MULTIPLE CHOICE

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1)Destruction of or damage to a lower motor neuron in the somatic nervous system produces 1) _______

A)the inability to localize a stimulus.

B)a subconscious response to a stimulation.

C)paralysis of the innervated motor unit.

D)a stimulation of the innervated muscle.

E)none of the above

2)Nociceptors 2) _______

A)are especially common in internal organs.

B)usually have large receptive fields.

C)are large, complex receptors.

D)convey precise information about the site of stimulation.

E)are specialized to respond to light touch.

3)________ are receptors in the lung that monitor the degree of lung expansion. 3) _______

A)Chemoreceptors

B)Nociceptors

C)Baroreptors

D)Proprioceptors

E)none of the above

4)Which of the following would require the longer processing time? 4) _______

A)information that involves processing at 4 synapses

B)information that involves processing at 2 synapses

5)The effects produced by the extrapyramidal system on lower motor neurons can be all of the following, except to 5) _______

A)stimulate a response.

B)facilitate stimulation.

C)inhibit stimulation.

D)modify a response.

E)activate a response.

6)Transduction involves all of the following, except 6) _______

A)a stimulus altering the permeability of a receptor membrane.

B)changes in the transmembrane potential of the sensory receptor.

C)the production of a generator potential.

D)the generation of an action potential that can be processed and interpreted by the CNS.

E)an inhibition of certain specific regions in the cerebral cortex.

7)Damage to the Pacinian corpuscles of the arm would interfere with the ability to feel 7) _______

A)a hot match on the surface of the skin.

B)the brush of a feather against the skin.

C)a pinch.

D)a scratch.

E)pain.

8)The cerebral nuclei 8) _______

A)initiate conscious motor activity.

B)initiate unconscious motor activity.

C)provide a background pattern and rhythm for movement.

D)exert direct control over the pyramidal cells.

E)act as gatekeepers, filtering out unnecessary motor activity.

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

9)Pain receptors are fast-acting receptors. 9) _______


10)The pyramids on the surface of the medulla are formed by fibers of the ________ tracts. 10) ______

A)corticospinal

B)corticobulbar

C)reticulospinal

D)vestibulospinal

E)tectospinal

11)A tactile receptor composed of dendritic processes of a single myelinated fiber that makes contact with unusually large epithelial cells of the stratum germinativum is a 11) ______

A)Pacinian corpuscle.

B)Meissner's corpuscle.

C)Ruffini corpuscle.

D)Merkel's disc.

E)root hair plexus.

12)Peripheral adaptation ________ the amount of information that reaches the CNS. 12) ______

A)decreases

B)increases

C)stabilizes

D)neutralizes

E)all of the above

13)Related to the medial and lateral pathways: The ________ pathway controls ________ movements of ________ limb muscles. 13) ______

A)lateral; gross; distal

B)lateral; gross; proximal

C)medial; precise; proximal

D)medial; gross; proximal

E)lateral; precise; distal

14)Taste receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to pressure. This is due to 14) ______

A)receptor specificity.

B)receptor gentility.

C)receptor tactile habituation.

D)axon potentials.

E)all of the above

15)A labeled line is 15) ______

A)a translation of complex sensory information.

B)a link between a receptor and cortical neuron.

C)a reduction in sensitivity.

D)a stimulation that produces action potentials.

E)an adjustment for sensitivity adaptation.

16)Sensory receptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called 16) ______

A)nociceptors.

B)baroreceptors.

C)chemoreceptors.

D)proprioceptors.

E)thermoreceptors.

17)The pyramidal system provides 17) ______

A)voluntary control over skeletal muscles.

B)voluntary control over smooth muscles.

C)involuntary control over skeletal muscles.

D)involuntary control over smooth muscles.

E)involuntary control over cardiac muscle.

18)Conscious and subconscious motor commands control skeletal muscles by traveling over the 18) ______

A)corticospinal pathway.

B)medial pathway.

C)lateral pathway.

D)all of the above

E)none of the above

19)Pain receptors are to ________ as temperature receptors are to ________. 19) ______

A)nociceptors; thermoreceptors

B)baroreceptors; chemoreceptors

C)baroreceptors; nociceptors

D)chemoreceptors; nociceptors

E)baroreceptors; thermoreceptors

20)Related to the medial and lateral pathways: The ________ pathway controls ________ movements of trunk and ________ limb muscles. 20) ______

A)lateral; precise; distal

B)lateral; gross; distal

C)medial; fine; distal

D)medial; gross; proximal

E)medial; gross; distal

21)A sensory receptor characterized as a free nerve ending, using the amino acid glutamate and the neuropeptide Substance P, would most likely be a 21) ______

A)chemoreceptor.

B)mechanoreceptor.

C)thermoreceptor.

D)nociceptor.

E)free receptor.

22)Sensations of burning or aching pain 22) ______

A)are carried by type A fibers.

B)reach the CNS quickly.

C)cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus.

D)are quite localized.

E)decrease in intensity over time as the receptors adapt.

graphic(1501.bmp)

Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts

Use Figure 15-1 to answer the following question(s):

23)Which of the following is true regarding the structure labeled "5"?

1. The synapse occurs between motor neurons.

2. The sensations may be filtered out.

3. The first-order neuron passes to cerebral cortex.

4. The location of third-order neuron's soma is identified. 23) ______

A)1 and 4

B)2 only

C)3 only

D)2 and 4

E)2 and 3

24)We can distinguish between sensations that originate in different areas of the body because 24) ______

A)sensory neurons carry only one type of information.

B)sensory neurons from each body region synapse in specific brain regions.

C)incoming sensory information is first assessed by the thalamus.

D)different types of sensory receptors produce different types of action potentials.

E)the sensory neurons in different parts of the body are different from each other.

25)Harry has a biking accident and injures his back. He is examined by a doctor who notices that Harry cannot feel pin pricks in his left foot but can feel the sensation in his right foot as well as his right and left arms and thorax. There appear to be no problems with the motor activity in any of his appendages. The physician tells Harry that he thinks a portion of the spinal cord may be compressed and is causing these symptoms. Where is the problem probably located? 25) ______

A)the right lateral spinothalamic tract at the C3 level

B)the left lateral spinothalamic tract at the C3 level

C)the right lateral spinothalamic tract at the L2 level

D)the left lateral spinothalamic tract at the L2 level

E)the left ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

graphic(1502.bmp)

Figure 15-2 The Neural Pathway


26)What occurs in this neural pathway at label "3"? 26) ______

A)synapse

B)communication between sensory and motor neurons

C)amplification of motor signals

D)decussation

E)autonomic reflexes

27)The cerebellum monitors 27) ______

A)visual information from the eyes.

B)sensations from the inner ear as movements are under way.

C)proprioceptive sensations.

D)both A and C

E)all of the above

28)The spinal tract that relays information concerning crude touch and pressure to the CNS is the 28) ______

A)fasciculus gracilis.

B)fasciculus cuneatus.

C)posterior spinocerebellar.

D)lateral spinothalamic.

E)anterior spinothalamic.

29)A receptor that has a membrane that contains many mechanically regulated ion channels would be a 29) ______

A)tactile receptor.

B)chemoreceptor.

C)nociceptor.

D)thermoreceptor.

E)light receptor.

graphic(1501.bmp)



30)Identify the neuron labeled "1." 30) ______

A)lower motor neuron

B)upper motor neuron

C)first-order neuron

D)second-order neuron

E)ganglionic neuron

31)Identify the structure labeled "5." 31) ______

A)thalamus

B)cerebral cortex

C)primary motor cortex

D)primary sensory cortex

E)autonomic ganglion

32)Chemoreceptors are located in all of the following, except 32) ______

A)carotid bodies.

B)aortic bodies.

C)at the level of the larynx.

D)special senses of taste and smell.

E)the respiratory area of the medulla.

33)Stimulation of a neuron that terminates in the superior portion of the left postcentral gyrus would produce 33) ______

A)a sensation in the leg.

B)a sensation in the face.

C)a muscle twitch in the leg.

D)a muscle twitch in the face.

E)both sensations and muscle twitches in the right leg.

34)Sensory information that arrives at the CNS is routed according to the ________ of the stimulus. 34) ______

A)nature

B)temperature

C)location

D)speed

E)both A and C

35)The sensory neuron that delivers the sensation to the CNS is a ________ neuron. 35) ______

A)receptor

B)first-order

C)second-order

D)third-order

E)fourth-order

36)The general senses 36) ______

A)involve receptors that are relatively simple.

B)are located in specialized structures called sense organs.

C)are localized in specific areas of the body.

D)do not conduct action potentials.

E)both C and D

37)What symptoms would you associate with damage to the nucleus gracilis on the right side of the medulla? 37) ______

A)inability to perceive fine touch from the left leg

B)inability to perceive fine touch from the right leg

C)inability to perceive fine touch from the right shoulder

D)inability to perceive fine touch from the left shoulder

E)inability to perceive fine touch from digits on either hand

38)The spinal tract that controls involuntary regulation of reflex activity and autonomic function is the ________ tract. 38) ______

A)lateral corticospinal

B)anterior corticospinal

C)rubrospinal

D)reticulospinal

E)vestibulospinal

39)Spinal tracts of the extrapyramidal system include all of the following, except ________ tracts. 39) ______

A)spinothalamic

B)tectospinal

C)rubrospinal

D)reticulospinal

E)vestibulospinal

40)Each of the following is an ascending tract in the spinal cord, except the 40) ______




D)reticulospinal tract.


41)The spinal tract that regulates voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles on the opposite side of the body is the ________ tract. 41) ______



C)rubrospinal

D)reticulospinal

E)vestibulospinal

graphic(1502.bmp)



42)Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "4." 42) ______

A)motor commands to skeletal muscles

B)proprioception to the cerebral cortex

C)fine touch to the cerebral cortex

D)pain and crude touch sensations

E)visceral motor commands to smooth muscle

43)The spinal tract that controls involuntary regulation of eye, head, neck, and arm position in response to visual and auditory stimuli is the ________ tract. 43) ______


B)tectospinal

C)rubrospinal

D)reticulospinal

E)vestibulospinal

44)Tactile receptors include all of the following, except 44) ______

A)free nerve endings.

B)horizontal cells.

C)Merkel's discs.

D)Meissner's corpuscles.

E)the root hair plexus.

45)________ receptors are ________ times more numerous than ________ receptors. 45) ______

A)Warm; 3 to 4; cold

B)Thermoreceptors; 3 to 4; cold

C)Cold; 3 to 4; warm

D)Thermoreceptors; 3 to 4; temperature

E)Cold; 10; warm

46)The reasoning behind the fact that bees are able to see ultraviolet light that humans cannot see, and dogs can respond to sounds humans cannot hear, is due to the response called 46) ______

A)translation.

B)conduction.

C)transduction.

D)convection.

E)none of the above

47)Proprioceptors are to ________ as exteroreceptors are to ________. 47) ______

A)skeletal muscles; external environment

B)external environment; joints

C)organ functions; external environment

D)joints; organ functions

E)none of the above

48)________ is a rare condition in which the brain fails to develop at levels above the mesencephalon or inferior part of the diencephalon. 48) ______

A)Anencephaly

B)Encephalopathy

C)Encephalitis

D)Hirschsprung's disease

E)none of the above

49)A receptor potential large enough to produce an action potential is called a(n) 49) ______

A)action potential instigator.

B)generator potential.

C)automatic potential.

D)external result.

E)none of the above

50)Interneurons of sensory pathways that are located in the spinal cord or brain are referred to as ________ neurons. 50) ______

A)receptor

B)first-order

C)second-order

D)third-order

E)fourth-order

51)Fine touch and pressure receptors provide detailed information about all of the following, except the 51) ______

A)source of the stimulus.

B)shape of the stimulus.

C)texture of the stimulus.

D)time of the stimulus.

E)movement of the stimulus.

52)Somatic motor pathways always involve at least ________ motor neurons. 52) ______

A)two

B)five

C)ten

D)fifteen

E)none of the above

53)An autonomic motor neuron whose cell body lies in the CNS is called ________ neuron. 53) ______

A)an upper motor

B)a lower motor

C)a preganglionic

D)a postganglionic

E)a somatomotor

54)A tactile receptor composed of dendrites that are highly coiled and interwoven, surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule, is a 54) ______

A)Pacinian corpuscle.

B)Ruffini corpuscle.

C)Meissner's corpuscle.

D)Merkel's disc.

E)root hair plexus.

55)Thermoreceptors 55) ______

A)are scattered immediately beneath the surface of the skin.

B)are the most complex of the peripheral receptors.

C)that perceive cold stimuli are structurally different from those that receive hot sensations.

D)transmit action potentials along the same pathways that carry information about body position.

E)are tonic receptors.

56)Somatic sensory information is distributed to sensory processing centers in the 56) ______

A)brain.

B)spinal cord.

C)axial skeleton.

D)both A and B

E)both B and C

57)You are in the hospital with your uncle who was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is jaw pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with this phenomenon of 57) ______

A)referred pain.

B)phantom pain.

C)psychogenic pain.

D)somatic pain.

E)visceral pain.

58)Motor neurons whose cell bodies lie in the CNS processing center are called ________ neurons. 58) ______

A)upper motor

B)lower motor

C)preganglionic

D)postganglionic

E)somesthetic

59)Each of the following tracts is associated with the extrapyramidal system, except the 59) ______

A)vestibulospinal tract.

B)anterior corticospinal tract.

C)rubrospinal tract.

D)tectospinal tract.

E)reticulospinal tract.

60)The spinal tract that regulates voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles on the same side of the body is the ________ tract. 60) ______



C)rubrospinal

D)reticulospinal

E)vestibulospinal

61)Damage to the tectospinal tracts would interfere with the 61) ______

A)ability to maintain muscle tone in the arms.

B)ability to monitor body position.

C)ability to position the eyes, head, and neck in response to bright lights.

D)ability to control motor units located in the thigh.

E)ability to process information from the inner ear.

62)The spinal tract that carries sensory information concerning fine touch and pressure is the 62) ______

A)posterior spinocerebellar.

B)anterior spinocerebellar.

C)fasciculus gracilis.



graphic(1501.bmp)



63)Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "2." 63) ______

A)motor commands to skeletal muscles

B)proprioception to the cerebral cortex

C)fine touch to the cerebral cortex

D)pain and crude touch sensations

E)visceral motor commands to smooth muscle

64)The special senses include all of the following, except 64) ______

A)tissue damage.

B)sight.

C)gustation.

D)equilibrium.

E)olfaction.

graphic(1502.bmp)








E)ganglionic neuron

66)Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the 66) ______

A)red nucleus.

B)reticular formation.

C)spinothalamic tracts.

D)pyramidal system.

E)medullary centers.

67)Endorphins can inhibit impulses initiated by 67) ______

A)nociceptors.

B)mechanoreceptors.

C)thermoreceptors.

D)chemoreceptors.

E)proprioceptors.

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

68)Phasic receptors are also called fast-adapting. 68) ______


graphic(1502.bmp)








E)ganglionic neuron

70)The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the 70) ______






graphic(1501.bmp)



71)Which structure receives impulses directly from a sensory receptor? 71) ______

A)1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 7

72)The organization of the sensory pathways to the cerebrum is such that about ________ of the incoming sensory impulses actually reach the cerebrum. 72) ______

A)1 percent

B)10 percent

C)25 percent

D)50 percent

E)100 percent

73)Processing centers of the extrapyramidal system include all of the following, except 73) ______

A)the vestibular nucleus.

B)the red nucleus.

C)the superior colliculus.

D)the cerebral nuclei.

E)mamillary bodies.

74)A tactile receptor that is composed of dendritic processes that lie within a series of concentric cellular layers is a 74) ______

A)Ruffini corpuscle.

B)Pacinian corpuscle.


D)Merkel's disc.

E)root hair plexus.

75)All of the following are true of sensations of prickling pain, except that they 75) ______

A)are carried by type A fibers.

B)reach the CNS quickly.

C)decrease in intensity over time as the receptors adapt.

D)receive conscious attention.

E)often trigger somatic reflexes.

76)The medial and lateral motor pathways can modify, or direct, skeletal muscle contractions by ________ lower motor neurons. 76) ______

A)stimulating

B)facilitating

C)inhibiting

D)all of the above

E)none of the above

77)Damage to the medial lemniscus, a component of the mesencephalon, leads to 77) ______

A)a loss of the ability to pinpoint the location of sensations of touch, pressure, vibrations, and position.

B)a loss of the ability to generally experience sensations of touch, pressure, vibrations, and position.

C)a loss of cerebellar motor control and posture.

D)an immediate loss of all proprioceptive information.

E)enhanced awareness of sensory stimulation.

78)The spinal tract that regulates involuntary control of posture and muscle tone is the ________ tract. 78) ______



C)rubrospinal

D)reticulospinal

E)vestibulospinal

79)The cerebellum adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activity in response to all of the following, except 79) ______

A)touch sensations.

B)visual information.

C)equilibrium-related sensations.

D)information from the cerebral cortex.

E)proprioceptive data.

80)The spinal tract that relays information from proprioceptors to the CNS is the 80) ______






81)Stimulation of a neuron that originates in the inferior region of the right precentral gyrus would produce 81) ______

A)a muscle twitch in the right cheek.

B)a muscle twitch in the left cheek.

C)a sensation in the right cheek.

D)a sensation in the left foot.

E)a muscle twitch in the right foot.

82)A tactile receptor that responds to deep pressure is a 82) ______

A)Merkel's disc.

B)root hair plexus.

C)free nerve ending.

D)Ruffini corpuscle.

E)Meissner's corpuscle.

83)Postsynaptic neurons from the nucleus gracilis 83) ______

A)relay information to the cerebrum by way of the medial lemniscus.

B)decussate before entering the medial lemniscus.

C)relay sensory information to the cerebral hemisphere on the same side of the body as that which receives the stimulus.

D)carry both sensory and motor information.

E)both A and B

84)Axons of the corticospinal tract synapse at motor 84) ______

A)nuclei of cranial nerves.

B)neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord.

C)neurons in the posterior horns of the spinal cord.

D)neurons in the lateral horns of the spinal cord.

E)neurons in the chain ganglia of the spinal cord.

85)Central adaptation refers to 85) ______

A)the change in activity of peripheral receptors when stimulated.

B)a phenomenon that is characteristic of phasic receptors.

C)inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway.

D)increases in conscious perception of a sensory stimulus.

E)a change in motor receptivity of a neuron.

86)The area of the motor cortex that is devoted to a particular region of the body is relative to the 86) ______

A)size of the body area.

B)distance of the body area from the brain.

C)number of motor units in the area of the body.

D)number of sensory receptors in the area of the body.

E)size of the nerves that serve the area of the body.

87)If a friend is talking about someone they know who lost their special senses, you would correct them when you hear them mention ________, because it is not a special sense. 87) ______

A)smell

B)sight

C)balance

D)pain

E)hearing

88)Sensory neurons that are located in the thalamus and project to the sensory cortex of the cerebrum are ________ neurons. 88) ______

A)receptor

B)first-order

C)second-order

D)third-order

E)fourth-order

89)Sensory receptors that monitor the position of joints are called 89) ______

A)nociceptors.

B)chemoreceptors.

C)baroreceptors.

D)proprioceptors.

E)thermoreceptors.

90)A tactile receptor that monitors distortions and movements across the body surface is a 90) ______

A)Merkel's disc.

B)Pacinian corpuscle.


D)Ruffini corpuscle.

E)root hair plexus.

91)Axons of the corticobulbar tract terminate at the 91) ______

A)sensory neurons.

B)somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord.

C)autonomic motor neurons in the spinal cord.

D)motor nuclei of cranial nerves.

E)nuclei in the thalamus.

92)Receptor specificity can be the result of all of the following, except 92) ______

A)the structure of the receptor cell.

B)characteristics of the receptor cell membrane.

C)accessory cells that function with the receptor.

D)accessory structures and tissues that shield the receptors from other stimuli.

E)tissue location of the receptor cell.

93)Sensory receptors are specialized cells or cell processes that provide your CNS with information about conditions ________ your body. 93) ______

A)inside

B)outside

C)beneath

D)A and/or B

E)none of the above

94)Tactile discs are to ________ as tactile corpuscles are to ________. 94) ______

A)Wilms; Meissner's

B)Merkel's; Meissner's

C)Meissner's; Merkel's

D)all of the above

E)none of the above

95)The more synapses that information must pass through, the longer it takes the nervous system to assess the information and respond. This delay is not dangerous because 95) ______

A)the cerebrum can consciously direct a response before the information is completely processed.

B)centers in the brain stem can automatically control a conscious response to a stimulus.

C)involuntary motor commands are issued by relay stations in the spinal cord and brain stem.

D)motor responses occur faster than information processing.

E)involuntary motor commands are issued by the cerebellum.

96)Visceral sensory information is distributed to sensory processing centers primarily in the 96) ______

A)brain.

B)brain stem.

C)diencephalon.

D)both A and B

E)both B and C

97)Our perception of our environment is incomplete because of all of the following, except that 97) ______

A)humans do not have receptors for every possible stimulus.

B)receptors respond in an all-or-nothing manner.

C)transduction converts a real stimulus into a neural event that must be interpreted.

D)abnormal receptor function can produce sensations that have no basis in fact.

E)our receptors have varying ranges of sensitivity.

graphic(1502.bmp)



98)Identify the structure labeled "1" in this neural pathway. 98) ______

A)primary sensory cortex

B)primary motor cortex

C)thalamus

D)autonomic motor center

E)basal nuclei

99)A tactile receptor is composed of a capsule that surrounds a core of collagen fibers. Those that are continuous with the dermis and are intertwined with dendrites are called 99) ______

A)Ruffini corpuscles.

B)Pacinian corpuscles.

C)Meissner's corpuscles.

D)Merkel's disks.

E)root hair plexuses.

100)The ability to localize a specific stimulus depends on the organized distribution of sensory information to the 100) _____

A)spinothalamic pathway.

B)posterior column tract.

C)spinocerebellar pathway.

D)primary sensory cortex.

E)dorsal spinal tract.

101)The term general senses refers to sensations of all of the following, except sensitivity to 101) _____

A)temperature.

B)light.

C)touch.

D)vibration.

E)pain.

102)Axons that decussate in the region of the pyramids of the medulla form the ________ tracts. 102) _____

A)anterior corticospinal

B)lateral corticospinal

C)vestibulospinal

D)reticulospinal

E)pyramidal spinal

103)Complex motor activities such as riding a bicycle or eating 103) _____

A)only require neural processing at the level of the cerebrum.

B)involve little input from the brain.

C)require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain.

D)are controlled at the level of the spinal cord.

E)do not require input from the cerebellum.

1)C

2)B

3)C

4)A

5)E

6)E

7)C

8)C

9)FALSE

10)A

11)D

12)A

13)E

14)A

15)B

16)B

17)A

18)D

19)A

20)D

21)D

22)C

23)C

24)B

25)C

26)D

27)E

28)E

29)A

30)C

31)A

32)C

33)A

34)E

35)B

36)A

37)A

38)D

39)A

40)D

41)A

42)A

43)B

44)B

45)C

46)C

47)A

48)A

49)B

50)C

51)D

52)A

53)C

54)C

55)A

56)A

57)A

58)A

59)B

60)B

61)C

62)C

63)D

64)A

65)B

66)D

67)A

68)TRUE

69)A

70)D

71)A

72)A

73)E

74)B

75)C

76)D

77)A

78)E

79)A

80)C

81)B

82)D

83)B

84)B

85)C

86)C

87)D

88)D

89)D

90)E

91)D

92)E

93)D

94)B

95)C

96)D

97)B

98)B

99)A

100)D

101)B

102)B

103)C

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Documents

sensory receptors

pain receptors

complex receptors

skeletal muscles

taste receptors

temperature receptors

smooth muscles

limb muscles