Multi-Scale Geomorphic Classifications In Predictive and Update Digital Soil Mapping Jay Stratton Noller Professor of Landscape Pedology Leader, Faculty of Soil Science Oregon State University Collaborators: Karen Bennett (USFS), Rob Vaughan (USFS), Karen Vaughan (CalPoly SLO) and Chris Ringo (OSU)
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Multi-Scale Geomorphic Classifications In Predictive and Update Digital Soil Mapping
Jay Stratton Noller Professor of Landscape Pedology
Leader, Faculty of Soil Science Oregon State University
Collaborators: Karen Bennett (USFS), Rob Vaughan (USFS), Karen Vaughan (CalPoly SLO) and Chris Ringo (OSU)
Soil – Substrate Relation Problem
“users must extract and reconstruct soil-to-substrate [geomorphic / stratigraphic] relationships from written descriptions and visualize the spatial distribution from the plan view [soil survey] maps.” --Wysocki et al. (2005:168) • Digital soil mapping techniques have limited probing depth • Improvements can be made by relating landform to substrate
Geomorphic and Stratigraphic Inference
• Parallel projects in PacNW • Testing morphometric tools • Developing new geomorphic maps • Testing these in digital soil mapping
• Initial, update and harmonization soil surveys
New megageomorphic map of OR-WA Landform Associations (1:100,000)
Noller (in prep.)
Broad scale
Fine scale
National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units
Landtype Association
Domain, Division
Province
Section, Subsection
Landtype
Landtype phase
Global
Landscape
Site
Continental
Regional
Land Unit
Baileys – Domain, Division Province
EPA/ Omernik’s EcoRegions Levels II, III, IV
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Understanding the form, function and ecology of a site depends on the scale at which one is working. The national Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units developed and used by the Forest Service and other agencies to describe areas of similarity and differences. The levels of specificity vary with scale with the broadest units described at the global level with general ecological domains (basic life form differences) and the finest unit descriptions at the site level with refined parameters that describe ecological conditions.
LTAs – Geoecological View
Mt Hood National Forest-Lower White River Wilderness Source: USFS R6 Public Affairs Office Glacial Volcano Mountains
LfA’s - Process Based Mapping
• Eolian • Fluvial • Glacial • Lacustrine • Marine, coastal • Mass Movement • Tectonic • Volcanic • Other
3 Levels of Geomorphic Mapping for USFS
Landform Shapes • Terrain model (30 m raster) • 1:24 –1:250k: tuned to R6 Landform Groups • Geomorphic interpretation
• Cartography - Noller • Grouping of landform shapes Landform Associations • Groupings of landform
groups All levels are nested,
but not purely
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Several new GIS coverages have been produced with this project. Three levels of geomorphic mapping has been produced and is available for use. The first is a characterization of landforms, geomorphic units that represent ridges or sideslopes, concave headwalls, toeslopes, stream terraces and active floodplains. These finer detailed units were then grouped into like pattern to produce landform groups. Landform Groups is the second new geomorphic layer produced by this project. The third product is a grouping of landform groups into Landform Associations. Landform Associations will be the geologic/geomorphic level that is combined with vegetation series to ultimately create the Landtype Associations.
Comparison of Geomorphic Classification Systems Scale
Block~ Map Scale*
EPA USFS NRCS - NCSS
F 1:500k to 1:3M Ecoregion II Landform Section*
Landscape ad hoc differentiation
E 1:250k to 1:500k Ecoregion III Landform Subsection*
D 1:100k to 1:250k Ecoregion IV Landform Association*
C 1:24k to 1:100k Landform Group*
B 1:12k to 1:24k Landform^ Landform
A <1:12k Landform Element^ Microfeature
~Arbitrary order; for discussion purposes *Noller 2012: USFS Region Six protocol for geomorphological mapping ^from USFS Geomorphic Description System
Bakeoven soilscape
100 m
Geomorphology in SSURGO
• Component geomorphology (“cgeomord.txt”) • Soil survey area OR049 (Morrow County, OR) Bakeoven soil series
"Landform"|"plateaus"|"intermounds on patterned ground on"| "Landscape"|"plateaus"|"Columbia River Basalt"| "Landform"|"plateaus"|"mounds on patterned ground on"| "Landscape"|"plateaus"|"Columbia River Basalt"| “Soil on patterned ground, with mounds and intermounds, on plateaus of Columbia River Basalt.”
Geomorphology in SSURGO
“Soil on patterned ground, with mounds and intermounds, on plateaus of Columbia River Basalt.” This may be parsed to a hierarchy as follows:
Landscape Columbia River Basalt Landscape plateaus Landform patterned ground Landform mounds intermounds
Mining Texts for Geomorphology
• In the Bakeoven official series description (OSD): “The Bakeoven series consists of very shallow, well drained soils that formed in mixed slope alluvium, loess and residuum weathered from basalt.”
• In the Condon OSD:
“Bakeoven soils are on benches, hills, plateaus, and canyon slopes.”
PROCESS
LANDFORM
Scale Block Process A B C D
Non-Genetic [plain] benches; hills hills NA Coastal NA NA NA NA
Lacustrine NA NA NA NA Fluvial NA canyon slopes canyon slopes NA
Solution NA NA NA NA Eolian NA NA NA NA Glacial NA NA NA NA
Relief Grid SW Oregon Whiteness shows higher elevations – used with a roughness index to get at naming structures
Proximal Max Relief Classes Wallowa Mtn area shows mountains and canyons/gorges
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Several morphometric tools were used to characterize landscapes. In addition to conventional slope, aspect and slope length, the landscape was characterized based on relief above a common plain and to understand the roughness or degree of dissection of each particular landscape. Another tool looked at the proximity of relief classes that characterized canyons, gorges, streams and elevational gradients on mountain slopes.
ArcMap-Spatial Analyst Landserf
ArcSIE Mathematica
Blackart R
DEST SOLIM
ENVI Tapes
ETGeotools Terrain Analysis System (TAS)
Geomorphometry Toolbox (gtb) TEUI Toolkit
Geospatial Modeling Environment (GME) Whitebox GAT
IDRISI X Tools
Imagine 3d Mapper
LANDMAPR SAGA 1This is not an exclusive list.
Terrain Attribute Generators (TAGs) 1
LIDAR-derived 10 m DEM
Traditional 10 m DEM
TAG Sensitivity Analysis
• Input DEM • LiDAR vs 10 m • Positional errors
• Algorithms • Range of input values • Range of coeficients • Intercomparisons
• “Downstream” effects • Error propagation
Landform Associations Map of OR-WA
Nol
ler (
in p
rep.
)
Alpine Basins and Glacial Mountains
Angulate Plateaus
Hydropedological Model
Noller et al 2007
Constructed Weathered Eroded Dissected
Transmission>> Runoff
Transmission> Runoff
Runoff > Transmission
Runoff >> Transmission
Air Water / Snow
Rock
Soil
Fluvial Plains Plateaus Incised Plateaus
Canyonlands, Escarpments
ROCK COLUMN
LANDFORM ASSOCIATION
WATER ROUTING
FACET
Hydropedological Model Constructed Weathered Eroded Dissected
Transmission>> Runoff
Transmission> Runoff
Runoff > Transmission
Runoff >> Transmission
Fluvial Plains Plateaus Incised Plateaus
Canyonlands, Escarpments
LANDFORM ASSOCIATION
WATER ROUTING
FACET
Ryan Ranch Project, (Paleo)Lake Benham, Deschutes NF
Landform Associations
Landform Associations
Geology
Soil Resource Inventory
Kiwa Watershed
Ryan Ranch LiDAR
Extent of proposed inundation
Historic Inlet/Outlet Channels
Berm and borrow ditch
Artificial ditch
Courtesy Peter Sussmann, Deschutes NF
Diatoms
Courtesy Peter Sussmann, Deschutes NF
Gla
cial
De
posit
s
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Vision is an image painted with words. My painting of several years ago, seen here and on the easel in this room, is my vision of crops and soils as interdependent entities with the shared mission of engagement, outreach, research and teaching. This interdependence is not an artificial convenience of administration, rather it is because of the evolved physical and biological relationship of a crop to its mother soil. That is what I show here in my painting of a wheat field above the glacial relict mound-intermound pattern of soils in the Columbia Basin – metaphors for the major physical and human parts of the Department. Each is well defined and share a road ahead towards the horizon, with a turn towards an unseen future. My vision of the road ahead for Crops and Soils is not one of judgment, rather it is with an open mind I expect to see what lies around that corner with fresh eyes.