Music n Politics Intro Indonesia Hitler[1]

8/8/2019 Music n Politics Intro Indonesia Hitler[1]

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrHdkG4T

o9w&feature=related

Rossini: Il Viaggio a Reims


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Music and Politics:

Patriotism, Protest and

political Suppression


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Music and Politics

Cultural politics (censorship,governmental promotion of arts, publicarts education, artssponsorship etc etc)

(how do politics handle music)

political arts (politsong, social criticalsong, arts used by politics etc etc)(how do arts handle politics)

artist (including everyone who alsopractises folk art) and government(relationship, promotion, suppression,education, censorship)


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When is music patriotic?

Anthems

National Songs

Regional folk songs (self identification factor)

Music as self-identification, differentiation ofothers, self-representation, glorification of

leadership, national pride, motivational songsfor national enthusiasm, praising of regionalfactors (nature, food, values etc)


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When does music protest?

Music = social;mirror of society,reflection of society,sometimes idealization of society,

sometimes the critic of society Methaphoric protest (reflection of social injustice, e.g.Marriage of Figaro)

Highlight: protest / political satire songs / music at

demonstrations


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Music and Politics

Indonesia


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Wayang as political messenger

In funny episodes introduction of village

stories

By institutions often used for propaganda,education or political influence

Modern wayang: wayang including actual

politicians figures => polit-critical, socio-critical

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZPRkak6

4cg&feature=related


8/32

War songs and songs against colonial

powers

Songs abt victims, their relatives

Fate of a single person as symbol for national

sufferinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFfVd7d8m

ZA

Butet (Tapanuli)


9/32

ContemporaryMusic as

Musik Reformasi

Financial Crisis 1997/1998

Fall of Soeharto

Fall of Rupiah

Songs about KKN, korrupsi, kollusi, neputisme, Aku Cinta

Rupiah, trust in local products

Song by Dewa19 as reaction on a University student being shoton campus by military snipers in 1998 during protests against

the monitary crisis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAHeZu8EVUU


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Music Forms

Rap, Rock, HeavyMetal;

Identifying the new generation (generation gap) and their need for afuture and the involvement of the old generation in the old system

music of freedom, letting go, anti-establishment, music of theoutcast, music that speaks to the younger generation

Example: ahmad bandhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBESIUvE22Q

The song does not mention specific names (e.g., Suharto, or his

cabinet ministers). Instead, like most other protest music inIndonesia, it makes bitter complaints, without pointing a finger. Itwas produced in late 1997-early 1998 and released just afterSuharto resigned.


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They always want to combat poverty

but theres always someone who drains

off (siphons) the peoples money

there are show-offs who open their

mouths in protest

but its a shame their mouths always

smell of alcohol

the youth are drunk, the elders corrupt continually drunk, continually corrupt great is this country,

great is this country,

they always want to strengthen justice but there are still the residue of the law of the jungle

every day drunk

babbling about politics

every day corrupt

babbling about the economic crisis

those with full stomachs discuss hunger true capitalists even talk about

social justice

always monopoly!

babble about even distribution

every day shooting up [narcotics] grumbling about collapse.

Maunya selalu memberantas

kemiskinan

tapi ada yang selalu kuras uang rakyat

ada yang sok aksi buka mulut PROTAS

PROTES

tapi sayang mulutnya selalu beraroma

alkohol

yang muda mabuk, yang tua korup

mabuk terus, korup terus

jayalah negeri ini,

jayalah negeri ini,

manyua selalu menegakkan keadilan

tapi masih saja ada sisa hukum rimba

setiap hari mabuk

ngoceh soal politik

setiap hari korup

ngoceh soal krisis ekonomi

perut kekenyangan bahas soal

kelaparan

kapitalis sejati malah ngomongin

soal keadilan sosial

selalu monopoli!

ngoceh soal pemerataan

setiap hari tucau

ngomel soal kebobrokan.

They always want to combat poverty

but theres always someone who

drains

off (siphons) the peoples money

there are show-offs who open their

mouths in protest

but its a shame their mouths always

smell of alcohol

the youth are drunk, the elders corrupt

continually drunk, continually corrupt



they always want to strengthen justice

but there are still the residue of the

law of the jungle

every day drunk

babbling about politics

every day corrupt

babbling about the economic crisis

those with full stomachs discuss

hunger true capitalists even talk about

social justice

always monopoly!

babble about even distribution

every day shooting up [narcotics]

grumbling about collapse.


12/32

Most indonesian artists stayed in indonesia

during the crisis and started to criticize from

inside out

Strong music and arts movement in late 1990s

Traumatic musical outburst was nearly hard to

control to calm down again; immitators of

success with hollow arts and no message


13/32

Music and political suppression

of arts / artists

Example:

Music and Nationalsozialismus under Hitler


14/32

WorldWar II:

Date September 1, 1939 September 2, 1945

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born

politician who led the National Socialist GermanWorkers

Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei NSDAP),the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany (19331945)

and Fhrer und Reichskanzlerof Germany (19341945).


15/32

Reichsmusikkammer

Board for

censorship,

registration of musicians,

registration of new works

registration of performances

Music by Jews or sympathizers was banned;

1939 RMK speaks of official elimination of all jewish culturalcontribution in Germany

Jazz music was banned, as it was considered to be "non-AryanNegroid."

Musicians were states employees;

All music not approved as nationalistic was banned under the termentartete Kunst = degenerate arts


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Music in political suppression

Stay and adapt

Stay and fight

Migrate and leave the politics of your country

behind

Migrate and fight from outside


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Music in Ghettos

Functions:

documentation of ghetto life,

a diversion from reality, and the

upholding of tradition.

Either a single person or small group of people

performed ghetto songs, with accompaniment

consisting of a single chord-playinginstrument, a small band, or an orchestra.


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Street Songs

sub genre of ghetto music

four dominant themes: hunger, corrupt

administration, hope for freedom, and a callfor revolt

Often created to existing melodies (often

practical, due to amount of songs being

composed) = contra fact

Example: Paul Dessau


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Domestic Songs

In Jewish families, religious rites often

celebrated with music

More expressive, exclamation ofhopelessness, death, revenge

More explicit lyrics than street songs (private

performance situation, uncensored)


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Other song forms

Resistance Fighter or Partisan Songs,politically agitative songs spreading fast internationally(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2GQLii0WKrA&feature=related )

CampMusicorchestras in camps, propaganda songs;e.g. Terezin: Camp for artists => propaganda operasand shows

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgC0geqQ_jY&feature=related Brundibar


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Olivier Messian wrote Quartet for the End ofTime, a 49-minute instrumental for the piano,clarinet, violin, and violoncello. These

instruments are an unusual combination,chosen because they were the only onesavailable in the Silesian internment campwhere Olivier was a prisoner of war. The

French composer wrote, "Never had I beenlistened to with such attention andunderstanding."


22/32

Entartete music

By 1938, examples of degenerate music were ondisplay at the EntarteMusik Exhibit for thepublic to view. Famous works by

Mendelssohn,Mahler, and Schoenberg wereused as examples of unacceptable music.

Documentaryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDejjelKCvY&feature=related


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On the List of EntarteteMusik

Berthold Goldschmidt (1903-1996) was a

prominent Jewish composer and conductor

who had experienced harassment as a Jew

even before Hitler came to power. He escaped

to England in 1935. He stayed in obscurity

until the 1980s when his work was again

recognized internationally.


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Otto Klemperer (1885-1973) emerged as one of

the leading German conductors of his generation.

After conducting Tannhuserin 1933 on the 50th

anniversary ofWagner's death, Klemperer fled tothe United States to escape Nazi persecution. He

became conductor of the Los Angeles

Philharmonic Orchestra in 1937. By 1955, after

years of health problems, he was appointed the

principal conductor of the London Philharmonic.


25/32

Ernst Krenek (1900-1991) was considered a

respectable German Catholic until he wrote a

modern opera called Jonny Spielt Auf. The

storyline of the opera featured a black man as

the main character. The opera was a musical

mix of jazz, spiritual, and classical. He

employed special sound effects to depicttraffic noise, trains, and sirens within the

music.


26/32

Erik Korngold (1897-1957) was a Jewish childprodigy. By the age of ten, he composed "DerSchneemann" which was orchestrated andconducted by his teacher Zemlinksy. In 1934 hebegan writing musical arrangements forHollywood films.While working in the UnitedStates in 1938, the Nazis seized his Austrian homeand property. Korngold never returned to Austria.

His lengthy Hollywood career produced twoAcademy Awards for film scores. He was apopular composer for films, generating music formore than 20 movies.


27/32

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) ThoughSchoenberg emigrated to the United States justafter Hitler came to power in 1933, he

understood what it meant to be persecuted andwhat lay ahead for the Jews who did not leaveGermany. He foresaw the decimation of the Jews,and tried to get the public's attention. He drew

the hatred of Hitler and the Nazis. He was tellingthe world that Hitler was dangerous before Hitlerhad a stranglehold on the German people.


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Anton Webern (1883-1945) was a staunch follower ofHitler, though not a member of the Nazi party. He agreedwith Hitler's writings, and felt that Hitler would moderatehis policies concerning the Jews after the first display of

power. He was friends with Schoenberg, an exiled GermanJew whose music had been classified as degenerate andthereby banned. This friendship along with his advocacy ofatonality in music got his works listed as degenerate. TheNazis burned his writings and forbade performances of hismusic after Hitler took over Austria. He retired to a life in

the country toward the end of the war. He was accidentallyshot to death by an American soldier in 1945 while smokinga cigarette outside his daughter's home inMittersill.


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What was good German music?

Registration with Reichsmusikkammer:

Loyal Nazi members who were talented musicians wereguaranteed a job.

Loyal Nazi members who were not talented musicianswere not guaranteed a job.

Any non-Jewish person who demonstrated a "genius"for music and was a member of theReichsmusikkammer(ReichMusic Chamber) was

permitted employment. This exception in policypermitted musicians like conductorWilhelmFurtwangler and composer Richard Strauss to continueworking.


30/32

Hitlers FavouritesLudwig van Beethoven, RichardWagner, and Anton Bruckner. All three composers

lived prior to the 20th century.

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) believed that "strength is the morality of theman who stands out from the rest." Hitler identified himself with Beethoven aspossessing that heroic German spirit. Beethoven was so loved by the Germanpeople that his legacy of music was unrivaled by any other composer.

Richard Wagner (1818-1883) was Hitler's favorite composer. DuringWorldWar I, itis reported, he carriedWagner's music from Tristan in his knapsack. OftenHitler hadWagner's music performed at party rallies and functions.Wagner's

music was uncompromisingly serious, and intensely Teutonic. It was not onlyWagner's music that 'struck a chord' with Hitler, but also his political views.Wagner wrote a violently antisemitic booklet in the 1850s called DasJudenthum in die Musik(Judaism inMusic) insisting the Jews poisoned publictaste in the arts. He founded the Bayreuth festival, which in the 1930s and1940s was used by the Nazi party as a propaganda tool against the Jews.

Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) considered himself a disciple ofWagner. Like Hitler,Bruckner had humble beginnings. He never forgot his "peasant roots."Much ofBruckner's early training and education was under the guidance of Augustinemonks. He had a genuine love of nature and "the great German Fatherland." ToHitler, Bruckner exemplified the people. A movement from Bruckner's SeventhSymphonywas played upon the news of Hitler's death in 1945.


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Other adapted musicians

Hans Hotter, Hitlers favourite singer

Karajan, member of the Nazi Party

Hans Pfitzner (composer of Palaestrina) calledhimself a pure German genius

Richard Strauss (became president of

Reichsmusikkammer); later his relationship to

Jews was detected and he had to resign, his

own RMK then banned his music


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Late and postwar time: working with

the trauma

German chanson and political song:

solders (and their relatives) reflecting their

life

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XdGwKt0

tzgA );

victims of war crimes or social unfairness

working up their experiences(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yxz81DtK

_9k&feature=related )

Music n Politics Intro Indonesia Hitler[1]

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