Muscular System

Muscular System

Muscular SystemBy: Jayden & Anthony"How To Build Muscle Mass But Stay Lean." Build Muscle: Build Mass Fast and Keep A Lean BodyGymJunkies.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2015. .1IntroductionMuscles are organs made up of specialized cells that use chemical energy from nutrients to contract

http://www.getholistichealth.com/35094/6-foods-that-build-muscle-fast/2Functions of MuscleThe functions of muscle includeMovementMaintenance of posture.Joint MobilityHeat Generation

https://www.photoshopgurus.com/forum/general-photoshop-board/41509-rendering-muscle-fibers.html3Muscle TypesSkeletal Muscle-attach to bones(Striated)Smooth Muscle-found in stomach.(non-striated)Cardiac Muscle-make up the wall of the heart (Striated)

http://stevegallik.org/sites/histologyolm.stevegallik.org/images/cardiacmuscle.jpghttp://learningtosavetheearth.com/page62.htmlhttp://www.pathguy.com/histo/053.htm

Structure of a Skeletal MuscleA skeletal muscle is composed of nervous tissue, connective tissue, blood and skeletal muscle tissue

http://histologyolm.stevegallik.org/node/99Levels of Skeletal Muscle1.Muscle2.Fascicles3.Muscle Fibers4.Myofibrils5.Filaments.

http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%203%20Review/CH%2009%20Gross%20Anatomy%20of%20Skeletal%20Muscle.htmFasciaFascia-Sheet of fibrous connective tissue that enclose a muscle

http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/fascia_flow.png

Fascia-Layers of fibrous connective tissue that separate an individual skeletal muscle from adjacent muscles and hold it in position

Aponeuroses-broad fibrous sheets that attach to bone or to coverings of adjacent muscles

7Connective Tissue Coverings Epimysium lies beneath the fascia

Perimysium extends into the structure of the muscle where it separates muscle cells into fascicles

Endomysium separates individual muscle fibers

http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy & Physiology/2010/The epimysium is the connective tissue layer that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle

The fascicles are small compartments that contain bundles of skeletal muscle fibers.A thin covering called endomysium separates each muscle fiber within a fascicle.These layers of connective tissue allow separation between all parts of a skeletal muscle. This arrangement allows the parts to move somewhat independently.

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Structure of a Muscle FiberMuscle Fiber- a single muscle tissue cell

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1022_Muscle_Fibers_(small).jpg/220px-1022_Muscle_Fibers_(small).jpg10Myofibril StructureSarcoplasm or cytoplasm contains myofibrils

Myofibril has two types filaments.1.Thin filaments 2.Thick filaments

https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/338/flashcards/2335338/jpg/myofibril1354634105120.jpgThick & Thin FilamentsSarcomere contains thin and thick filamentsThick filaments made up of myosinThin filaments made up of actinThick and thin filaments creates the striationshttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/1003_Thick_and_Thin_Filaments.jpg

Neuromuscular JunctionNeuromuscular Junction-junction between a motor neuron and muscle cell membraneIt includes end of a motor neuron and the motor end plate of a muscle fiber.

http://newtbiz.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/neuromuscular_junction.jpgNeuromuscular Junction(Cont.)Synaptic cleft-region between the axon terminal and motor end plateSynaptic vesicle releases neurotransmitters(acetyl-choline) into the synaptic cleft.

http://antranik.org/synaptic-transmission-by-somatic-motorneurons/Stimulus for Muscle Contraction1.Acetylcholine releases into synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on motor end plate2.Action potential reaches T-tubule3.Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/1023_T-tubule.jpghttp://antranik.org/synaptic-transmission-by-somatic-motorneurons/Stimulus of Muscle Contraction4.Calcium binds to troponin, which exposes the actin active sites5.Muscle contraction begins

http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/03/29/article-0-071CC80D000005DC-483_634x423.jpg Muscle RelaxationAcetylcholine is inactivated by AcetylcholinesteraseCalcium ions recaptured into Sarcoplasmic reticulumMyosin cross bridge breaksTropomyosin and troponin interacts to create blockage on actin active sitesThe actin my filament lengthens which results in relaxation.

https://hampedia.org/wiki/File:Relaxing_Frog.jpgSliding Filament Theory1. Influx of calcium triggers exposure of active actin binding sites.

2. Binding of myosin to actin, which forms a cross bridge

http://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/757/70/_53022d86_13d85ffda7d__8000_00001075.pngSliding Filament Theory (Cont.)3.Breakdown of ATP enables Myosin to pull actin filaments inwards, which shortens the sarcomeres

http://allaboutsportsmed.weebly.com/sliding-filament-theory.htmlSliding Filament Theory(Cont.)4.Cross bridge detaches when ATP molecule binds to myosin head

5.ATP splits into ADP and P, which cocks the myosin cross bridge.

http://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/757/70/_53022d86_13d85ffda7d__8000_00001075.pngEnergy Sources for ContractionATP Supplies the energy for muscle fiber contraction

Creatine Phosphate Provides additional phosphates to quickly convert ADP back into ATP

https://www.google.com/search?q=mcgraw&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-821Oxygens RoleBreakdown of glucose occurs in the mitochondria and requires oxygenHemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen to muscle.Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle tissue.

22Oxygen DebtOxygen deficiency during strenuous exerciseOxygen debt -- the amount of oxygen liver cells require to convert the accumulated lactic acid into glucose.

http://www.gugly.com/Archmultioxydebt.htm23Muscle Fatigue & CrampsFatigue A condition in which a muscle exercised strenuously for a long period loses its ability to contract.Cramp muscle undergoes a sustained involuntary contraction

http://terezowens.com/nhl-players-mock-lebron-james%E2%80%99-leg-cramps/24Origin and InsertionOrigin= Immovable endInsertion= Movable endWhen a muscle contracts, its insertion is pulled toward its origin

http://connect.mheducation.com/25Interaction of Skeletal MusclesPrime mover (agonist) -responsible for a particular body movementSynergists-assists the action of the prime mover

http://home.insightbb.com/26Antagonists-resist the prime movers action and cause movement in the opposite direction

http://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/2978927Muscular ResponseTwitch-single contractionThreshold Stimulus-the minimal strength required to cause a contractionAll-or-none response-Muscle fiber completely contracts when it is exposed to a stimulus of threshold strength

http://hdwallpapersmart.com/bodybuilding-hd-wallpapers-pictures/28SummationDefinition: Increased force of contraction by a skeletal muscle fiber when a twitch occurs before the previous twitch relaxes.

http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/

Ordinary Twitches29RecruitmentDefinition: Increase in number of motor units activated as stimulation intensity increases.

https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter-9-b/deck/143567530Sustained ContractionsSummation + Recruitment = Sustained Contraction of increasing strengthAlso known as tetanic contraction

http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/A&P1%20Muscle%20Physiology.htm31Muscle ToneMuscle tone: The normal state of balanced tension in the muscles. Even when a muscle is at rest, its fibers usually remain partially contracted.

http://voicecouncil.com/develop-active-posture/32Diseases/DisordersMuscular dystrophy A genetic disorder that weakens the muscles that help the body move.Interferes with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle

http://www.humanillnesses.com/original/Men-Os/Muscular-Dystrophy.html33Types of Muscular DystrophyDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

Becker muscular dystrophy

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy

https://www.pinterest.com/jasminelynna/muscular-dystrophy-project/34Works Cited"Muscular Dystrophy." Mayo Clinic. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. .

"Muscular System." InnerBody. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. .

"SEER Training Modules." SEER Training:Structure of Skeletal Muscle. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. .

Shiers, David, Jackie Butler, and Ricki Lewis. "Muscular System." Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. Ninth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. 169-196. Print.

"Sliding Filament Theory - Skeletal Muscle." Teach PE. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. .

"The Mechanism of Muscle Contraction." Meat Science. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. .

"THE ROLE OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION." THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. .

Zimmermann, By. "Muscular System: Facts, Functions & Diseases." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 25 Nov. 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. .Sliding Filament Theory

https://youtu.be/H6okUPuyby0THANK YOU!!!37