi established a capital at Manila, a location
that offered the outstanding harbor of Manila Bay, a large
population, and closeness to the sufficient food supplies of the
central Luzon rice lands. Manila became the center of Spanish
civil, military, religious, and commercial activity in the islands.
By 1571, when Lpez de Legaspi established the Spanish city of
Manila on the site of a Moro town he had conquered the year before,
the Spanish grip in the Philippines was secure which became their
outpost in the East Indies, in spite of the opposition of the
Portuguese, who desired to maintain their monopoly on East Asian
trade. The Philippines was administered as a province of New Spain
(Mexico) until Mexican independence (1821).
Manila revolted the attack of the Chinese pirate Limahong in
1574. For centuries before the Spanish arrived the Chinese had
traded with the Filipinos, but evidently none had settled
permanently in the islands until after the conquest. Chinese trade
and labor were of great importance in the early development of the
Spanish colony, but the Chinese came to be feared and hated because
of their increasing numbers, and in 1603 the Spanish murdered
thousands of them (later, there were lesser massacres of the
Chinese).
The Spanish governor, made a viceroy in 1589, ruled with the
counsel of the powerful royal audiencia. There were frequent
uprisings by the Filipinos, who disliked the encomienda system. By
the end of the 16th cent. Manila had become a leading commercial
center of East Asia, carrying on a prosperous trade with China,
India, and the East Indies. The Philippines supplied some wealth
(including gold) to Spain, and the richly loaded galleons plying
between the islands and New Spain were often attacked by English
freebooters. There was also trouble from other quarters, and the
period from 1600 to 1663 was marked by continual wars with the
Dutch, who were laying the foundations of their rich empire in the
East Indies, and with Moro pirates. One of the most difficult
problems the Spanish faced was the defeat of the Moros. Irregular
campaigns were conducted against them but without conclusive
results until the middle of the 19th century. As the power of the
Spanish Empire diminished, the Jesuit orders became more
influential in the Philippines and obtained great amounts of
property.
Occupation of the islands was accomplished with relatively
little bloodshed, partly because most of the population (except the
Muslims) offered little armed battle initially. A significant
problem the Spanish faced was the invasion of the Muslims of
Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. The Muslims, in response to
attacks on them from the Spanish and their native allies, raided
areas of Luzon and the Visayas that were under Spanish colonial
control. The Spanish conducted intermittent military campaigns
against the Muslims, but without conclusive results until the
middle of the 19th century.
Church and state were inseparably linked in Spanish policy, with
the state assuming responsibility for religious establishments. One
of Spain's objectives in colonizing the Philippines was the
conversion of Filipinos to Catholicism. The work of conversion was
facilitated by the absence of other organized religions, except for
Islam, which predominated in the south. The pageantry of the church
had a wide plea, reinforced by the incorporation of Filipino social
customs into religious observances. The eventual outcome was a new
Christian majority of the main Malay lowland population, from which
the Muslims of Mindanao and the upland tribal peoples of Luzon
remained detached and separated.
At the lower levels of administration, the Spanish built on
traditional village organization by co-opting local leaders. This
system of indirect rule helped create in a Filipino upper class,
called the principala, who had local wealth, high status, and other
privileges. This achieved an oligarchic system of local control.
Among the most significant changes under Spanish rule was that the
Filipino idea of public use and ownership of land was replaced with
the concept of private ownership and the granting of titles on
members of the principala.
The Philippines was not profitable as a colony, and a long war
with the Dutch in the 17th century and intermittent conflict with
the Muslims nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury. Colonial
income derived mainly from entrept trade: The Manila Galleons
sailing from Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico brought shipments
of silver bullion and minted coin that were exchanged for return
cargoes of Chinese goods. There was no direct trade with Spain.
Christianity Christianity (from the Ancient Greek word ,
Christos, a translation of the Hebrew , M, meaning "the anointed
one",[1] together with theLatin suffixes -ian and -itas) is a
monotheistic[2] religion based on the life andoral teachings of
Jesus as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is theworld's
largest religion, with approximately 2.2 billion adherents, known
asChristians.Most Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God,
fully divine and fully human, and the saviour of humanity whose
coming was prophesied in the Old Testament. Consequently,
Christians refer to Jesus as "Christ" or the
Messiah.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChristianityCatholic
religionCatholicism (from Greek , catholikismos, "according to the
whole") is a broad term for describing specific traditions in the
Christian churches in theology and doctrine, liturgy, ethics and
spirituality. For many the term usually refers to Christians and
churches, western and eastern, in full communion with the Holy See,
usually known as the Catholic Church or the Roman Catholic Church.
However, many others use the term to refer to other churches with
historical continuity from the first millennium.