8/22/2019 Murra, John 1962- An Archaeological "Restudy" of an Andean Ethnohistorical Account http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/murra-john-1962-an-archaeological-restudy-of-an-andean-ethnohistorical 1/5 An Archaeological "Restudy" of an Andean Ethnohistorical Account John V. Murra American Antiquity, Vol. 28, No. 1. (Jul., 1962), pp. 1-4. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7316%28196207%2928%3A1%3C1%3AAA%22OAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L American Antiquity is currently published by Society for American Archaeology. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html . JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/sam.html . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Sun Jul 8 08:46:27 2007
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8/22/2019 Murra, John 1962- An Archaeological "Restudy" of an Andean Ethnohistorical Account
American Antiquity is currently published by Society for American Archaeology.
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtainedprior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content inthe JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.
Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/journals/sam.html.
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.
The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers,and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community takeadvantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL "RESTUDY" OF AN ANDEAN ETHNOHISTORICAL ACC OUN T*
The recent publication in Lima of a detailed, house-to-
house 16th-century census of the H ui nuco region in the
Andean highlands, suggests the possibility of an archaeo-
logical investigation retracing the 1562 survey. Th e ar-
chaeological expressions of th e several ethnic groups
should be identified. Th e degree and nature of the
Inca influences in a peasant area could be revealed.
Eventually it should be possible to clarify archaeologi-cally a variety of moot points in Inca social organization.
w our knowledge of pre-Incaic, An-
dean civilizations, based on archaeological
data, has grown significantly in recent decades,
there has been no comparable advance in our
understanding of Inca social organization. The
reasons for this lag are many, but only one is
relevant here: over the years, archaeologists have
been much more attracted to the study of emer-
gent, "formative" American civilizations. But for
the pioneer archaeological studies of Rowe(1944, 1946) and Menzel (1959), the Inca state
has been left to the popularizers. I would like to
argue here that some aspects of Inca life, left
unclear and confused in the European enthno-
historical sources, could be clarified, amplified,
and verified by archaeological research.
The immediate stimulus for this article is
the current publication of a 16th-century de-
scription of a single highland valley, at Huanuco
(Ortiz [I5621 1920-25, 1955-62). An even
earlier [1549], though much less detailed de-
scription is also available (Helmers 1955-56).In 1562, only 30 years after the European in-
vasion, and ten years before Toledo's mass re-
location of Andean populations, Ifiigo Ortiz de
Zlifiiga set out from Lima with instructions to
conduct a house-to-house census of people and
their resources in a rural area not far from the
European town of L&n de Huanuco. H e was
'Revised version of a paper read at the 60th annualmeeting of the Amer ican Anthropological Association,Philadelphia, November, 1961. The research was sup-ported by a Faculty Fellowship from Vassar College and agrant-in-aid from the Social Science Research Council.
given a questionnaire to fill out and over several
months he moved with his interpreter through
some two score hamlets and villages inquiring
about location and size of settlements and the
composition of each household. He asked and
was told of crops and their varying productivity,
as well as of ecological differences as perceived
by the local population. He was interested inethnic affiliations and what account had been
taken of this fact by the Inca in setting up ad-
ministrative divisions. He was told of the privi-
leges of traditional ethnic leaders and of succes-
sion to office. He encouraged comparisons with
Inca times and produced a first-rate account, the
importance of which we have just begun to un-
ravel (Helmers 1955-56; Varallanos 1959; Mell-
afe 1961; Murra 1961).
To the archaeologist this account offers a
great opportunity. It is not a vague, legendary,
dynastic "history" (Nicholson 1955), but thepainstaking, even bureaucratic listing of the
communities in a particular valley. W e are told
that it was inhabited by two different ethnic
groups, the Yacha and the Chupacho, now no
longer distinguishable, but the names of villages,
markets or ruined warehouses, shrines, salt pans
or pastures have changed but little since 1562
(Varallanos 1959, maps VII, IX, XIV) . Despite
later colonial relocation and recent changes in
land use, most of the settlements Ortiz surveyed
are identifiable today. Archaeological compo-
nents excavated in this area could be ascribedwith some confidence to known historic and
protohistoric occupations.
These settlements are located in a variety of
ecologies. Wit h the help of a n ethnobotanist,
one should be able to verify hypotheses suggest-
ed by coastal archaeology, ethnohistory, and
contemporary ethnology. Are there settlement
pattern differences when the main crop is maize,
as contrasted with Andean crops like potatoes
or kinowa (Willey 1953: 392-3; Murra 1960)?
Will they be different again if the community
8/22/2019 Murra, John 1962- An Archaeological "Restudy" of an Andean Ethnohistorical Account
Sources. Following Rowe's suggestion (1960: 424-5),
16th and 17th century sources are cited as follows: the
date in square brackets is the date of original publication
or writing; the second, modern date refers to the edition
used in this paper.
BENNETT,WEN DEL L.
1944 Excavations in the Callejon de Huaylas and atChavin de Huantar. Anthropological Papers ofthe American Museum of Natural History, Vol.39, Part 1. New York.
BENNETT,WENDELL BIRD. AND JUNIUS
1949 Andean Culture History. American Museumof Natural History, Handbook Series, No. 15.
New York.
GARCILASOE LA VEGA
1943 Primera Parte de 10s Comentarios Renles . . .[1604]. Angel Rosenblatt edition, Buenos Aires.
GONZALEZ DIEGOOLGUIN,
1952 Vocnbulario d e la knguu General . . . Qqui-chua [1608]. Instituto de Historia, Universidad
Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima.
HELMERS,MARIE
1955-56 La Visitaci6n de 10s Indios Chupachos: Inkaet Encomendero 115491. Trawaux de l'lnsti tutFranqais d'Etudes Andines, Vol. 5, pp. 3-50.Paris and Lima.
McCow~, HEODORE1945 Pre-Incaic Huamachuco. University of Cali-
fornia Publications in American Archaeology andEthnology, Vol. 39, No. 4. Berkeley.
MELLAFEROJAS,ROLANDO
1961 The Demography of Huinuco Settlements. MS,Santiago de Chile.
MENZEL,DOROTHY
1959 Th e Inca Occupation of the South Coast ofPeru. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology,Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 125-42. Albuquerque.
MOORE,S. F.
1958 Power and Property in Inca Peru. Columbia
University Press, New York.
MOROTEBEST,EFRA~N
1951 La vivienda campesina en Sallaq. Tradicidn,
No. 7-10, pp. 96-193. Cuzco.
MURRA,OHNV.
1956 Th e Economic Organization of the Inca State.MS, doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.
1960 Rite and Crop in the Inca State. In Culture inHistory, edited by Stanley Diamond, pp. 393-407. Columbia University Press (for BrandelsUniversity), New York.
1961 Social Structural and Economic Themes in An-dean Ethnohistory. Anthropological Quarterly,Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 47-59. Washington.
NICHOLSON,. B.
1955 Native Historical Traditions of Nuclear Americaand the Problem of their Archaeological Corre-
lation. American Anthropologist, Vol. 57, No. 3,pp. 594-613. Menasha.
ORTIZDE Z~GIGA,GIGO
1920-25, 1955-62 Visita fecha por mandado de sumagestad . . . [1562]. Revista del Archivo Na-cional del Peru. Lima.
POLANYI,KARL,CONRAD AND W.. ARENSBERG, HARRYPEARSONEDITORS)
1957 Trade and Market in the Early Empires. FreePress, Glencoe.
POLODE ONDEGARDO,UAN
1940 Report to Briviesca de Mufiatones [1561], editedby Carlos Romero. Revista Histbrica, Vol. 13.Lima.
RO~TWOROWSKI MARIAE DIEZ-CANSECO,
1960 Pesos y medidas en el Perti pre-hispdnico. Lima.
ROWE, OHNH.
1944 An Introduction to the Archaeology of Cuzco.Papers of the Peabody Museum of AmericanArchaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 27, No. 2.Harvard University, Cambridge.
1946 Inca Culture at the Time of the Spanish Con-quest. In "Handbook of South American In-dians," edited by J. H. Steward, Vol. 2, pp. 183-330. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin143. Washington.
1960 Th e Origins of Creator Worship among theIncas. In Culture in History, edited by StanleyDiamond, pp. 408-29. Columbia UniversityPress (for Brandeis University ), New York.
SCHAEDEL, P. AND OTHERSICHARD1959 Los Recursos Humanos del Departmento de
Puno. Plan Regional para el Desarollo del Sur
del Peru, Vol. 5. Lima.
STUMER,OUISM.
1958 Contactos Forineos en la Arquitectura de laCosta Central. Rewista del Museo Nacional,Vol. 27, pp. 11-30. Lima.
TSCHOPIK,ARRY,R.
1950 An Andean Ceramic Tradition in HistoricalPerspective. American Antiquity, Vol. 15, No. 3,pp. 196-218. Menasha.
VALCARCEL,UISE.
1925 Del Aillu a1 Imperio. Lima.
VARALLANOS,OSB
1959 Historia de HLcrinuco. Buenos Aires and Lima.
WILLEY,GORDON.
1953 Prehistoric Settlements in the Viru Valley, Per6.Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 155.Washington.
XEREZ,FRANCISCOE
1853 Verdadera Relaci6n de la Conquista del Per6[1534]. Biblioteca de Autores Espafioles, Vol.26. Madrid.