Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Data dissemination and further analysis workshop

Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Data dissemination and further analysis workshop

Child Protection

MICS4 Data Dissemination and Further Analysis Workshop

Child Protection Issues in MICS• Birth Registration• Child Labour• Child Discipline• Early Marriage• Attitudes towards Domestic Violence• Child Disability• FGM

• # 8.1

Numerator:• Number of children under age 5 whose births are

reported registered

Denominator:• Total number of children under age 5

Birth Registration - MICS Indicator

Expected patterns in data

• Unregistered children are almost always from poor, marginalized or displaced families, they live in rural areas and are from mothers with no/low education

• Significant differences in birth registration levels may exist between regions within the same country

• Very small differences in birth registration levels between boys and girls

• Levels tend to increase with child’s age

Things to consider

• Careful analysis of the questionnaire and sample size is needed before we can conclude that there have been changes in the level of birth registration when comparing with previous surveys

• Questions may have been different in past surveys

• Important to make sure the questionnaire was properly customizedConcepts that might change from one country to another:– “Birth Certificate”– “Registration”– “Civil Authority”

• Essential to identify the right authority at the state level in charge of the official recording of births

Things to look for in the tables

• Proportion of children with a birth certificate (especially if “seen”) as compared to the proportion of children who are registered – If a parent does not have a certificate this may represent

another obstacle in a child’s life for example enrollment in school.

• Proportion of mothers who do not know how to register the child is very useful for the design of programmatic interventions

MICS4 Survey Design Workshop

Sex

Male

Female

Region

Region 1

Region 2

Region 3

Region 4

Region 5

Residence

Urban

Rural

Age

0-11 months

12-23 months

24-35 months

36-47 months

48-59 months

Mother’s education

None

Primary

Secondary

Higher

Wealth index quintile

Poorest

Second

Middle

Fourth

Richest

Religion/Language/Ethnicity of household head

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Total

Table CP.1: Birth registration

1 MICS indicator 8.1

Number of children w ithout birth registration

Percentage of children under age 5 by w hether birth is registered and percentage of children not registered w hose mothers/caretakers know how to register birth, Country, Year

Total registered1

No birth certif icate

Has birth certificate

Seen Not seen

Children under age 5 whose birth is registered w ith civil authorities

Percent of children w hose mother/caretaker know s

how to register birth

Number of

children

Children under age 5 whose birth is not registered

Table CP.1: Birth registrationPercentage of children under age 5 by whether birth is registered and percentage of children not registered whose mothers/caretakers know how to register birth

Children under age 5 whose birth is registered with civil authorities

Number of children

Children under age 5 whose birth is not registered

Has birth certificate

No birth certificate Total registered [1]

Percent of children whose

mother/caretaker knows how to register

birth

Number of children without birth registrationSeen Not seen

Sexe Masculin 3.5 11.9 .6 16.1 8413 25.0 7063Feminin 3.6 10.7 .9 15.2 8593 27.0 7290

Region XX 1.3 14.4 .7 16.4 1033 13.7 863XX 1.1 6.4 .1 7.7 151 45.6 139XX .7 8.2 1.3 10.3 839 36.6 753XX 1.6 9.7 .7 12.0 811 15.0 714XX 1.4 5.4 .1 6.8 964 17.2 898XX 1.8 12.5 .3 14.6 765 10.3 653XX 1.8 4.4 .0 6.2 683 10.5 640XX 2.4 8.2 1.8 12.5 863 48.7 755XX 3.1 5.9 .4 9.3 1163 32.3 1055XX 1.7 17.6 .1 19.4 1163 33.3 938XX 1.1 4.6 .2 6.0 1260 22.1 1185XX 1.1 3.6 2.2 6.8 893 48.8 832XX 3.5 9.7 .6 13.8 841 37.1 725XX 1.8 6.3 1.0 9.1 1301 16.4 1183XX .6 8.0 .2 8.8 538 14.1 491XX 1.5 5.7 .7 7.9 923 35.2 851XX 1.1 11.6 .6 13.3 717 14.9 621XX 20.9 36.9 1.6 59.4 1670 30.3 678XX 2.1 9.5 .9 12.4 142 29.2 125XX 1.4 10.0 .2 11.6 287 12.6 254

Milieu Urbain 13.3 27.0 1.8 42.0 3556 32.2 2061Rural 1.0 7.1 .5 8.6 13450 25.0 12292

Age 0-11 months 2.9 8.8 .8 12.5 3507 27.7 306812-23 months 4.4 11.6 .8 16.8 2982 26.4 248024-35 months 3.3 11.6 .7 15.5 3466 26.3 293036-47 months 3.8 12.3 .8 16.8 3615 25.8 300648-59 months 3.6 12.2 .7 16.5 3436 24.0 2868

Niveau d'instruction de la mère Aucun 2.2 9.4 .5 12.0 12850 21.4 11308Primaire 4.6 13.0 1.5 19.1 3002 41.6 2430Secondaire & + 16.6 28.1 2.0 46.7 1150 50.8 613Manquant/NSP .0 70.5 .0 70.5 3 .0 1

Wealth index quintiles Poorest .1 4.8 .0 5.0 3300 16.2 3136Second .8 6.2 .4 7.4 3479 23.0 3221Middle 1.0 8.3 .3 9.7 3624 26.4 3273Fourth 2.5 10.4 1.1 13.9 3599 33.6 3097Richest 14.9 28.8 2.1 45.9 3004 35.8 1626

Religion du chef de ménage Animiste 1.4 4.6 1.2 7.2 484 37.1 449Catholique 2.8 11.3 1.2 15.4 2918 34.5 2470Protestant 4.6 9.9 .8 15.3 3048 39.9 2583Musulmane 3.7 12.6 .6 17.0 9796 18.0 8134Autre religion .0 7.6 .9 8.5 82 58.9 75Pas de religion/Manquant 1.8 3.3 .2 5.4 679 27.9 642

Total 3.6 11.3 .8 15.6 17006 26.1 14353[1] MICS indicator 8.1


Some ideas for further analyses

Explore associations in the dataset, for example:

• Early childhood services may provide an access point for registration, and the likelihood that the child is registered might be related to whether the birth was assisted by a skilled attendant, or whether the child received vaccinations

• Children who are registered by whether the child screen negative or positive to disability questions


Compare with other data sources and further studies, for example:

• Comparison and additional analysis needed if there is a significant difference in findings compared to vital registration data.

• Further qualitative research to understand reasons for not registering births in those groups where non-registration was high.


Child Labour – MICS Indicator

# 8.2: Child Labour Percentage of children 5-14 years of age involved in child labour

• Age 5–11 years: At least 1 hour of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per week.

• Age 12–14 years: At least 14 hours of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per week.

‘Economic work’ is defined as any paid or unpaid work for someone who is not a member of the household, or other family work

Indicators and definitions

# 8.3: School attendance among child labourersPercentage of children age 5-14 years involved in child labour activities who attend school

# 8.4: Child labour among studentsNumber of children age 5-14 years attending school who are involved in child labour activities

Things to remember

• Different hour cut-off is used for economic activity, for children 5-11/ 12-14 in the definition of child labour

• The module does not capture the most harmful types of child labour

Expected patterns• Children living in rural areas, children from poor families and children whose

mothers have no/low education are more likely to be engaged in child labour

• Significant differences or levels of child labour may exist between regions within the same country, especially in countries with high levels of economic specialization

• Girls are more likely than boys to be engaged in household chores

• Most children are engaged in some form of activity (working children) but only a minority of them are engaged in child labour

• Different levels of schools attendance between child labourers and children who are not engaged in child labour


• Variations in prevalence of child labour by sex/age of the child, as well as by socio-demographic characteristics of their families

• Child labour-education relationship is important – Proportions of child labourers in school and variation in school participation by type of

activity and intensity

• Comparison between the proportion of working children and the proportion of children who are engaged in child labour

• Levels of gender specialization by type of activity and intensity of involvement in labour and work by sex


Paid w ork

Unpaid w ork

Paid w ork

Unpaid w ork

Sex

Male

Female

Region

Region 1

Region 2

Region 3

Region 4

Region 5

Residence

Urban

Rural

School attendance

Yes

No


None

Primary

Secondary

Higher


Poorest

Second

Middle

Fourth

Richest


Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Total

Table CP.2: Child labour

Percentage of children by involvement in economic activity and household chores during the past w eek, according to age groups, and percentage of children age 5-14 involved in child labour, Country, Year

Total child

labour1

Household chores less than 28 hours

Child labour

Economic activity for at

least one hour

Economic activity Economic activity for 14

hours or more

Economic activity

1 MICS indicator 8.2

Household chores for 28 hours or

more

Household chores for 28 hours or more

Child labour

Number of

children age 5-11

Number of

children age 12-

14

Percentage of children age 5-11 involved in

Working outside household Working

for family business


for family business


Number of children age 5-14

years

Household chores

less than 28 hours

Economic actvity

less than 14 hours

Table CP.2: Child labourPercentage of children by involvement in economic activity and household chores during the past week,

according to age groups, and percentage of children age 5-14 involved in child labour


Number of

children age 5-11


Number of

children age 12-14

Total child labour [1]

Number of

children age 5-14

years

Economic activity

Economic activity for

at least one hour


Household chores

for 28 hours or

moreChild labour

Economic activity

Economic actvity

less than 14 hours

Economic activity for 14 hours or more


Household chores

for 28 hours or

moreChild labour


for family business


for family business

Paid work

Unpaid work Paid work

Unpaid work

Sexe Masculin 3.0 15.7 44.9 51.4 37.0 1.0 51.5 10825 6.7 18.7 63.1 49.4 19.5 51.0 1.9 20.1 3311 44.1 14136Feminin 2.8 15.9 55.1 60.2 49.9 1.7 60.4 10695 5.4 19.7 80.9 60.1 23.1 73.2 5.3 25.0 3403 51.8 14098

Région XX 1.8 12.6 53.8 56.8 56.3 .3 56.9 1424 7.6 12.0 78.4 53.7 25.6 69.7 2.2 26.3 388 50.3 1812XX .3 3.3 44.7 45.3 37.0 5.3 46.1 180 1.1 7.6 67.5 47.9 21.3 72.5 7.5 25.3 49 41.7 229XX 2.4 22.3 56.4 62.8 40.3 .8 62.8 949 4.8 26.4 82.2 64.0 19.8 67.7 1.0 20.2 278 53.1 1227XX 6.3 12.5 47.4 53.0 46.8 .6 53.0 1029 7.7 14.2 68.4 59.4 11.8 63.3 3.0 13.3 297 44.1 1326XX 1.7 20.0 55.6 62.4 38.9 1.0 62.5 1295 4.2 26.8 80.2 48.1 35.9 57.5 7.4 36.5 354 56.9 1649XX .9 16.1 52.7 56.5 46.3 3.4 56.7 1145 1.5 23.3 79.3 65.4 16.2 67.6 5.7 19.1 391 47.1 1536XX 4.9 12.0 59.9 65.3 52.5 .8 65.3 959 11.3 11.8 75.5 64.0 15.8 68.5 4.5 17.3 321 53.3 1280XX 10.5 1.9 47.4 50.5 39.4 1.8 50.6 1117 15.9 1.4 69.7 54.5 16.3 58.5 4.5 18.8 371 42.7 1488XX 2.2 23.4 57.9 68.3 51.3 3.9 68.5 1226 3.9 33.2 78.4 46.7 39.3 63.9 7.5 42.0 395 62.0 1622XX 2.2 39.5 73.5 77.9 77.4 .4 78.0 1414 5.1 41.9 86.2 78.1 9.6 83.1 .5 10.1 427 62.2 1841XX 1.5 4.2 45.4 46.3 38.4 .4 46.3 1694 8.2 14.2 75.4 55.0 23.1 57.7 .0 23.1 534 40.7 2228XX .9 14.0 56.9 60.5 45.9 .1 60.7 1158 2.0 12.7 86.1 70.5 18.1 71.4 .1 18.2 395 49.9 1553XX 1.9 23.8 52.5 60.2 46.2 2.8 60.4 1138 5.1 26.6 75.3 51.1 27.6 65.6 8.1 30.2 388 52.7 1526XX 3.2 4.6 39.5 41.7 29.1 .0 41.7 1603 8.7 8.0 65.0 43.6 22.3 59.1 .7 22.3 445 37.5 2048XX 3.2 12.0 36.1 44.0 29.8 1.1 44.1 707 5.2 11.8 60.7 42.7 25.4 51.8 3.9 27.2 188 40.5 895XX 4.0 14.6 41.6 51.1 38.5 2.2 51.7 1231 6.2 16.4 67.9 51.1 22.1 57.6 7.3 24.2 428 44.6 1659XX .9 7.9 43.1 46.1 33.1 1.4 46.1 799 .6 12.7 69.9 51.9 20.6 59.3 .5 21.0 224 40.6 1022XX 3.2 21.8 33.9 46.8 29.2 1.3 47.1 1861 4.8 23.3 42.8 43.3 12.8 44.1 3.0 14.3 683 38.3 2544XX 1.9 5.8 45.1 48.8 38.2 1.3 49.0 195 4.7 8.4 71.2 50.6 21.9 67.1 5.6 24.4 65 42.9 260XX .9 32.4 55.0 68.3 44.5 4.0 68.3 396 3.3 35.8 79.6 38.6 45.0 60.6 12.2 45.3 94 63.9 490

Milieu Urbain 2.5 18.0 39.1 47.9 36.4 1.1 48.2 4301 4.3 20.0 54.1 48.0 13.9 53.0 4.0 15.7 1536 39.6 5838Rural 3.0 15.2 52.7 57.7 45.2 1.4 57.8 17219 6.6 19.0 77.4 56.9 23.5 65.0 3.6 24.6 5178 50.2 22396

School participation

Yes 3.2 16.9 54.5 60.1 48.8 1.7 60.2 9475 5.7 19.1 68.6 54.7 18.5 60.7 3.6 19.9 3832 48.6 13307No 2.7 14.9 46.4 52.4 39.3 1.1 52.5 12045 6.6 19.3 76.7 55.0 25.1 64.3 3.7 26.2 2882 47.4 14927

Niveau d'instruction de la mère

Aucun 3.0 15.3 50.5 56.0 43.7 1.3 56.1 17332 6.4 19.5 74.1 55.6 22.3 63.2 3.4 23.4 5361 48.4 22693Primaire 3.0 16.9 50.5 56.1 44.3 1.8 56.3 3231 5.8 17.8 69.5 54.6 19.2 60.9 5.0 21.4 994 48.1 4225Secondaire & +

1.4 21.5 38.9 49.9 37.1 1.2 49.9 948 2.4 19.2 49.2 42.8 13.2 53.0 3.5 14.9 353 40.4 1301

Manquant/NSP

.0 .0 67.2 67.2 4.9 22.3 67.2 9 .0 .0 100.0 100.0 .0 8.2 .0 .0 5 42.2 14

Wealth index quintiles

Poorest 2.5 16.3 54.1 58.8 47.5 1.4 58.9 4620 4.9 21.3 79.9 55.6 26.9 65.3 4.1 27.9 1312 52.0 5932Second 3.1 14.7 53.0 57.6 44.1 1.4 57.6 4474 7.3 19.3 77.4 56.1 23.7 64.6 3.5 24.9 1347 50.1 5821Middle 3.8 17.1 51.5 57.4 44.5 1.2 57.5 4360 8.1 21.2 75.9 58.2 22.7 65.0 3.2 23.9 1418 49.3 5777Fourth 2.8 14.3 52.4 58.2 45.1 1.6 58.3 4348 7.1 15.1 76.8 57.2 21.8 63.8 4.9 23.5 1263 50.5 5610Richest 2.3 16.7 36.5 45.1 34.6 1.1 45.3 3719 2.9 18.7 51.1 47.2 11.8 52.7 2.8 13.2 1374 36.6 5093

Religion Animiste 2.2 15.6 49.2 52.3 51.7 .9 52.3 750 14.5 14.5 74.5 56.4 21.2 67.0 .7 21.3 238 44.8 988Catholique

3.2 20.8 55.6 62.5 50.0 2.0 62.7 3789 5.1 24.7 76.6 57.7 22.3 64.5 4.6 23.9 1244 53.1 5033

Protestant

3.5 15.9 53.1 58.6 48.4 1.5 58.7 3560 6.7 18.6 75.2 57.3 21.7 67.0 3.8 23.4 1241 49.6 4801

Musulmane

2.6 14.7 47.5 53.4 40.3 1.2 53.5 12454 5.7 18.6 69.1 53.1 20.6 60.6 3.3 21.7 3669 46.2 16123

Autre religion

.3 21.1 57.7 58.0 43.0 .0 58.0 129 .0 22.1 89.6 64.0 26.4 74.4 6.8 26.8 44 50.1 173

Pas de religion/Manquant

4.2 8.6 48.1 51.5 32.3 .9 51.5 837 6.3 8.8 73.2 50.5 24.7 46.6 5.0 26.1 278 45.2 1115

Total 2.9 15.8 50.0 55.8 43.4 1.3 55.9 21520 6.1 19.2 72.1 54.8 21.3 62.2 3.7 22.6 6714 48.0 28234



Percentage of children involved in child labour

Percentage of children attending school

Number of children age 5-14

years

Percentage of child labourers

w ho are attending school1

Number of children age 5-14 years involved in child labour

Percentage of children attending school w ho are involved in child

labour2

Number of children age 5-14 years attending school

Sex

Male

Female

Region

Region 1

Region 2

Region 3

Region 4

Region 5

Residence

Urban

Rural

Age

5-11

12-14


None

Primary

Secondary

Higher


Poorest

Second

Middle

Fourth

Richest


Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Total

Table CP.3: Child labour and school attendance

Percentage of children age 5-14 years involved in child labour w ho are attending school, and percentage of children age 5-14 years attending school w ho are involved in child labour, Country, Year

1 MICS indicator 8.32 MICS indicator 8.4

Table CP.3: Child labour and school attendancePercentage of children age 5-14 years involved in child labour who are attending school, and percentage of children age 5-14 years attending school who are involved in

child labour

Percentage of

children involved in child labour

Percentage of children attending

schoolNumber of children

age 5-14 years

Percentage of child labourers who are

attending school [1]

Number of children age 5-14 years involved in child

labour

Percentage of children attending

school who are involved in child

labour [2]

Number of children age 5-14 years

attending schoolSexe Masculin 44.1 51.2 14136 50.5 6237 43.6 7234

Feminin 51.8 43.1 14098 45.4 7308 54.6 6073

Région XX 50.3 32.8 1812 33.2 912 50.9 595

XX 41.7 41.5 229 41.4 95 41.6 95

XX 53.1 30.3 1227 29.0 652 50.8 372

XX 44.1 44.9 1326 44.9 585 44.2 595

XX 56.9 19.7 1649 19.2 939 55.4 325

XX 47.1 29.6 1536 30.0 724 47.9 454

XX 53.3 22.7 1280 22.1 682 51.8 291

XX 42.7 67.0 1488 72.2 635 46.0 997

XX 62.0 59.3 1622 57.6 1006 60.2 962

XX 62.2 55.4 1841 51.8 1146 58.2 1019

XX 40.7 55.3 2228 65.7 908 48.4 1231

XX 49.9 64.3 1553 71.9 774 55.7 999

XX 52.7 76.2 1526 80.9 805 56.0 1162

XX 37.5 31.3 2048 28.8 767 34.4 642

XX 40.5 27.0 895 25.0 363 37.6 241

XX 44.6 68.0 1659 69.0 740 45.3 1128

XX 40.6 12.1 1022 9.1 415 30.6 124

XX 38.3 72.8 2544 73.6 975 38.7 1853

XX 42.9 32.5 260 35.6 111 46.9 85

XX 63.9 27.8 490 24.0 313 55.1 136

Milieu Urbain 39.6 67.1 5838 69.1 2313 40.9 3915

Rural 50.2 41.9 22396 43.4 11232 51.9 9392

Age 5-11 years 55.9 44.0 21520 47.4 12028 60.2 9475

12-14 years 22.6 57.1 6714 50.2 1518 19.9 3832

Niveau d'instruction de la mère Aucun 48.4 40.1 22693 40.6 10981 49.0 9104

Primaire 48.1 72.9 4225 76.2 2032 50.3 3079

Secondaire & + 40.4 85.2 1301 86.2 526 40.9 1109

Manquant/NSP 42.2 98.4 14 100.0 6 42.9 14

Wealth index quintiles Poorest 52.0 35.6 5932 38.7 3085 56.5 2114

Second 50.1 37.4 5821 37.9 2914 50.8 2176

Middle 49.3 43.7 5777 45.8 2847 51.7 2524

Fourth 50.5 51.1 5610 52.1 2833 51.5 2868

Richest 36.6 71.2 5093 74.5 1866 38.3 3626

Religion du chef de ménage Animiste 44.8 56.5 988 61.8 443 49.0 558

Catholique 53.1 64.7 5033 66.3 2674 54.4 3259

Protestant 49.6 69.2 4801 71.0 2381 50.9 3320

Musulmane 46.2 33.6 16123 31.7 7457 43.5 5424

Autre religion 50.1 62.4 173 62.0 87 49.8 108

Pas de religion/Manquant 45.2 57.2 1115 63.1 504 49.8 638

Total 48.0 47.1 28234 47.8 13545 48.6 13307

[1] MICS indicator 8.3 [2] MICS indicator 8.4



• Association between child labour and school attendance by sex of the child and other background characteristics to assess the relative impact of child labour and sex on school participation

• School participation for child labourers by the level of education of the mother also - cross tabulated with sex.

• Relationship between school drop outs and labour • Child labour (family business/household chores) and child

discipline• Child labour by family settings (including family size and

number of children)

Violent Discipline Indicator: definition

• Numerator: Children age 2-14 years who experienced psychological aggression or physical punishment during the 30 days preceding the survey

• Denominator: Children age 2-14

Definition of violent discipline• Psychological aggression: shouting, yelling and screaming at

the child, and addressing her or him with offensive names.

• Physical (or corporal) punishment: actions intended to cause the child physical pain or discomfort but not injuries. This include: shaking the child and slapping or hitting him or her on the hand, arm, leg or bottom, hitting the child on the face, head or ears, or hitting the child hard or repeatedly.

Expected patterns

• Non-violent discipline is more common than violent discipline. Caregivers use non-violent disciplinary practices with the overwhelming majority of children. However, the proportion of children who are subject to non-violent methods only are a minority

• Psychological violence is more common than physical violence However, these forms of violence are linked and occur together: most children are likely to experience both physical punishment and psychological aggression

• Family wealth and levels of education of household members are significantly associated with attitudes in most countries, but not always with disciplinary practices

• Larger variations in attitudes than in practices


• Variations in the use of violent disciplinary practices by sex/age of the child, as well as socio-demographic characteristics of their families that may predict which children are most at risk of violent discipline

• Variations in the support for physical punishment by sex, education, wealth of the respondent

• Comparison between proportion of children who experience physical punishment and proportion of respondents who believe physical punishment is necessary

Things to look out in the tables and things to remember

• Respondent is reporting on disciplinary practices used by any adult household member (not his own practices)

• Previous MICS data were collected from mothers/primary caregivers; differences between surveys can be due to reporting issues

• Previous MICS tables presented data on physical punishment separated for moderate and severe

• Prevalence of severe punishment has to be lower than prevalence for any physical punishment

• Same cases need to remain empty as they are not applicable (ex. education of the household head under the column for attitudes, respondent’s education under prevalence of disciplinary practices)

• Proportion of children who do not receive any discipline (i.e. not violent nor non-violent only) should be minimal

Table CP.4: Child disciplinePercentage of children age 2-14 years according to method of disciplining the child

Percentage of children age 2-14 years who experienced:

Number of children age 2-14 years

Respondent believes that the child needs to be physically punished

Respondents to the child discipline module

Only non-violent discipline

Psychological aggression

Physical punishmentAny violent discipline method [1]Any Severe

Sexe Masculin 10.3 71.9 77.4 41.2 85.0 19614 38.9 6107Feminin 10.8 69.8 75.8 40.9 83.6 19740 37.6 6339

Région XX 7.3 59.7 75.7 38.4 83.5 2504 38.6 745XX 13.6 64.0 68.3 37.6 76.6 337 29.0 120XX 8.2 71.5 81.4 39.5 87.2 1793 43.8 603XX 5.3 82.4 81.0 52.3 91.2 1840 48.6 576XX 13.5 61.9 75.5 36.5 81.3 2302 40.2 717XX 17.4 59.5 70.8 37.7 76.7 2059 30.2 707XX 7.9 74.6 82.0 47.3 84.7 1767 32.8 564XX 13.9 71.6 71.5 37.9 79.5 2026 28.5 677XX 5.8 86.9 82.3 45.2 93.3 2399 44.9 757XX 7.6 73.7 83.5 52.5 90.3 2567 21.8 832XX 4.1 85.9 90.8 60.1 93.5 3072 41.7 855XX 6.3 83.4 74.9 28.7 89.5 2087 52.8 562XX 7.5 82.4 78.7 38.7 89.5 2038 60.5 641XX 14.8 66.0 78.5 37.3 83.1 2889 34.9 977XX 14.4 61.7 65.8 33.9 71.6 1291 36.5 390XX 9.7 72.7 76.2 43.5 86.6 2223 39.9 674XX 29.2 43.7 51.8 18.2 59.9 1525 17.5 500XX 11.8 63.5 71.8 40.8 81.5 3574 37.9 1223XX 21.1 59.1 61.5 27.4 71.2 365 39.3 114XX 9.8 64.7 74.7 27.8 83.4 697 47.8 213

Milieu Urbain 11.3 67.8 73.9 41.2 83.0 8055 37.3 2673Rural 10.4 71.6 77.3 41.0 84.7 31299 38.5 9773

Age 2-4 years 11.9 63.6 72.5 36.3 78.9 11526 35.2 41885-9 years 10.1 72.2 79.2 43.5 86.1 15670 38.8 467610-14 years 9.8 76.0 77.1 42.3 87.1 12158 41.0 3583

Niveau d'instruction du chef de ménage

Aucun 10.9 68.9 76.4 41.4 83.4 25250 na naPrimaire 9.6 76.8 79.2 39.6 87.2 8274 na naSecondaire & + 10.5 71.2 73.8 41.3 84.3 5546 na naManquant/NSP 10.6 63.1 72.3 45.6 80.5 284 na na

Respondent's education None na na na na na na 37.3 8401Primary na na na na na na 41.4 2526Secondary + na na na na na na 38.1 1506Missing/DK na na na na na na 49.0 13

Wealth index quintiles Poorest 8.9 73.2 78.9 42.6 86.4 8176 35.6 2750Second 12.7 71.0 74.1 40.0 82.1 8139 35.9 2609Middle 10.1 72.4 77.7 41.0 84.7 8136 39.5 2516Fourth 9.6 70.0 77.9 40.9 85.2 7907 41.5 2440Richest 11.5 67.2 74.2 40.7 83.1 6996 39.2 2133

Religion du chef de ménage

Animiste 5.1 85.8 84.5 50.0 89.9 1293 30.0 319Catholique 6.0 77.8 79.5 42.6 90.3 6850 40.0 2170Protestant 9.6 78.3 79.8 45.2 87.4 6686 40.2 2138Musulmane 12.9 64.7 74.1 38.4 80.7 22726 36.7 7293Autre religion 4.4 82.7 75.3 32.7 88.7 229 43.8 59Pas de religion/Manquant 5.3 84.4 81.2 48.5 91.9 1570 50.6 468

Total 10.5 70.9 76.6 41.0 84.3 39354 38.2 12447


• Experience of violent discipline by mother’s/caregiver’s attitudes towards corporal punishment (i.e. see to which extent attitudes influence practices)

• Experience of violent discipline by family setting (household size and number of children, present of parents in the household, type of marital union)

• Experience of violent discipline and use of alcohol in the household

• Attitudes towards physical punishment and attitudes towards domestic violence

• Attitudes towards physical punishment and exposure to media

• Experience of violent discipline and early childhood indicators (Parent-child interaction, parental involvement with the child, materials and stimulation provided, CDI)

Early Marriage - MICS Indicators

# 8.6: Marriage before age 15Proportion of women age 15-49 years who were first married or in union by the exact age of 15

# 8.7: Marriage before age 18Proportion of women age 20-49 years who were first married or in union by the exact age of 18

#8.8: Young women age 15-19 years currently married or in union

Marriage - MICS Indicators

8.9: PolygynyProportion of women age 15-49 years who are in a polygynous union

Only applicable in countries where polygyny is practiced Requires customization of questionnaire if not asked (add skips in MA2)

8.10a and 8.10b: Spousal age difference Proportion of women currently married or in union whose spouse is 10 or more years older (a) for women age 15-19 years, (b) for women age 20-24 years

Expected patterns

• Decline in the prevalence of child marriage, particularly for marriages below age 15

• Significant differences in prevalence of child marriage between women and men

• Higher levels of child marriage among the poorest

women/men, women/men living in rural areas, women/men with no/low education


• Trends in the proportion of women/men married/in union before age 18 and 15 can be obtained by comparing age cohorts (20-24, 25-29, 30-34…)

• Percentage of women 20-24 married by 18 and percentage of women 15-19 married by 15 give an indication of the most recent situation

• Comparison between the percentages of women/men married by age 15 and by age 18 for the same cohorts/groups of women/men gives you the proportions of women/men married by 15 and those married at age 15 or after but before age 18


• Some cases in the tables should be empty as they are not applicable

• Some values should be the same across the tables

• Proportion of women for which age of the partner is unknown

• Number of unweighted cases from women 15-19 and 20-24 who are currently married

• Spousal age differences are produced using the age of the current husband, even if formerly married

Table CP.5: Early marriage and polygyny

Percentage

married before age 15 [1]

Number of women age 15-

49 years

Percentage married before

age 15

Percentage married before

age 18 [2]

Number of women age 20-49 years

Percentage of women 15-19 years currently

married/in union [3]


Percentage of women age

15-49 years in polygynous marriage/ union [4]


currently married/in

unionRegion XX 37.6 804 40.9 74.9 646 53.6 158 33.8 680

XX 19.8 142 23.4 63.3 109 45.6 33 29.4 110XX 41.0 756 43.3 78.8 599 68.5 157 38.1 651XX 37.3 714 39.9 73.5 576 48.3 138 43.7 572XX 40.4 832 42.4 78.9 660 57.9 172 40.1 708XX 27.8 772 31.1 75.4 618 46.0 154 22.8 641XX 43.1 576 43.2 83.9 469 63.7 108 39.3 498XX 21.1 897 24.7 66.4 694 40.3 204 32.0 651XX 21.1 966 21.6 67.7 768 50.8 198 36.4 790XX 18.9 1013 21.1 68.2 837 53.6 176 43.0 867XX 27.0 1203 29.4 82.3 969 61.2 233 45.3 1074XX 27.1 857 32.1 69.4 665 38.2 192 47.6 693XX 13.3 861 14.3 59.6 695 21.5 166 37.6 583XX 26.4 1187 29.6 63.2 918 43.4 268 44.3 914XX 48.2 453 49.8 81.3 363 56.9 91 41.4 372XX 26.4 896 28.8 71.7 705 50.1 190 39.9 716XX 22.9 626 23.6 63.6 489 49.4 137 43.9 509XX 23.5 2008 26.0 51.7 1550 38.1 458 32.0 1330XX 32.3 133 36.4 70.4 100 40.1 33 25.5 104XX 25.6 236 26.9 64.7 186 42.9 50 44.4 186

Milieu Urbain 25.2 3994 28.0 58.5 3040 39.5 954 32.7 2755Rural 28.9 11938 31.1 72.7 9577 51.0 2361 40.4 9894

Age 15-19 18.9 3315 . . 0 47.7 3315 19.3 158220-24 28.2 3003 28.2 68.3 3003 . 0 29.8 247225-29 30.3 3064 30.3 69.4 3064 . 0 38.9 281730-34 33.7 2350 33.7 72.0 2350 . 0 45.8 215835-39 30.8 1920 30.8 67.3 1920 . 0 45.3 172840-44 30.8 1284 30.8 68.5 1284 . 0 53.2 110145-49 27.2 995 27.2 70.2 995 . 0 50.3 790

Niveau d'instruction de la femme

Aucun 32.4 11092 33.8 73.9 9337 58.4 1755 41.1 9536Primaire 21.9 3039 24.8 65.9 2169 39.6 870 34.2 2195Secondaire & + 10.8 1801 12.2 37.2 1111 30.6 690 24.3 918

Wealth index quintiles Poorest 25.0 3044 27.4 71.2 2481 45.0 563 37.8 2373Second 30.3 3065 32.8 74.3 2468 50.3 598 39.6 2538Middle 29.0 3162 31.6 72.8 2503 51.5 659 38.1 2667Fourth 29.8 3272 31.3 71.1 2566 54.0 705 39.8 2700Richest 25.6 3389 28.6 57.3 2599 38.9 791 38.0 2371

Religion du chef de ménage Animiste 29.4 502 32.3 79.3 417 50.6 85 56.3 447Catholique 21.3 2883 23.3 68.6 2302 42.6 580 38.5 2204Protestant 18.9 2988 21.4 62.2 2335 41.2 653 35.1 2247Musulmane 33.1 8895 35.6 70.9 7014 51.1 1880 38.3 7178Autre religion 18.8 69 18.6 66.9 63 21.4 6 42.8 58Pas de religion/Manquant 27.6 596 29.0 74.2 484 54.3 111 45.5 515

Total 27.9 15932 30.3 69.3 12617 47.7 3315 38.7 12649[1] MICS indicator 8.6 [2] MICS indicator 8.7 [3] MICS indicator 8.8 [4] MICS indicator 8.9

Table CP.6: Trends in early marriage

Percentage of women who were first married or entered into a marital union before age 15 and 18, by residence and age groups,Country,Year

Urban Rural All

Percentage of women married

before age 15

Number of women


before age 18

Number of

women


before age 15

Number of women


before age 18

Number of women


before age 15

Number of women


before age 18

Number of women

Age

15-19 na na na na na na

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

Total

Figures in the total row are based on women age 15-49 and 20-49 for marriage before age 15 and age 18, respectively

Same values as in CP 5

Table CP.7: Spousal age differencePercent distribution of women currently married/in union age 15-19 and 20-24 years according to the age difference with their husband or partner,

Percentage of currently married/in union women age 15-19 years whose husband or partner is: Number of

women age 15-19 years


union

Percentage of currently married/in union women age 20-24 years whose husband or partner is: Number of

women age 20-24 years


unionYounger0-4 years

older5-9 years

older10+ years older [1]

Husband/partner's

age unknown Total Younger

0-4 years older

5-9 years older

10+ years older *

Husband/partner's

age unknown Total

Région XX .4 20.2 31.2 28.2 19.9 100.0 84 1.9 7.3 40.3 45.4 5.1 100.0 144XX .0 20.7 26.0 42.4 10.9 100.0 15 1.6 15.4 38.9 37.6 6.4 100.0 24XX .0 27.3 26.8 29.9 16.0 100.0 107 2.1 22.8 37.5 35.0 2.6 100.0 141XX .0 9.7 41.2 30.7 18.4 100.0 67 .0 11.8 28.5 45.2 14.5 100.0 103XX .6 8.8 30.5 44.5 15.6 100.0 100 3.3 11.0 29.2 41.6 14.9 100.0 149XX 3.2 13.7 36.7 44.0 2.4 100.0 71 2.0 6.0 38.1 42.2 11.7 100.0 110XX .0 23.8 29.3 35.5 11.4 100.0 69 2.5 9.6 30.8 41.4 15.8 100.0 84XX .0 28.5 23.3 16.7 31.4 100.0 82 1.8 20.2 27.9 27.7 22.3 100.0 142XX 1.8 41.3 25.4 24.1 7.4 100.0 101 1.1 42.6 33.8 18.3 4.2 100.0 167XX 2.7 22.4 34.1 30.6 10.2 100.0 94 .0 34.4 27.0 31.8 6.7 100.0 171XX 1.2 18.2 32.1 23.6 25.0 100.0 143 .0 20.4 17.6 36.1 25.9 100.0 222XX .0 29.9 14.7 8.1 47.3 100.0 73 .4 9.8 18.5 28.1 43.3 100.0 123XX .0 8.3 30.5 53.0 8.2 100.0 36 2.1 19.5 43.5 24.7 10.2 100.0 107XX 1.8 13.1 34.0 31.5 19.6 100.0 117 1.2 18.2 29.7 40.1 10.8 100.0 165XX .0 15.5 44.1 30.7 9.8 100.0 52 .6 6.3 32.2 28.6 32.3 100.0 76XX .5 21.2 37.9 32.1 8.3 100.0 95 .2 29.3 18.2 27.4 24.9 100.0 142XX .0 11.0 38.3 28.4 22.4 100.0 68 .2 19.2 42.6 16.3 21.8 100.0 70XX .0 10.9 30.4 44.5 14.1 100.0 175 2.8 14.0 21.5 52.5 9.2 100.0 286XX .0 14.2 43.5 25.2 17.1 100.0 13 .0 10.9 31.4 42.9 14.8 100.0 18XX 1.6 18.6 31.7 41.3 6.7 100.0 21 3.2 18.6 31.5 42.1 4.6 100.0 31

Milieu Urbain .5 12.3 31.1 42.9 13.2 100.0 377 1.9 14.7 24.3 49.6 9.5 100.0 570Rural .8 21.4 31.6 28.1 18.1 100.0 1205 1.2 20.0 30.4 31.8 16.7 100.0 1902

Age 15-19 .8 19.2 31.5 31.6 17.0 100.0 1582 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 020-24 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0 1.4 18.8 29.0 35.9 15.0 100.0 2472

Niveau d'instruction de la femme

Aucun .9 19.5 33.6 32.1 13.9 100.0 1026 1.5 16.7 29.8 38.8 13.2 100.0 1669Primaire .7 18.4 25.6 27.1 28.2 100.0 345 1.2 22.1 27.0 27.4 22.3 100.0 531Secondaire & + .3 19.0 30.8 36.5 13.4 100.0 211 1.2 24.8 27.5 34.6 11.9 100.0 273

Wealth index quintiles

Poorest .0 21.3 29.7 24.2 24.8 100.0 253 .4 20.1 28.2 36.6 14.6 100.0 397Second 1.3 20.8 34.3 28.6 15.0 100.0 301 1.0 24.3 28.8 24.4 21.5 100.0 539Middle 1.8 25.3 33.4 23.4 16.1 100.0 339 1.1 23.0 35.3 25.4 15.2 100.0 511Fourth .0 18.1 31.1 32.8 17.9 100.0 381 2.9 12.3 29.4 41.8 13.5 100.0 523Richest .6 10.5 28.4 48.4 12.1 100.0 307 1.3 14.1 23.0 52.1 9.6 100.0 503

Religion du chef de ménage

Animiste .3 17.7 29.0 24.6 28.4 100.0 43 .5 8.5 20.6 43.1 27.3 100.0 85Catholique 1.1 28.8 26.0 26.7 17.3 100.0 247 2.3 27.8 29.7 22.0 18.2 100.0 423Protestant 1.2 30.6 28.6 18.6 21.0 100.0 269 .2 30.5 28.2 22.2 18.9 100.0 460Musulmane .6 14.0 33.5 37.0 14.8 100.0 961 1.7 12.4 30.4 44.2 11.3 100.0 1394Autre religion .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0 100.0 1 .0 27.8 17.2 38.5 16.5 100.0 13Pas de religion/Manquant

.0 13.0 36.2 29.0 21.9 100.0 61 .0 23.1 17.1 34.5 25.2 100.0 97

Total .8 19.2 31.5 31.6 17.0 100.0 1582 1.4 18.8 29.0 35.9 15.0 100.0 2472


• Child marriage and attitudes towards domestic violence

• Child marriage and early childbearing

• Child marriage and contraceptive use

• Child marriage and knowledge of HIV prevention

• Child marriage and number of children

Zambia Nigeria Burkina Faso Kenya Benin Cameroon Zimbabwe0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Married before age 18

Married between ages 18-24

Married at age 25 or later

Percentage of currently married women who agree that a husband is justified in beating his wife if she goes out without telling him, by age at first marriage, DHS 2002-2009

Women who marry as children are more likely to justify wife-beating

Attitudes toward Domestic Violence - MICS Indicator

Percentage of women aged 15-49 who state that a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife in at least one of the following circumstances:

– (1) she goes out without telling him, – (2) she neglects the children,– (3) she argues with him,– (4) she refuses sex with him,– (5) she burns the food

Expected patterns

• Women from the poorest quintiles and women with no education are more likely to justify wife-beating

• High level of consistency across regions/groups of women in the pattern of agreement with reasons justifying wife beating, although the extent of agreement can vary greatly (i.e. women are thinking about gender roles and duties when answering these questions)

• Neglecting the children and going out without telling the husband are the most common reasons

• Women, especially girls, are more likely to justify domestic violence than their male counterparts


• Disparities by place of residence/ethnicity/wealth quintile/education

• Attitudes by age of the respondent

• Attitudes by marital status

• Main reasons for justifying wife beating

Table CP.11: Attitudes toward domestic violencePercentage of women age 15-49 years who believe a husband is justified in beating his wife/partner in various circumstances

Percentage of women age 15-49 years who believe a husband is justified in beating his wife/partner:


If goes out without telling him

If she neglects the children

If she argues with him

If she refuses sex with him

If she burns the food

For any of these reasons [1]

Région XX 43.9 43.4 41.0 36.9 47.3 60.1 804XX 15.2 14.5 5.0 14.3 9.6 22.7 142XX 29.9 28.3 23.3 22.8 19.5 37.8 756XX 46.5 42.5 36.0 36.9 39.1 55.0 714XX 53.9 56.2 41.0 42.3 47.3 64.1 832XX 19.7 24.6 25.0 24.1 21.3 40.2 772XX 53.1 54.9 47.3 55.6 42.7 65.5 576XX 80.4 81.5 77.2 72.8 78.5 89.1 897XX 71.6 71.4 52.9 44.7 49.4 74.8 966XX 32.1 34.9 33.0 22.6 39.2 59.3 1013XX 55.0 53.4 39.1 43.5 40.4 57.8 1203XX 50.4 52.4 34.7 38.8 55.1 61.1 857XX 65.5 70.3 66.0 54.0 69.0 79.8 861XX 57.7 56.8 46.0 45.6 40.5 76.7 1187XX 46.0 45.1 37.0 53.5 38.6 68.6 453XX 50.2 48.0 46.9 47.9 46.3 61.5 896XX 14.1 14.9 14.0 15.0 17.2 24.9 626XX 41.3 45.0 34.8 33.2 32.7 67.2 2008XX 35.0 37.3 30.0 32.5 35.1 40.6 133XX 59.1 63.4 46.0 44.3 40.9 70.1 236

Milieu Urbain 46.1 47.7 38.2 37.9 38.2 65.7 3994Rural 48.9 49.7 41.8 40.7 43.6 61.3 11938

Age 15-19 45.1 46.3 38.0 36.7 40.8 59.2 331520-24 48.6 50.5 41.5 40.7 42.7 64.2 300325-29 49.9 50.9 42.5 41.0 42.4 64.3 306430-34 49.3 49.4 41.4 40.9 44.4 62.8 235035-39 46.5 48.1 40.8 39.7 40.6 61.1 192040-44 50.8 52.0 42.4 42.1 44.1 63.8 128445-49 49.9 47.6 40.8 41.2 41.3 61.7 995

Statut marital Actuellement mariée ou en union 48.2 49.3 41.1 41.1 42.7 62.5 12649

Précédemment mariée ou en union

51.8 49.7 43.0 40.4 40.9 64.6 1143

Jamais mariée ou en union 46.2 48.4 38.9 33.1 40.6 60.5 2140

Niveau d'instruction de la femme Aucun 46.8 47.4 39.6 39.7 40.3 60.4 11092Primaire 54.6 55.9 47.4 43.5 49.5 67.8 3039Secondaire & + 46.3 48.9 37.9 35.9 42.0 65.6 1801

Wealth index quintiles Poorest 50.4 48.8 42.3 38.8 41.8 63.1 3044Second 48.1 49.5 40.8 40.7 43.6 61.4 3065Middle 48.1 49.6 42.6 42.0 44.4 61.3 3162Fourth 49.8 50.6 41.2 40.9 44.1 61.2 3272Richest 44.9 47.4 37.9 37.6 37.7 64.8 3389

Religion du chef de ménage Animiste 54.1 55.1 44.9 49.8 55.3 65.3 502Catholique 55.5 55.8 47.3 42.0 49.6 69.0 2883Protestant 57.7 59.1 50.8 46.0 53.2 70.8 2988Musulmane 42.1 43.0 35.2 36.5 35.0 57.5 8895Autre religion 60.5 63.9 53.0 51.0 70.0 77.8 69Pas de religion/Manquant 50.2 53.0 41.3 41.6 46.0 57.0 596

Total 48.2 49.2 40.9 40.0 42.3 62.4 15932[1] MICS indicator 8.14


• Comparison between men’s and women's attitudes towards domestic violence (both levels and patterns)

• Attitudes towards domestic violence and attitudes towards violent discipline

• Attitudes towards domestic violence and age at first marriage and or spousal difference

• Attitudes towards domestic violence by number of children ever born, regular media exposure, residence in an extended family


FGM - Background

Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) refers to a variety of practices involving cutting and alteration of the female genitalia

Regulated by CEDAW (1979), CRC (1989), the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1981), and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990).

World Fit for Children (WFFC)End harmful traditional or customary practices, such as early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation, which violates the rights of children and women

Expected patterns

• FGM/C has been described as being linked to factors such as religion and ethnic identity, social status, and education

• Large variation in FGM/C prevalence by region (practicing communities may live in certain specific areas)

• Gaps between individual attitudes and behaviours: In communities where nearly all members favor the continuation of FGM/C, it may be difficult to escape the sanctions of norms and conventions that hold the practice in place and change in the prevalence levels are more difficult to observe

• In many countries, severity of the practice and age at circumcision have decreased

• Overall, level of the practice has declined over the last 30 years, but pace remains slow in most country

Questionnaire

Three sets of questions:

1) Questions for women 15-49 years of age: Knowledge of the practice (FG1, FG2) If FGM/C has happened to her (FG3) Type of procedure: if flesh was removed, nicked without removing

flesh, sewn closed (FG4, FG5, FG6) Performer: traditional performer, health personnel (FG7)

2) Questions for FGM/C for daughters: Numbers of daughters circumcised (FG9) Last daughter circumcised (FG10) Type of procedure (FG11, FG12, FG13) Age of circumcision (FG 14) Performer: traditional performer, health personnel (FG15)

3) Attitudes regarding the continuation of the practice (FG16)

• 8.11 Approval for FGM/CNumber of women age 15-49 years favouring the continuation of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C)/Total number of women age 15-49 years who have heard of FGM/C

• 8.12 Prevalence of FGM/C among womenNumber of women age 15-49 years who report to have undergone any form of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C)/Total number of women age 15-49 years

• 8.13 Prevalence of FGM/C among girlsNumber of girls age 0-14 years who have undergone any form of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), as reported by mothers/ Total number of girls age 0-14 years

MICS Indicator


• Change in the questionnaire from MICS3 for daughters: new questionnaire allows for calculating prevalence for age group 0-14 and have more recent information on how the practice has changed

• Girls 0-14 may still be exposed to the risk of being circumcised depending on the age at which FGM/C is generally performed

• Circumstance surrounding the practice (age at circumcision, practitioners, types) may change from one ethnic group to another

• Percentage of “don’t’ knows for type of circumcision for women can be quite high (FGM/C may have been practiced when the woman was were young) but should be much lower among daughters


• Comparison of attitudes and practices to see to which extent mothers who support FGM/C are more likely to have their daughters circumcised Importance of social norms in influencing individual behaviors

• Comparison between men’s and women’s attitudes towards the practice

• Mapping FGM/C prevalence at the sub-national levels to observe the distribution of the practice on the territory

• Analysis of FGM/C by practitioner ----> Medicalization of the practice

Some ideas for further analyses• Different ways of measuring trends:

- compare mother and/or daughter prevalence rates from surveys of the same country from two (or more) points in time.- examine FGM/C rates at one point in time across five-year age cohorts for women aged 15-49. - compare the prevalence of FGM/C at one point in time between mothers and daughters

• A drop in the FGM/C prevalence rates among the youngest age cohort may be a result of recent programmatic intervention and/or broader sociocultural and political changes. Regional program evaluations and ethnographic data may provide on why changes are occurring

Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Data dissemination and further analysis workshop

Documents