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Nació en Florencia el año 1820, en el seno de unafamilia británica de clase alta. En 1844–en contra delas convenciones sociales y con la reprobación de sufamilia–decidióinstruirsecomoenfermera.
Viajóporvariospaíses,dondecontinuósuaprendizajeyrelatósusexperiencias.SuaportaciónmáscélebretuvolugardurantelaGuerradeCrimea:en1854,ellayunequipode 38enfermerasvoluntarias, entrenadasporFlorence, se trasladarona labaseprincipalbritánicadeoperaciones.Sugestiónredujoelíndicedemortandad,enelhospitalmilitar,del42%al2%,yafuerarealizandomejorasen lahigieneorecla‐mandoalaComisiónSanitaria.Durantedichaguerra se ganóelapodode“La damadelalámpara”porsusfrecuentesvisitasnocturnasalosenfermos.
Nightingale estableció las bases de la profesionalización de la enfermeríafundandoen1860suescuela enelHospitalSaintThomasdeLondres.ElJuramento Nightingale –efectuadoporlasenfermerasalgraduarse–fuecreadoen1893yelDía Internacional de la Enfermeríase celebra el aniversariode su nacimiento.Fue pre‐cursora en la representación visual de la información –diagramas e histogramascirculares–.Degranculturamatemática,aplicósusconocimientosdeestadísticaa laepidemiologíaya la estadística sanitaria.FuelaprimeramujeradmitidaenlaRoyal Statistical Society británica y miembro hono‐rario de la American Statistical Association.MurióenLondresen1910.
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NacióenVarsovia (Polonia) elaño1867 conelnombrede Marja Sklodowska. Se licencióen Física yen Matemá‐ticasenlaUniversidaddelaSorbona(París).Enesamismauniversidadobtuvoen1903eldoctoradoenCienciasconlatesistitulada Investigaciones sobre las sustancias radiactivasinspirada en los trabajosdel ,ísico Henri Becquerel. Fue laprimerapersonaenutilizarelnombrederadioactividadparadescribirlaimpresióndejadaporuncompuestodeuraniocolocadosobreunaplacafotográ,icacubiertadepapelnegro.
En 1895 se casóconPierre Curie, conquien compartíasu entrega exclusiva a lainvestigación cientí,ica y con quien realizó sus investigaciones sobre la radio‐actividadnatural.En1898descubrierondosnuevoselementosquímicos:elpolonioyelradio,amboscontenidosenelmineralpechblenda.EldescubrimientodelradiopudosuponeralafamiliaCurieelabandonodesuspenuriaseconómicassihubieranpatentadola técnica para aislarlodelmineralperodecidieron publicarsin restric‐cioneselresultadocompletodesusinvestigaciones,segúnelmáspuroespíritucien‐tí,ico.
Marie obtuvo dos premios Nobel, de ,ísica en 1903 compartido con Pierre yBecquerel y de química en 1911, siendo hasta el momento la única persona enrecibirlosendistintoscamposcientí,icos,asícomounadelasdosmujeresque,hastala fecha, han obtenidoel premio Nobel de ,ísica. También fue la primera mujeraquienseotorgóunacátedraenlauniversidaddelaSorbona,apartirdelamuertedesumarido,atropelladoen1906. Todosestoslogrosse debieron a su fuerteperso‐nalidadcaracterizada porsucon,ianzaysuperseveranciaobstinadas.Murióelaño1934deunaleucemiacausadaporlaacumulaciónderadiacionesensumédulaósea.
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