MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL EAST EUROPE Robert L Nemeskeri Head of the REC Business & Environment Programme Venice International University May 19, 2005
Jan 15, 2016
MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL EAST EUROPE
Robert L Nemeskeri Head of the REC Business & Environment Programme
Venice International University
May 19, 2005
Content of lecture
• M(S)WM Considerations
• Recent and current studies
• Status and forecast
• Policies
• Resources management
• WM specific risks
• Practical measures towards urban sustainability
Important considerations related to MSWM
• Waste vs. resource (economics, waste hierarchy, IPP)• Communal, industrial and hazardous wastes in M(S)W• Volume and composition (biodegradables, organics, recyclables,
etc.)• Waste generators, WM services and their results• Well-off vs. poor communities• Where we are and where we/to go (MSW scenarios)• MSW Management options (revisiting hierarchy, practicality)• Barriers and drivers to sound MSWM• Environmental health impacts or risks of MSWM• Complex macro- and microeconomics of M(S)WM• Strategic planning for MSW systems development and
management
MSWM relevant studies and waste info management
• ETAP – JRC/IPTS, DG Research, DG Environment – clean(er) technology diffusion, techno-economics
• DG Environment – environmental policies, strategies• EUROSTAT – waste info collection and provision• EEA – ETC RWM – waste management and waste
policy analyses; LCA, MFA, SFA• UN – sustainable consumption (and production),
security, economics• OECD – economic instruments• Local/national studies – risks, economics,
management, financing
TEOWASTE
• Evolution of waste generation and management in EU Accession Countries (2003-2004)
• MSW and selected industrial streams
• Waste indicators: MSW collected, landfilled and/or incinerated
• Environmental and social impacts
• Scenarios on volumes and management
• BUT! no real conclusions (IPTS et al vs. REC)
Current Situation: MSW collection
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Estonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
Poland
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Total: 38 MT
Enlargement countries: 360kg/capita
EU: 505kg/capita
MSW: kg/capita
Current waste composition
Organic33% Others
28%
Hazardous1%
Plastics11%
Metals4%
Glass7%
Paper/card board16%
AC-12, 2000100%=360kg/capita
Current waste management practice
Incineration0.3%
Incineration (energy)
4.0%
Composting1.5%
Recycling3.2%
Other2.9%
Landfill88.0%
AC-12, 2000100%=38 MT
Landfill density (installations per 10 000 km2)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
BG CZ EE HU LV LT MT
1995
2003
2009-2014 target
General boundary condition matrix for MSWM
Table - Main changes expected in MSW management
LEGEND: To be reduced To be increased Neutral
Wa
ste
flo
w
Landfill Incineration with energy recovery
Incineration without energy recovery Composting Recycling
To
tal
Growing production and GDP, and new consumption patterns will probably cause
higher waste flows Pre-accession and
community funds available for landfill construction
Stimulated by renewables policy, Waste Incineration directive, landfill directive however
there is competition for material flows with recycling and
composting
Incineration with energy recovery will
be preferred Some of the existing plants are to be shut
down because it's not economically worth
to upgrade for compliance)
Biodegradables banned from the landfills will increase the need for
composting
Packaging Directive will stimulate
recycling. New targets are not yet decided.
Org
anic
Decrease of biodegradables by 75% (2004), 50%
(2007), 35% (2014) of the base year according to the
Landfill Directive, Deadlines are different for
Enlargement Countries
Competition for waste stream with composting
Biodegradables banned from the landfills will increase the need for
composting
Pap
er/c
ard
bo
ard
Achieved recycling targets will decrease the waste
amounts going to landfill
Competition for waste stream with recycling
Competition for waste stream with
recycling!!!!
Packaging Directive will stimulate
recycling. New targets are not yet decided.
Gla
ss
Achieved recycling targets will decrease the waste
amounts going to landfill
Achieved recycling targets will decrease the waste amounts
going to incineration
Achieved recycling targets will decrease the waste amounts
going to incineration
Packaging Directive will stimulate
recycling. New targets are not yet decided.
Met
als Achieved recycling targets
will decrease the waste amounts going to landfill
Achieved recycling targets will decrease the waste amounts
going to incineration
Achieved recycling targets will decrease the waste amounts
going to incineration
Packaging Directive will stimulate
recycling. New targets are not yet decided.
Pla
stic
s Achieved recycling targets will decrease the waste
amounts going to landfill
Achieved recycling targets will decrease the waste amounts
going to incineration
Achieved recycling targets will decrease the waste amounts
going to incineration
Packaging Directive will stimulate
recycling. New targets are not yet decided.
Haz
ard
ou
s
Many of the hazardous wastes are banned by
Landfill Directive
banned in MSW incinerators
banned in MSW incinerators
Oth
er
Ban on tires, etc. Decreasing amount of
household combustion ash due to programmes
switching rural settlements heating to gas
NO
T P
OS
SIB
LE
total
organic
paper/cardboard
glass
metals
plastics
hazardous
other
Drivers of change for MSWM in future
• Various regulations (at both national and EU level) are expected to be the main driving force behind the future improvements
• Standards and technology development will also play an essential role
• So will the cost of each management option
• And, perhaps, the social recognition of close correlation between sound waste/resource management and the quality of life
Scenarios
BAU = business as usual
ET = climate change policies and business
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2000 2010 2020
Other
Recycling
Composting
Incineration
Incineration
Landfill
BAU
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2000 2010 2020
Other
Recycling
Composting
Incineration
Incineration
Landfill
ET
WM legislation and policiesThe Framework Directive on Waste Disposal (75/442/EEC1):• Calls for Member States to take the necessary measures to
ensure that waste is recovered or disposed of without risk to the air, water or soil, without creating a nuisance in the form of odours or noise, and without adversely affecting the countryside.
• Requires Member States to establish an integrated waste management strategy based on the principles stipulated in the Directive, including clearly defined time scales and responsibilities.
• Requires Member States to issue permits to companies engaged in waste disposal or recovery. The permits must include requirements regarding such matters as disposal techniques and methods, sites, technical requirements and security precautions.
• Establishes provisions for inspection and monitoring of waste management in the Member States, and lays down requirements for reporting to the European Commission and the public.
Waste Hierarchy
•Prevention and minimization of waste generation•Re-use of products•Recycling of waste and reuse of materials•Recovery of waste and reuse of materials•Use of waste as source of energy – biogas and
incineration•Safe landfilling or utilization of final residues
Key principles
• The principle of best available technology not involving excessive costs (this relates to the establishment of a network of waste disposal and treatment facilities).
• The principle of proximity of treatment and disposal to the source of waste.
• The principle of self-sufficiency in waste disposal (reliance on national waste disposal/treatment facilities to avoid transboundary movement of waste).
• Application of the polluter pays principle to the disposal of waste to ensure that the cost of disposing of waste is borne by the producer or by the holder of waste.
• Duty of care for producers of waste.+ Precautionary principle!
Daughter directives and decisions
• Landfill Dir. 99/31/EC • Packaging and Packaging Waste Dir. 94/62/EC• Incineration Dir. 2000/76/EC• Hazardous Waste Dir. 91/689/EEC• Council Decision 93/98/EEC on the control of trans-boundary
movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal (Basel Convention)• Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Dir. 2002/96/EC• Restriction of Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and
Electronic Equipment Dir. 2002/95/EC• End-of-Life Vehicles Dir. 2000/53/EC• Batteries and Accumulators Containing Dangerous Substances Dir.
91/157/EEC• Disposal of PCBs and PCTs Dir. 96/59/EC• Disposal of Waste Oils Dir. 75/439/EEC• Dir. on Waste from the Titanium Dioxide Industry 78/176/EEC• The Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC• Agricultural use of Sewage Sludge Dir. 91/692/EEC• Decision 2000/532/EC Establishing a List of Waste
Other MSWM relevant policies
On EU, national and local levels:• Waste economic instruments (e.g., waste user
and/or disposal charges - per capita, volume, household or property value based -, package excise tax, non-compliance fines)
• Environmental financing to municipalities/utilities, WM companies, other systems developers
• Environmental control policies, e.g., on noise, smell, pollution of air, water and soil, and public health protection
Resources management
• What are the resources? Classifications (do not forget human capabilities, time, information and land!)
• Why do we need to manage resources? Economics, social development, life support systems
• How to approach this complex field?Learning & doing
• Multidimensionality: policy, methodology, management practices, resources economics, environmental and public health risks, energy and waste management, current works
Main resource policies and actions
• 6th EAP
• IPP and ETAP and performance targets
• IPPC/BAT and other directives
• Lisbon Strategy
• Thematic strategies for RM and Waste
• EEA Topic Centre on Resource and Waste Management
RM assessment methodologies
• Life cycle analysis (LCA) – cradle to grave or cradle to cradle
• Material flow analysis (MFA) - economy/EU-wide MFA, relevance to EU statistics, relevance to policy, challenges/uncertainties
• Substance flow analysis (SFA) – for specific chemicals/agents
• Environmental accounting
Variety of complementary MFA approaches
The challenge of RM, and of WM!
Uncertainties
• Structure and volume of industrial metabolism
• Disparity of resource use
• Implications of physical growth
• Shift to renewables
• Progress on decoupling
Domestic and Import Material Requirement
RM practices
• Resource/economic/environmental/landuse - Planning
• Eco-efficiency
• Factor 4 and 10
• Innovation/R&D
• Zero emission
Waste and resource management impacts and risks
• Environmental impacts of polluting land, groundwater, rivers and lakes and coastal areas, emissions to the air, toxic substances
• Public health and comfort questions (e.g., noise and smell, besides epidemics from septic and toxic releases or contacts) and their consequences, including loss in property values
• Financial and economic risks when investing into development
Critical view on the current state of municipal waste management in CEE, SEE, EECCA
• Zero control of inputs: MSW = hazwaste? – environmental and public health risks
• No capacity/hesitance to systemic and procedural improvements towards meeting new legislation (ignorance, lack of resources and over-politicized issues)
• No suitable concept for land remediation• No effective policy and market pressure to
resources management• Special challenges with incineration
Critical view on the current state of municipal waste management in CEE, SEE, EECCA (2)
Management capabilities in the municipal framework (financial and technical)
Management capabilities in the regional framework
Management capabilities in the national framework
Questions of DEMOCRACY, OWNERSHIP, PLANNING & MANAGEMENT
Current instruments
Taxes paid on every breath we takeZero accountability of the utilization of taxes
No price on waste collection correspond to real costs of handling waste safely
No discipline, no enforcement – some instruments cannot work
No successful waste reuse incentives for the population and for the industry
Current financial instruments
Under-financed and poorly managed municipalities
Government/Ministries tend to provide assistance to “politically correct” electorates via their funds and programs
Pre- and post-accession instruments (+/-)
Private sector and PPPs! (+/-)
Future WM approach – practical steps
HISTORIC WASTE
•Mapping up MSWM correctly, including the illegal dumps
•Assessing the potential risks
•Remediation of sites according to high standards (for low/manageable long term risks)
•Integration on program/project levels with the new WM systems being planned and built
Future WM approach – practical steps (2)
CURRENTLY GENERATED WASTE
•No1 – Minimization (sustainable consumption and production)•No2 – Separate collection, storage, recycling-reuse (real WM including composting at household level whenever possible)•No3 – Thermal treatment while energy recovery•No4 – Safe disposal of residues
+ Much higher utilization of PPPs! and cooperation in small regions and regions!!
Future Financing – practical steps (3)
• Strengthened financial and technical management for regions and municipalities
• Absorption of Cohesion and Structural Funds
• Sound use of earmarked taxes and WM costs, including fines, through environmental fund and other instruments
• Market monitoring and moreover: creation! for material reuse
• WM is good business when MARKET exist – private sector
Conclusions
• Today = Poor state and slow development. Tomorrow = ??? …whatever we are aiming at and building inside the EU?
• New legislation and policies exist, and the suitable economic and financial instruments are known
• Planning and management and society-wide value shift is necessary
Let’s take the Challenge!
Thanks for the attention!