Symposium of Lake 2008 Multivariate analysis of Cauvery River water quality around KRS Dam water quality around KRS Dam, Karnataka, India S.SRIKANTASWAMY*, SIAMAK GHOLAMI DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE, MANASAGANGOTRI MANASAGANGOTRI, MYSORE 570 006, KARNATAKA, INDIA *Corresponding Author- E amil: [email protected]
24
Embed
Multivariate analysis of Cauvery River water quality ...wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/lake2008/program/Lake2008... · Symposium of Lake 2008 Multivariate analysis of Cauvery River
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Symposium of Lake 2008
Multivariate analysis of Cauvery River water quality around KRS Damwater quality around KRS Dam,
Karnataka, India
S.SRIKANTASWAMY*, SIAMAK GHOLAMI DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE,
MANASAGANGOTRIMANASAGANGOTRI,MYSORE 570 006, KARNATAKA, INDIA
IntroductionIntroductionRi ti l f th i l f f f lifRivers are essential for the survival of any forms of life.Some loads of waste from industries, domestic sewage and agriculturalpractices find their way into rivers, resulting in large scale deteriorationof thewater qualityof thewater qualityIncreasing urbanization and industrialization has been deteriorating thewater quality of the reservoir resources as discharge of sewage andmunicipal wastes intowater bodies have negative impactsIn the present study water quality analysis of Cauvery River aroundKrishna Raja Sagar (KRS) Dam has been carried out in order todetermine the sources responsible for deterioration of water quality forvarious usesvarious uses.More than 70 percent of the drinking water supply to Mysore city is fromthe Cauvery River, hence it is important to monitor the water quality ofCauvery RiveryThis river is also under environmental stress due to siltation, humanencroachment, high macrophytic population and sewage in put fromvarious sourcesThere are number of discharging loads of sewage, domestic waste waterand industrial effluents directly into the river
University Mysore
•The River basin of Cauvery is one of the major rivers of India.•Cauvery River originates at Talakavery in the Western Gates in the state of Karnataka, flows generally south and east through Karnataka, and there are many tributaries .
•Studies were carried out around the KRS dam and downstream. There are activities like irrigation, agricultural and industrial basin around the dam and river
• Location - Across River Cauvery near Kannambadi Village
• Level of Storages.• i) Full reservoir level (FRL) 124.80 Feet• ii) Minimum drawdown level (MDDL)
74.00 Feet• iii) Dead storage level 60.00 Feet
University Mysore
This river flows through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and across the south ofDeccan plateau through the southeastern lowlands, emptying into the Bay ofBengal through two principal mouths.g g p p
Fig re2: Locations map of ater q alit monitoring Station aro nd K R S Dam
University Mysore
Figure2: Locations map of water quality monitoring Station around K.R.S. Dam
Sampling collection Stations
BD1 =Upstream of dam below the high way bridge of Hemavathi RiverBD2 =Upstream of dam below the high way bridge of Cauvery RiverBD3 =Upstream of dam below the high way bridge of Laxmanatheertha River.D1 = Upstream of dam below the railway bridge (Sagarakatte rail Station). D2 =Upstream of dam at a distance of 5 Kms from the gate of the dam.R1 =At the gate of the dam.R2 =At KRS garden (Brindavan).R3 =Downstream of dam near bridge. R4 =Downstream of River at Balamurikshetra.R5 =Downstream of River at Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary.R6 =Downstream of River near first bridge at Srirangapathana Station.R7 =Downstream of River under the second bridge at Srirangapathana Station.R8 =Downstream of River at Sangam, at confluence of two tributaries of Cauvery river.
Materials and methods
Water samples collection and analysis were carried out as per standard method of sampling techniques, APHA, (1992). Various physico-chemical parameters like temperature pH EC alkalinity total hardness total dissolved solidstemperature, pH, EC, alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO4
-2), nitrate (NO3-
), phosphate (PO4-3), dissolved oxygen (DO) and COD were determined using
standard methods. The temperature of the water was recorded using a thermoprobe on the spot. Electrical conductivity and pH were also recorded in the lab, DO was determined using Winkler’s method on the site itself. Calcium and magnesium were estimated using EDTA Titrimetry, Sodium and potassium by flame photometry, chlorides by Argentometry, sulfate by Nephalometry, and phosphates by molybdenum-blue complex formation using a spectrophotometer.a spectrophotometer. Nitrate was estimated by acid treatment followed by Spectrophotometry and estimation of COD was done by reflux Titrimetry. The quality assurance and quality procedure were also used as described in q y q y pAPHA. The data were statistically analyzed for t-test and inter correlations matrix using the SPSS 15 software packageUniversity Mysore
Results and DiscussionCa+2, which is a major component of natural waters comes mainly from the rocks, seepage, wastewater etc.Ca+2 is varied from 8.8 to 38.5 mg/l in upstream, and in down stream remained low (26.47 mg /l) during winter, But Mg+2 varied from 2.5 to 36.1 mg/l in the study area Fig 3(a d)study area. Fig 3(a-d)Ca+2, Mg+2levels in the summer were more than in the winter, belongs to same sources. This indicated of precipitation of Mg+2 in downstream zones is due to vegetation, which is also shown by greater hardness of the g y gdownstream at R8This can be correlated to SO4
-2, HCO3-, Cl- , which depends on mining sources.
The concentration of Mg+2 was more in upstream but the concentration was lower (10 to 20 mg /L) in the downstream.
30
40
/l)
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
30
40
g/l)
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
0
10
20
30
Ca
+2 (m
g/
0
10
20
30M
g+2 (
mg
University Mysore
stations Figure 3a , variations of Ca +2
stations Figure 3b , variations of Mg+2
At the Station of BD3 the Na+ concentration increased sharply to 200 mg/l in upstream and then decrease after mixing with Water in reservoir to 50 mg/l and then increasing in Cauvery downstream, after the influence of agricultural wastes p g y , g pto 250 mg/l in station Sangam (R8) .The levels of Na+ were elevated in the range of 35.5– 250 mg /L. Such high levels of Na+ would be a potential pollution for the crops if the water were used for irrigation. The presence of K+ in the natural waters is very important since it is an essential nutrient element for plant. Th t ti f K+ it l i (2 t 14 /L) i thThe concentration of K+, was quite low in summer (2 to 14 mg /L) in the downstream due to influence of agricultural waste water, which increased up to 14mg/l in the lower segment, the concentrations were higher during winter (Fig.3d).
1416
)
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
250300
ll-Winter/2007-08 lll-Summer/2008
02468
1012
K+
(mg/
l
050
100150200250
Na
+(m
g/l)
0
stations Figure 3d , variations of K +
University Mysore
stations Figure 3c , variations of Na+
•HCO3- and excess of Cl- in river water is usually taken as an index of pollution
Desirable recommended limit for chloride is 250 mg/l by ISI
• The HCO3- is compared with chloride ion, it is having less tolerance value due to
mineral sources as shown in correlation matrix (table 4).
•Upstream at Station BD2 is having HCO3- maximum up to 181.65 mg/l (Fig.3e and p 2 g 3 p g ( g
table 2), but tended to remain within permissible limits.
•During the summer, the Cl- ion of Cauvery River was between (27–133.5 mg /l). The concentration of Cl- in the river water was slightly higher in the summer sampling than in winter (Fig.3f),.
200
250
300
O3-
(mg/
l)
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
150
200
250
300
Cl-
(mg/
l)
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
0
50
100
150
HC
O
0
50
100
150C
stations Figure 3e, variations of HCO3
-
stations
figure 3f , variations of Cl - (2008)
University Mysore
The SO4-2 concentration in the river varied from 0.12 to 3.16 mg/l in Cauvery
upstream and increased from 0.41 to 3.16 mg/l in Cauvery downstream.
The concentration of SO4-2 was much lower during Winter (Fig.3g).
Winter-2007-08 Summer-08
0 .1
1
10
O4-2
(mg/
l)
Figure 3g variations of SO4-2
0 .0 1
stations
SO
University Mysore
Figure 3g , variations of SO4
•PO4-3 may enter into surface water from human-generated wastes and natural run-off. The
concentration of PO4-3 was low in the river water, ranging from (0.0048 to 0.05mg/l) in Cauvery
upstream.
•PO4-3 is correlated to K+ and is depended on pollutants in river water. This is due to agricultural
runoff containing fertilizers as well as waste water containing detergents etc. which to increase PO4-3
pollution in the downstream of water.
Th t ti f PO -3 h l d i S ( Fi 3h)• The concentration of PO43 was much lower during Summer( Figure 3h)
•Due to high activity of alga in summer NO3- is more than PO4
-3
• Common sources of nitrate contamination include fertilizers animal wastes septic tanks municipal• Common sources of nitrate contamination include fertilizers, animal wastes, septic tanks, municipal sewage treatment systems, and decaying plant debris.
•NO3- levels were quite low; varying from (0.0035 to 0.1 mg/l) during summer (Fig.3i)
• The Correlation matrix indicates that there are only EC and TDS correlated with nitrogen in the
0 12
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
0 06
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
• The Correlation matrix indicates that there are only EC and TDS correlated with nitrogen in the Cauvery River main stream and some tolerance
00.020.040.060.08
0.10.12
NO
3-(m
g/l)
0.010.020.030.040.050.06
PO4-3
(mg/
l)
stations Figure 3i, variations of NO3
- (2008)
0
stations Figure 3h, variations of PO4
-3 (2008)University Mysore
TDS is a measure of the solid materials dissolved in the river water. This includes salts, some organic materials, and a wide range of other material from nutrients to toxic materials. In the present study TDS ranged from minimum of 50 at station BD1 and maximum of 320 in BD3 in Laxmanatheertha River during summer( Fi j) Figure 3j) EC is used as a basic index to select the suitability of water for agricultural purposes.In the present study EC was minimum of 137 μmhos/cm at BDIn the present study EC was minimum of 137 μmhos/cm at BD1(Hemavathy) and maximum of 607.2 μs/cm of in BD3 (Laxmantheerth). In Figure 3k, The variations of EC are indicated that values are under all standard water quality permissible EC, TDS and all in behind Dam duo to runoff is more than the downstream500600700
mg/
l)
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
600800
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
0100200300400500
BD1BD2BD3 D1 D2 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
TDS
9m
0200400600
BD1BD2BD3 D1 D2 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
stations
EC
Figure 3j , variations of TDS
BD BD BD D D R R R R R R R Rstations Figure 3k , variations of EC stations
University Mysore
•Turbidity is a measure of the dispersion of light in a column of water. It is caused due to presence of suspended matter, clay silt, colloidal organic particles, plankton and other microscopic organisms.
•In the present study turbidity was minimum of 1(NTU) at BD1, R1, R8 and maximum of 22 in Winter at the same station (R8) (Figure 3l )8
15
20
25
ty (N
TU)
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
0
5
10
Turb
idi
University Mysore
stations Figure 3l , variations of Turbidity (2008)
•DO is one of the water quality index and like
•DO in Summer is less than in Winter Duo to Alga activity and high turbidity
•In this study it varied from 7 2-8 5 mg/l during summer and Winter•In this study, it varied from 7.2-8.5 mg/l during summer and Winter
• The highest DO was 8.3 mg/l in the reservoir (D1) in winter
• Variations of DO in summer is compare with Correlation matrix (Pearson) is + 3dependent to Temperature and Turbidity , pH , TSS, TH , K + , Po4
-3
8
8.5
9
(mg/
l)
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
6.5
7
7.5
8
DO
(
stations
Figure 3p, variations of DO
University Mysore
• Total Alkalinity in this study ranged from 50-181.65 mg/l. Alkalinity was approximately constant in down stream and it is not more than150 mg/l (Figure 3n )approximately constant in down stream and it is not more than150 mg/l (Figure 3n )
• In the Summer AL< TH . Hence, Ca +2, Mg+2 are Also present in forms other than carbonate hardness
• In Winter AL>TH So, it means that all the hardness is presented as carbonate hardness
• In the present study, minimum of 32 mg/l and maximum of 240 mg/l of Total hardness is recorded at upstream BD1 and BD3 Stations respectively
• Average of Hardness was (143.73 mg/l) in summer (Figure 3o)
200
250
300
/l)
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
250
300
II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008
0
50
100
150
200TH
(m
g/
0
50
100
150
200
kalin
ity(m
g/l)
stations Figure 3o , variations of TH (2008)
Al
stations Figure 3n, variations of Alkalinity (2008)
University Mysore
•The BOD test provides an estimate of how much biodegradable waste is present in the water
•Here BOD varied from 1-3.5 mg/l during winter and summer.Here BOD varied from 1 3.5 mg/l during winter and summer.
• Average of BOD in summer was highest, 2.52 mg/l during Summer than winter (Figure 3q).
• The COD is a measure of oxygen equivalent to the organic matter content of the water susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant and thus is an index of organic pollution in the riverto oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant and thus is an index of organic pollution in the river
•The Highest COD level at station BD3 was 45 mg /l in winter. Also it was more during summer in other stations.
• The Correlation matrix indicates that there are only Turbidity and K+, PO4-3 and nitrogenThe Correlation matrix indicates that there are only Turbidity and K , PO4 and nitrogen
correlated to COD in the Cauvery River (Figure 3r), which indicate that, there are discharges of non-point detergents influents in river.
40
50
mg/
l)
ll-Winter/2007-08 lll-Summer/2008
33.5
4
(mg/
l)
ll-Winter/2007-08 lll-Summer/2008
0
10
20
30C
OD
(m
00.5
11.5
22.5
BO
D (
University Mysore
stations
Figure 3r , variations of COD
stations
Figure 3q , variations of BOD
Inter-relationships
Table 4 presents the correlation matrix between various parametersTable 4, presents the correlation matrix between various parameters.
Most of the parameters were found to bear statistically significant l ti ith h th i di ti l i ti f thcorrelation with each other indicating close association of these
parameters with each other.
The pH and DO of the water, however, showed a highly positive correlation (r ~ 0.92, df ~ 30, p < 0.01). Both the parameters are indicators of good quality water indicating the various favorable
diti f hi h i d d d ticonditions for high primary and secondary production.
TDS and EC also had a strong correlation with a number of parameters +like Cl2 (r ~ 0.9137), hardness (r ~ 0.9669), Mg (r ~ 0.9634), Na+ (r ~
0.9915), K+ (r ~ 0.9724), and SO4-2 (r ~0.8374).
University Mysore
Na+ is well correlated with Cl - and SO4 -2
. However, Ca +2 bears a i ifi t l ti ith EC TDS SO -2 PO -3 d th tisignificant correlation with EC, TDS, SO4
2, PO43 and other cations.
This indicates the presence of calcium in the water in less soluble forms, more likely in the form of carbonates, which is also indicated by the high values of hardness in the river waterthe high values of hardness in the river water.
Dissolved oxygen showed significantly negative correlation with all the t t H ith hi h it h d iti l tiparameters except pH with which it had a positive correlation.
Only Ca +2 and Mg +2 did not show any significant correlation with DO. Thus DO can serve as a single useful index of water quality of the river because with increase in the value of most of these parameters, the DO decreases.
University Mysore
Table 2: Descriptive Statistics of water Quality (SPSS) for Cauvery River (30 sample in summer)
Descriptive StatisticsN. Parameter Maximum Minimum
ConclusionTh h i h i l t t di d ll ithi th d i bl li it fThe physico-chemical parameters studied were all within the desirable limit for drinking water quality recommended by WHO (1996) and BIS (1991). From this study, However, there is the need for routine checks to ascertain the suitability or otherwise of these water sources so as to forestall outbreak of water borne diseases.
The above data on the water quality parameters of Cauvery River clearly showed that river water was safe for drinking water supply, fishery, irrigation, and industrial purposes, as most of the parameters are found within the permissible limits.
During the monsoon season runoff could not change water quality in bad situation. Total Hardness was higher than Alkalinity (TH>TA) that is means its Non-alkalinity water and it is suitable to water pipe line. The present study has thus clearly revealed the extent of Phosphate, Nitrate in upstream and at reservoir during monsoon time and highest EC, Sulphate Total Hardness, TDS i L th th ( BD ) t
g g , p ,in Laxmantheerth ( BD3) upstream
Also the value of pH, EC, T. Alkalinity, TH, TDS, chloride was in lowest condition. But, Nitrate, Phosphate and Turbidity were more during other times. Finally, we compared the water quality index of three seasons. It provides a simple representation of e tensi e and comple ariables (ph sical chemical)simple representation of extensive and complex variables (physical, chemical) that govern the overall quality of surface water that is intended for potable use
Compromise between water resources development and the maintenance of a river in ecologically acceptable or agreed condition is necessary.