edit: T.A.Rector, B.A.Wolpa, J. Hester, P. Scowen, NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AUR M16 Eagle Nebula 鷹鷹鷹鷹
Credit: T.A.Rector, B.A.Wolpa, J. Hester, P. Scowen, NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), STScI.
M16 Eagle Nebula 鷹狀星雲
Credit: Johannes Schedler
H-alpha Emissiondue to ionization
H+H2
H2
Molecular cloud Atmospheric cloud
Size 1014 km 1 km
Mass 1036 gm 1011 gm
Particle Density 103 cm-3 1019 cm-3
Temperature 20 K 260 K
Mol./atomic weight 2.3 29
Dynamical time Million years 5 mins
• the hydrogen data shows more detailed structure than the visual data, including many "holes" or bubbles in the hydrogen emission
• the hydrogen emission is more widespread than the visual data and shows regions of the galaxy that at visual frequencies are obscured by dust, as well as bridges or spurs that connect spiral arms, and
• nevertheless there are some regions that are more prominent at visual frequencies, most notably the galactic nucleus.
M101, the Pinwheel Galaxy
optical 21 cm – atomic hydrogen combined
Hydrogen alpha : 3 -> 2Emitted an 656nm photon
Electron flip its spin -> emit 21cm photon
Credits: J. Dickey (UMn), F. Lockman (NRAO), SkyView
HI (Neutral Hydrogen) distribution observed at 21cm
Credit: Bina Butt, Ideum/UC Berkeley
Electromagnetic Wave 電磁波
H-alpha (ionized hydrogen) map
CO survey of molecular hydrogen
Spiral Galaxy Messier 81 in infrared by Spitzer
3.6 micron (blue)4.5 micron (green)5.8 micron (yellow)8.0 micron (red) Distribution of dust
M16 in infrared by Spitzer
Blue - 4.5 micronGreen – 8 micronRed – 24 micron
SPECTRAL REGION WAVELENGTH RANGE (micrometer)
TEMPERATURE RANGE
(degrees Kelvin) WHAT WE SEE
Near-Infrared (0.7-1) to 5 740 to (3,000-5,200) Cooler red stars Red giants Dust is transparent
Mid-Infrared 5 to (25-40) (92.5-140) to 740 Planets, comets and asteroidsDust warmed by starlightProtoplanetary disks
Far-Infrared (25-40) to (200-350) (10.6-18.5) to (92.5-140)
Emission from cold dustCentral regions of galaxiesVery cold molecular clouds
Near Infrared Mid/Far Infrared
Credit: NASA, the NICMOS Group (STScI, ESA), and the NICMOS Science Team (University of Arizona), H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCSC/LO), M.Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), the ACS Science Team,
The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) and ESA
Spitzer Space Telescope (SST)史匹哲太空望遠鏡
Launched 發射:Aug 25, 2003
Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO)錢德拉 X 射線天文臺
Launched 發射:Jul 23, 1999
Credit: Addison Wesley
Atmospheric Window 大氣視窗
Multiwavelength Milky Way 多波段銀河Credit: Astrophysics Data Facility, Astronomical Data Center, Space Science Data Operations Office, NASA
The Great Observatories四大太空天文臺
Credit: NASA, Sky & Telescope
1. Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO)2. Hubble Space Telescope (HST)3. Spitzer Space Telescope (SST)4. Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO)
312
4
Three cloud configurations showing GMCs (configuration a), a GMC with an H II blister(configuration b), and a giant H II region with molecular fragments (configuration c) with starsforming in all of them.
Antennae galaxies
CO integrated intensity map (white contours) overlaid on a true color HST image of the Antennae galaxies
Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley
Hydrostatic Equilibrium 流體靜力平衡
壓力重力
Planck image (ESA), Nature vol 466, page 928–929
Spitzer image SSC2006-16bNASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Megeath (University of Toledo, Ohio)
Protoplanetary Disks
Orion Nebula is the home to tens of what could be the forming planetary systems.
Credit: NASA,ESA, M. Robberto (STScI) and the HST Orion Treasury Project Team
Credit: NASA/ESA and L. Ricci (ESO)
Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley
太陽風
光球層
太陽風
輻射層
對流層
色球層
日冕
Main Sequence Star主序星
Credit: Slim Films
Credit: Addison Wesley
Helium is produced from 4 Hydrogen nuclei
P-P Chain 質子質子鏈 (T<18M K)
P-P Chain 質子質子鏈Credit: Dept. Physics & Astronomy, University of Tennessee
Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley
CNO Cycle (T>18M K)
Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley
Energy Transport
Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley
亞巨星
Triple-alpha processCredit: C. Aa Diget, University of Aarhus
2He42He4
2He4
6C12
Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley
Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley
NGC7293 Helix Nebula 螺旋星雲Credit: NASA, ESA, C.R. O’Dell(Vanderbilt U.), M. Meixner and P. McCullough (STScI)
Credit: NASA, ESA, G. Bacon(STScI)
White Dwarf白矮星
C6 Cat’s Eye Nebula 貓眼星雲
Planetary Nebula行星狀星雲
Credit: NASA, ESA, HEIC, The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), J.P. Harrington, K.J. Borkowski (University of Maryland),Nordic Optical Telescope and Romano Corradi (Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, Spain)
Credit: H. Bond (STScI), B. Balick (University of Washington), NASA, ESA
Cosmic Butterflies 星空蝴蝶
Credit: ESA
Credit: Addison Wesley58
Oxygen is produced
Neon is produced
Magnesium is produced
Silicon is produced
Sulfur is produced
Iron is produced
Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley
Credit: NASA, ESA, P. Challis and R. Kirshner (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)
Credit: T. Rector/University of Alaska Anchorage and WIYN/NOAO/AURA/NSF
NGC6960 Veil Nebula 面紗星雲
Supernova Remnant超新星殘骸
CCST9012
Human's Place in the Universe
O, Be A Fine Girl (Guy) Kiss Me
A Timeline of Telescope
Credit: Melissa Thomas
Credit: Gemini Observatory
8mGemini North Observatory雙子座北天文台
Credit: Wei-Hao Wang
Mauna Kea 基亞山
10mKeck Observatory
凱克天文台
8.2mSubaru Telescope
昴宿望遠鏡
Hyper Suprime-Cam on NAOJ Subaru Telescope
116 CCDs with a total of 870 million pixels
60cm
Credit: ESO
Very Large Telescope (VLT)
Active optics
Until recently, observations of the motions of stars near the Milky Way’s center have been the closest that astronomers have come to observing the event horizon of the black hole Sgr A*. The stars’ orbits (dashed lines) reveal that they are in the thrall of a very compact object with a mass of 4.5 million suns. Colored dots mark the stars’ positions each year from 1995 to 2008. The background is a 2008 infrared image of the stars (and others). The star S0-16 comes closest to Sgr A*—within seven light-hours—but even that distance remains 600 times larger than the event horizon’s radius .
Credit: ESA
Launch Date 發射日期 : 1990-04-24 12:33:51 UT
Dimensions 尺寸 : 15.9m 長 x 4.2m 直徑
Mirror Diameter 口徑 : 2.4m
Weight 重量 : 11110 kg
Orbital altitude 軌道高度 : 568 km
Orbital time 軌道周期 : 96 min
哈勃太空望遠鏡
Credit: ESA
2.4m 主鏡Primary Mirror
0.3m 副鏡Secondary Mirror
鏡蓋Aperture Door
支援系統 Support Systems如電腦、電池、陀螺儀、反作用輪、電子儀器e.g. Computers, batteries, gyroscopes, reaction wheels, electronics
太陽能板Solar Panels
通訊天線Communication
Antennae
精密導星感應器Fine Guidance Sensors
(FGS)
科學儀器Scientific Instruments
(WFC3, ACS, NICMOS, STIS, COS)
Wide Field Camera 3
Cosmic Origins Spectrograph
WFC3 Images(Wide Field Camera 3) 第三代廣角照相機
Credit: NASA, ESA and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team
Stephan's Quintet 史提芬五重星系
NGC 6302 Carina Nebula 船底星雲
Omega Cluster 奧米加星團
Credit: NASA, ESA, M. Livio
and the Hubble 20th Anniversary
Team (STScI)
Carina Nebula 船底星雲
CCD matrix of Kepler
European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT)
Operation start aim at 201837m mirror
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA)
European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT)
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA)
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST)