mughal

Mughal Empire 1

Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empireشاهان مغول

Shāhān-e Moġul

↓1526–1764↓

Flag

Mughal Frontiers 1526–1707Capital Agra; Fatehpur Sikri; Delhi

Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai Turkic; later also Urdu)

Government Absolute monarchy, unitary statewith federal structure

Emperor

- 1526–1530 Babur

- 1530–1539, 1555–1556 Humayun

- 1556–1605 Akbar

- 1605–1627 Jahangir

- 1628–1658 Shah Jahan

- 1658–1707 Aurangzeb

Historical era Early modern

- First Battle of Panipat 21 April 1526

- Battle of Buxar 22 october 1764

Area

- 1700 3200000 km2 (1235527 sq mi)

Population

- 1700 est. 150000000

Density 46.9 /km2  (121.4 /sq mi)

Currency Rupee

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Preceded by Succeeded by

Timurid dynasty

Delhi Sultanate

Suri dynasty

Adil Shahi dynasty

Deccan Sultanates

Maratha Empire

Durrani Empire

Hotaki dynasty

Sikh Empire

British Raj

Hyderabad State

Carnatic State

Nawab of Bengal

Nawab of Awadh

Kingdom of Mysore

Bangash Pathans and Rohelas

Rajput states and Jats

Today part of  Afghanistan  Bangladesh  India  Pakistan

Population source:[1]

The Mughal Empire (Persian: شاهان مغول Shāhān-e Moġul; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى

Gūrkānī ),[2][3] or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from theIndian Subcontinent.[4] The Mughal emperors were descendants of the Timurids. The Mughal Empire began in 1526;at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the IndianSubcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveribasin in the south.[5] Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territoryof more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).[1]

The "classic period" of the empire started in 1556 with the accession of Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar, better knownas Akbar the Great. Under the rule of Akbar the Great, India enjoyed much cultural and economic progress as well asreligious harmony. The Mughals also forged a strategic alliance with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms. Some Rajputkingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but they were subduedby the third Mughal Emperor Akbar.[6][7] The reign of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, was the golden age of Mughalarchitecture. He erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the legendary Taj Mahal at Agra, aswell as Pearl Mosque, the Red Fort, Jama Masjid (Mosque) and Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenithof its territorial expansion during the reign of Aurangzeb, who may have been the richest and most powerful manalive. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 1.25 million squaremiles, ruling over more than 150 million subjects, nearly 1/4th of the world's population.[1][8]

By the early 1700s, the Sikh Misl and the Hindu Maratha Empire had emerged as formidable foes of the Mughals.Following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the empire started its gradual decline,[9] although the dynasty continuedfor another 150 years. During the classic period, the empire was marked by a highly centralized administrationconnecting the different regions.Following 1725, the empire began to disintegrate, weakened by wars of succession, agrarian crises fueling local revolts, the growth of religious intolerance, the rise of the Maratha, Durrani and Sikh empires, invasion by Nadir

Mughal Empire 3

Shah from Persia,[10] rise of independent kingdoms of Oudh, Hyderabad, Mysore and Bengal, and finally Britishcolonialism. The last Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, whose rule was restricted to the city of Delhi, was imprisoned andexiled by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.The name Mughal is derived from the original homelands of the Timurids, the Central Asian steppes once conqueredby Genghis Khan and hence known as Moghulistan, "Land of Mongols". Although early Mughals spoke theChagatai language and maintained some Turko-Mongol practices, they became essentially Persianized[11] andtransferred the Persian literary and high culture[11] to India, thus forming the base for the Indo-Persian culture andthe Spread of Islam in South Asia.[11][12]

Early history

A dagger from the Mughal Empirewith hilt in jade, gold, rubies and

emeralds. Blade of damascened steelinlaid with gold.

Zahir ud-din Muhammad Babur learned about the riches of Hindustan andconquest of it by his ancestor, Timur, in 1503 at Dikh-Kat, a place in theTransoxiana region. At that time, he was roaming as a wanderer after losing hisprincipality, Farghana. In his memoirs he wrote that after he had acquiredKabulistan in 1504, he desired to regain the territories in Hindustan held once byTurks. He started his exploratory raids from September 1519 when he visited theIndo-Afghan borders to suppress the rising by Yusufzai tribes. He undertooksimilar raids up to 1524 and had established his base camp at Peshawar. Finallyin 1526 in his fifth attempt, Babur defeated the last of the Delhi Sultans, IbrahimShah Lodi, at the First Battle of Panipat. To secure his newly founded kingdom,Babur then had to face the formidable Rajput Rana Sanga of Chittor, at the Battleof Khanwa. Rana Sanga offered stiff resistance but was defeated.

Babur's son Humayun succeeded him in 1530, but suffered reversals at the handsof the Pashtun Sher Shah Suri and lost most of the fledgling empire before itcould grow beyond a minor regional state. From 1540 Humayun became ruler inexile, reaching the court of the Safavid rule in 1554 while his force stillcontrolled some fortresses and small regions. But when the Pashtuns fell into

disarray with the death of Sher Shah Suri, Humayun returned with a mixed army, raised more troops, and managedto reconquer Delhi in 1555.

Humayun crossed the rough terrain of the Makran with his wife until their son Akbar was born in the fortress ofUmarkot in Sind. The resurgent Humayun then conquered the central plateau around Delhi, but months later died inan accident, leaving the realm unsettled and in war.

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Mughal Emperor Jahangir receiving his two sons,in 1605-06.

Akbar succeeded his father on 14 February 1556, while in the midst ofa war against Sikandar Shah Suri for the throne of Delhi. He soon wonhis eighteenth victory at age 21 or 22. He became known as Akbar, ashe was a wise ruler, setting high but fair taxes. He was a moreinclusive in his approach to the non-Muslim subjects of the Empire. Heinvestigated the production in a certain area and taxed inhabitantsone-fifth of their agricultural produce. He also set up an efficientbureaucracy and was tolerant of religious differences which softenedthe resistance by the locals. He made alliances with Rajputs andappointed native generals and administrators. Later in life, he devisedhis own brand of syncretic philosophy based on tolerance.

Jahangir, son of Emperor Akbar, ruled the empire from 1605–1627. InOctober 1627, Shah Jahan, son of Emperor Jahangir succeeded to thethrone, where he inherited a vast and rich empire. At mid-century this

was perhaps the greatest empire in the world. Shah Jahan commissioned the famous Taj Mahal (1630–1653) in Agrawhich was built by the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri as a tomb for Shah Jahan's wife Mumtaz Mahal, whodied giving birth to their 14th child. By 1700 the empire reached its peak under the leadership of Aurangzeb Alamgirwith major parts of present day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and most of Afghanistan under its domain. Aurangzebwas the last of what are now referred to as the Great Mughal kings, living a shrewd life but dying peacefully.

Jama Masjid, Delhi built by Shah Jahan, 1656.

Mughal dynasty

Genealogy of the Mughal Dynasty

The Mughal Empire was the dominant power in the Indiansubcontinent between the mid-16th century and the early 18th century.Founded in 1526, it officially survived until 1858, when it wassupplanted by the British Raj. The dynasty is sometimes referred to asthe Timurid dynasty as Babur was descended from Timur.

The Mughal dynasty was founded when Babur, hailing from Ferghana(Modern Uzbekistan), invaded parts of northern India and defeatedIbrahim Shah Lodhi, the ruler of Delhi, at the First Battle of Panipat in1526. The Mughal Empire superseded the Delhi Sultanate as rulers ofnorthern India. In time, the state thus founded by Babur far exceeded

the bounds of the Delhi Sultanate, eventually encompassing a major portion of India and earning the appellation ofEmpire. A brief interregnum (1540–1555) during the reign of Babur's son, Humayun, saw the rise of the Afghan Suri

Mughal Empire 5

Dynasty under Sher Shah Suri, a competent and efficient ruler in his own right. However, Sher Shah's untimely deathand the military incompetence of his successors enabled Humayun to regain his throne in 1555. However, Humayundied a few months later, and was succeeded by his son, the 13-year-old Akbar the Great.

A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the last Mughal Emperor BahadurShah II to celebrate the feast of the Eid ul-Fitr in 1843.

The greatest portions of Mughalexpansion was accomplished duringthe reign of Akbar (1556–1605). Theempire was maintained as thedominant force of the present-dayIndian subcontinent for a hundredyears further by his successorsJahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb.The first six emperors, who enjoyedpower both de jure and de facto, areusually referred to by just one name, a title adopted upon his accession by each emperor. The relevant title is boldedin the list below.

Akbar the Great initiated certain important policies, such as religious liberalism (abolition of the jizya tax), inclusionof natives in the affairs of the empire, and political alliance/marriage with the Rajputs, that were innovative for hismilieu; he also adopted some policies of Sher Shah Suri, such as the division of the empire into sarkar raj, in hisadministration of the empire. These policies, which undoubtedly served to maintain the power and stability of theempire, were preserved by his two immediate successors but were discarded by Emperor Aurangzeb who spentnearly his entire career expanding his realm, beyond the Urdu Belt, into the Deccan and South India, Assam in theeast; this venture provoked resistance from the Marathas, Sikhs, and Ahoms.

Decline

Sikh and Maratha states gained territory after theMughal empire's decline. Map showing territories

in 1700 and 1792

After Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the empire fell intosuccession crisis. Barring Muhammad Shah, none of the Mughalemperors could hold on to power for a decade. In the 18th century, theEmpire suffered the depredations of invaders like Nadir Shah of Persiaand Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan, who repeatedly sacked Delhi,the Mughal capital. Most of the empire's territories in India passed tothe Marathas, Nawabs, and Nizams by c. 1750. The Mughal Emperorslost effective power in favor of the British after the Battle of Buxar in1764.[13] In 1804, the ineffective Shah Alam II formally accepted theprotection of the British East India Company. The company hadalready begun to refer to the weakened emperor as "King of Delhi",rather than "Emperor of India". The once glorious and mighty Mughalarmy was disbanded in 1805 by the British; only the guards of the RedFort were spared to serve with the King of Delhi, which avoided theuncomfortable implication that British sovereignty was outranked bythe Indian monarch. Nonetheless, for a few decades afterward theBritish East India Company continued to rule the areas under itscontrol as the nominal servants of the emperor and in his name. Afterthe Revolt of 1857, even these courtesies were disposed. The rebelsdeclared their allegiance to Shah Alam's descendant, Bahadur Shah II

Mughal Empire 6

which led to a protracted Siege of Delhi, after which the victorious British abolished the institution altogether withtransfer of authority to the British crown. The last Mughal emperor was deposed and exiled to Burma, where he diedin 1862.

List of Mughal emperors

History of the Mongols

Before Genghis Khan

Khamag Mongol

Mongol Empire

Khanates

- Chagatai Khanate

- Golden Horde

- Ilkhanate

- Yuan Dynasty

Northern Yuan

Timurid Empire

Mughal Empire

Crimean Khanate

Khanate of Sibir

Zunghar Khanate

Mongolia during Qing

Outer Mongolia (1911-1919)

Republic of China (Occupation of Mongolia)

Mongolian People's Republic (Outer Mongolia)

Modern Mongolia

Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia)

People's Republic of China (Inner Mongolia)

Republic of Buryatia

Kalmyk Republic

Hazara Mongols

Aimak Mongols

Timeline

[14]

Certain important particulars regarding the Mughal emperors is tabulated below:

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Emperor Birth Reign Period Death Notes

ZaheeruddinMuhammad Babur

Feb 23,1483

1526–1530 Dec26,1530

Founder of the Mughal Dynasty.

NasiruddinMuhammadHumayun

Mar 6,1508

1530–1540 Jan1556

Reign interrupted by Suri Dynasty. Youth and inexperience at ascension led to his beingregarded as a less effective ruler than usurper, Sher Shah Suri.

Sher Shah Suri 1472 1540–1545 May1545

Deposed Humayun and led the Suri Dynasty.

Islam Shah Suri c.1500 1545–1554 1554 2nd and last ruler of the Suri Dynasty, claims of sons Sikandar and Adil Shah wereeliminated by Humayun's restoration.

NasiruddinMuhammadHumayun

Mar 6,1508

1555–1556 Jan1556

Restored rule was more unified and effective than initial reign of 1530–1540; left unifiedempire for his son, Akbar.

JalaluddinMuhammad Akbar

Nov 14,1542

1556–1605 Oct 27,1605

Akbar greatly expanded the Empire and is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of theMughal Dynasty as he set up the empire's various institutions; he marriedMariam-uz-Zamani, a Rajput princess. One of his most famous construction marvels wasthe Lahore Fort.

NooruddinMuhammadJahangir

Oct 1569 1605–1627 1627 Jahangir set the precedent for sons rebelling against their emperor fathers. Opened firstrelations with the British East India Company. Reportedly was an alcoholic, and his wifeEmpress Noor Jahan became the real power behind the throne and competently ruled inhis place.

ShahaabuddinMuhammad ShahJahan

Jan 5,1592

1627–1658 1666 Under him, Mughal art and architecture reached their zenith; constructed the Taj Mahal,Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Jahangir mausoleum, and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore. Deposedand imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb.

MohiuddinMuhammadAurangzebAlamgir

Oct 21,1618

1658–1707 Mar 3,1707

He reinterpreted Islamic law and presented the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri; he captured thediamond mines of the Sultanate of Golconda; he spent more than 20 years of his lifedefeating major rebel factions in India; his conquests expanded the empire to its greatestextent; the over-stretched empire was controlled by Nawabs, and faced challenges afterhis death. He made two copies of the Qur'an using his own calligraphy.

Bahadur Shah I Oct 14,1643

1707–1712 Feb1712

First of the Mughal emperors to preside over a steady and severe decline in the territoriesunder the empire's control and military power due to the rising strength of theautonomous Nawabs. After his reign, the empire went into steady decline.

Jahandar Shah 1664 1712–1713 Feb1713

He was highly influenced by his Grand Vizier Zulfikar Khan.

Furrukhsiyar 1683 1713–1719 1719 In 1717 he granted a firman to the English East India Company granting them duty freetrading rights for Bengal and confirmed their position in India.

Rafi Ul-Darjat Unknown 1719 1719

Rafi Ud-Daulata.k.a Shah Jahan II

Unknown 1719 1719

Nikusiyar Unknown 1719 1743

MuhammadIbrahim

Unknown 1720 1744

Muhammad Shah 1702 1719–1720,1720–1748

1748 Got rid of the Syed Brothers. Fought a long war with the Maratha Empire, losing Deccanand Malwa in the process. Suffered the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in 1739. He wasthe last Mughal Emperor to have full control over the Empire, since the Mughal Courtwas now under control of the Muratha.[13]

Ahmad ShahBahadur

1725 1748–54 1754 Mughal forces massacred by the Maratha during the Battle of Sikandarabad;

Mughal Empire 8

Alamgir II 1699 1754–1759 1759 Consolidation of power of the Nizam of Hyderabad,Nawab of Oudh, Marathas, State ofMysore & Nawab of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa;

Shah Jahan III Unknown In 1759 1770s

Shah Alam II 1728 1759–1806 1806 Defeat of the combined forces of Mughal, Nawab of Oudh & Nawab of Bengal,Bihar atthe hand of East India Company at the Battle of Buxar. Treaty of Allahabad. Hyder Alibecomes Nawab of Mysore in 1761. Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in 1761 defeated the Marathasduring the Third Battle of Panipat; The fall of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799; He was thelast Mughal Emperor to preside effective control over the empire.

Akbar Shah II 1760 1806–1837 1837 Titular figurehead under British protection

Bahadur ShahZafar

1775 1837–1857 1862 The last Mughal emperor was deposed by the British and exiled to Burma following theIndian Rebellion of 1857. End of Mughal dynasty.

Influence on the Indian subcontinent

The Taj Mahal in Agra, India built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan

The Red Fort in Delhi was the main palace of the empire during the reign of Shah Jahan.

Lalbagh Fort, constructed in the mid 17th century in Dhaka during the reign of Aurangzeb.

The Alamgiri Gate is the main entrance to the Lahore Fort built during the reign of Aurangzeb.

Mughal Empire 9

Mughal influence on South Asian art and cultureA major Mughal contribution to the Indian subcontinent was their unique architecture. Many monuments were builtby the Muslim emperors, especially Shahjahan, during the Mughal era including the UNESCO World Heritage SiteTaj Mahal, which is known to be one of the finer examples of Mughal architecture. Other World Heritage Sitesincludes the Humayun's Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Agra Fort, and Lahore Fort.The palaces, tombs, and forts built by the dynasty stands today in Agra, Aurangabad, Delhi, Dhaka, Fatehpur Sikri,Jaipur, Lahore, Kabul, Sheikhupura, and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh.[15] Withfew memories of Central Asia, Babur's descendents absorbed traits and customs of the Indian Subcontinent,[16] andbecame more or less naturalised.Mughal influence can be seen in cultural contributions such as[17]:• Centralised, imperialistic government which brought together many smaller kingdoms.[18]

• Persian art and culture amalgamated with Indian art and culture.[19]

• New trade routes to Arab and Turkic lands.• The development of Mughlai cuisine.[20]

• Mughal Architecture found its way into local Indian architecture, most conspicuously in the palaces built byRajputs and Sikh rulers.

•• Landscape gardeningAlthough the land the Mughals once ruled has separated into what is now India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, andAfghanistan, their influence can still be seen widely today. Tombs of the emperors are spread throughout India,Afghanistan,[21] and Pakistan. There are 16 million descendants spread throughout the Subcontinent and possibly theworld.[22]

Urdu languageAlthough Persian was the dominant and "official" language of the empire, the language of the elite later evolved intoa form of Hindustani today known as Urdu. Highly Persianized and also influenced by Arabic and Turkic, thelanguage was written in a type of Perso-Arabic script known as Nastaliq, and with literary conventions andspecialized vocabulary being retained from Persian, Arabic and Turkic; the new dialect was eventually given its ownname of Urdu. Compared with Hindi, the Urdu language draws more vocabulary from Persian and Arabic (viaPersian) and (to a much lesser degree) from Turkic languages where Hindi draws vocabulary from Sanskrit moreheavily.[23] Modern Hindi, which uses Sanskrit-based vocabulary along with Urdu loan words from Persian andArabic, is mutually intelligible with Urdu.[24] Today, Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and also an importantco-official language in India.

Mughal societyThe Indian economy remained as prosperous under the Mughals as it was, because of the creation of a road system and a uniform currency, together with the unification of the country. Manufactured goods and peasant-grown cash crops were sold throughout the world. Key industries included shipbuilding (the Indian shipbuilding industry was as advanced as the European, and Indians sold ships to European firms), textiles, and steel. The Mughals maintained a small fleet, which merely carried pilgrims to Mecca, imported a few Arab horses in Surat. Debal in Sindh was mostly autonomous. The Mughals also maintained various river fleets of Dhows, which transported soldiers over rivers and fought rebels. Among its admirals were Yahya Saleh, Munnawar Khan, and Muhammad Saleh Kamboh. The Mughals also protected the Siddis of Janjira. Its sailors were renowned and often voyaged to China and the East African Swahili Coast, together with some Mughal subjects carrying out private-sector trade. Cities and towns boomed under the Mughals; however, for the most part, they were military and political centres, not manufacturing or commerce centres. Only those guilds which produced goods for the bureaucracy made goods in the towns; most industry was based in rural areas. The Mughals also built Maktabs in every province under their authority, where

Mughal Empire 10

youth were taught the Quran and Islamic law such as the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri in their indigenous languages.The nobility was a heterogeneous body; while it primarily consisted of Rajput aristocrats and foreigners fromMuslim countries, people of all castes and nationalities could gain a title from the emperor. The middle class ofopenly affluent traders consisted of a few wealthy merchants living in the coastal towns; the bulk of the merchantspretended to be poor to avoid taxation. The bulk of the people were poor. The standard of living of the poor was aslow as, or somewhat higher than, the standard of living of the Indian poor under the British Raj; whatever benefitsthe British brought with canals and modern industry were neutralized by rising population growth, high taxes, andthe collapse of traditional industry in the nineteenth century.

Science and technology

Complex Arabesque inlays at the Mughal Agra Fort.

Astronomy

While there appears to have been littleconcern for theoretical astronomy, Mughalastronomers continued to make advances inobservational astronomy and producednearly a hundred Zij treatises. Humayunbuilt a personal observatory near Delhi,while Jahangir and Shah Jahan were alsointending to build observatories but wereunable to do so. The instruments andobservational techniques used at the Mughalobservatories were mainly derived from theIslamic tradition.[25][26] In particular, one ofthe most remarkable astronomicalinstruments invented in Mughal India is the seamless celestial globe (see Technology below).

TechnologyFathullah Shirazi (c. 1582), a Persian-Indian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar the Great inthe Mughal Empire, developed a volley gun.[27]

Considered one of the most remarkable feats in metallurgy, the seamless globe was invented in Kashmir by AliKashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH (1589–90 CE), and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore andKashmir during the Mughal Empire. Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modernmetallurgists to be technically impossible to produce metal globes without any seams, even with modern technology.Another famous series of seamless celestial globes was produced using a lost-wax casting method in the MughalEmpire in 1070 AH (1659–1960 CE) by Muhammad Salih Tahtawi with Arabic and Persian inscriptions. It isconsidered a major feat in metallurgy. These Mughal metallurgists pioneered the method of wax casting whileproducing these seamless globes.[28]

Mughal Empire 11

Notes[1] Richards, John F. (March 26, 1993). Johnson, Gordon; Bayly, C. A.. eds. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5. I.

The Mughals and their Contemporaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 190. doi:10.2277/0521251192.ISBN 978-0521251198.

[2] Zahir ud-Din Mohammad (September 10, 2002). Thackston, Wheeler M.. ed. The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. NewYork: Modern Library. p. xlvi. ISBN 978-0375761379. "In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani, after Temür's title Gurkân, thePersianized form of the Mongolian kürägän, 'son-in-law,' a title he assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess."

[3] Balfour, E.G. (1976). Encyclopaedia Asiatica: Comprising Indian-subcontinent, Eastern and Southern Asia. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications.S. 460, S. 488, S. 897. ISBN 978-8170203254.

[4] "The Mughal Empire" (http:/ / www. sscnet. ucla. edu/ southasia/ History/ Mughals/ mughals. html)[5] menloschool.org (http:/ / sun. menloschool. org/ ~sportman/ westernstudies/ first/ 1718/ 2000/ eblock/ mughal/ )[6] http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ itc/ mealac/ pritchett/ 00islamlinks/ ikram/ part2_11. html[7] http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ itc/ mealac/ pritchett/ 00islamlinks/ ikram/ graphics/ india1605. jpg[8] http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=P-Ygz9VbiE0[9] "Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ religion/ religions/ islam/ history/ mughalempire_1. shtml). bbc.co.uk. London:

British Broadcasting Corporation. Section 5: Aurangzeb. . Retrieved 18 October 2010.[10] Black, Jeremy (1996). Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492-1792 (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC& pg=PA142). Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-521-47033-9. . Retrieved 25 January 2012.[11] Robert L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 20: "The Mughals – Persianized Turks

who invaded from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis – strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India"[12] http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ itc/ mealac/ pritchett/ 00islamlinks/ ikram/ part2_10. html[13] S. N. Sen (2006). History Modern India. New Age International. pp. 11–13,41–43. ISBN 8122417744.[14] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Template:History[15][15] Ross Marlay, Clark D. Neher. 'Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders' pp.269 ISBN 0847684423[16] webindia123.com-Indian History-Medieval-Mughal Period-AKBAR (http:/ / www. webindia123. com/ history/ MEDIEVAL/ mughal

period/ mughal2. htm)[17] Mughal Contribution to Indian Literature | Writinghood (http:/ / writinghood. com/ literature/ topical/

mughal-contribution-to-indian-literature/ )[18] "Mughal Empire – MSN Encarta" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5kx6SG3s9). Archived from the original (http:/ / encarta. msn. com/

encyclopedia_761564252/ mughal_empire. html) on 2009-11-01. .[19] Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (1450–1650) (http:/ / www. soas. ac. uk/ southasia/ research/ nilc/

indopersian/ )[20] Mughlai Recipes, Mughlai Dishes – Cuisine, Mughlai Food (http:/ / www. indianfoodforever. com/ mughlai/ )[21] The garden of Bagh-e Babur : Tomb of the Mughal emperor (http:/ / www. afghanistan-photos. com/ crbst_36. html)[22] Descendants of Mughal came together to rehabilitate the Mughal Dynasty | TwoCircles.net (http:/ / www. twocircles. net/ 2009mar13/

descendants_mughal_came_together_rehabilitate_mughal_dynasty. html)[23] "A Brief Hindi – Urdu FAQ" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071202103338/ http:/ / www. geocities. com/ sikmirza/ arabic/ hindustani.

html). sikmirza. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. geocities. com/ sikmirza/ arabic/ hindustani. html) on 2007-12-02. . Retrieved2008-05-20.

[24] Urdu Dictionary Project is Under Threat : ALL THINGS PAKISTAN (http:/ / pakistaniat. com/ 2009/ 07/ 23/urdu-dictionary-project-is-under-threat/ )

[25] Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., pp. 8–9, ISBN 8120812565[26] Baber, Zaheer (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, State University of New York

Press, pp. 82–9, ISBN 0791429199[27] Bag, A. K. (2005). "Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu". Indian Journal of History of Science (New Delhi: Indian

National Science Academy) 40 (3): 431–436. ISSN 0019-5235.[28] Savage-Smith, Emilie (1985), Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their history, Construction, and Use, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington,

D.C.

Mughal Empire 12

Further reading• Manucci, Niccolao; tr. from French by François Catrou (1826). History of the Mogul dynasty in India, 1399–1657

(http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ historyofmoguldy00manurich#page/ n5/ mode/ 2up). London : J.M.Richardson.

• The Tezkereh al vakiat or Private Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Humayun Written in the Persian language byJouher A confidential domestic of His Majesty (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/tezkerehalvakiat00jawhuoft#page/ n7/ mode/ 2up). John Murray, London. 1832.

• Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. TheMuhammadan Period; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. ( Online Copy (http:/ / persian.packhum. org/ persian/ main?url=pf?file=80201010& ct=0) at Packard Humanities Institute – Other Persian Textsin Translation; historical books: Author List and Title List (http:/ / persian. packhum. org/ persian/ ))

• Invasions of India from Central Asia (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ invasionsofindia00londrich#page/ n5/mode/ 2up). London, R. Bentley and Son. 1879.

• Hunter, William Wilson, Sir (1893). "10. The Mughal Dynasty, 1526–1761" (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/briefhistoryindi00hunt#page/ n7/ mode/ 2up). A Brief history of the Indian peoples. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

• Adams, W. H. Davenport (1893). Warriors of the Crescent (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/warriorsofcresce00adamuoft#page/ n9/ mode/ 2up). London: Hutchinson.

• Holden, Edward Singleton (1895). The Mogul emperors of Hindustan, A.D. 1398- A.D. 1707 (http:/ / www.archive. org/ stream/ mogulemperorsofh00hold#page/ n9/ mode/ 2up). New York : C. Scribner's Sons.

• Malleson, G. B (1896). Akbar and the rise of the Mughal empire (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/akbarriseofmugha00mallrich#page/ n5/ mode/ 2up). Oxford : Clarendon Press.

• Lane-Poole, Stanley (1906). History of India: From Mohammedan Conquest to the Reign of Akbar the Great(Vol. 3) (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ historyofindia03jackuoft#page/ n9/ mode/ 2up). London, Groliersociety.

• Lane-Poole, Stanley (1906). History of India: From Reign of Akbar the Great to the Fall of Moghul Empire (Vol.4) (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ historyofindia04jackuoft#page/ n9/ mode/ 2up). London, Grolier society.

• Manucci, Niccolao; tr. by William Irvine (1907). Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 1 (http:/ /www. archive. org/ stream/ storiadomogororm01manuuoft#page/ n7/ mode/ 2up). London, J. Murray.

• Manucci, Niccolao; tr. by William Irvine (1907). Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 2 (http:/ /www. archive. org/ stream/ storiadomogororm02manuuoft#page/ n7/ mode/ 2up). London, J. Murray.

• Manucci, Niccolao; tr. by William Irvine (1907). Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 3 (http:/ /www. archive. org/ stream/ storiadomogororm03manuuoft#page/ n9/ mode/ 2up). London, J. Murray.

• Owen, Sidney J (1912). The Fall of the Mogul Empire (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/fallofmogulempir00owenuoft#page/ n5/ mode/ 2up). London, J. Murray.

• Burgess, James (1913). The Chronology of Modern India for Four Hundred Years from the Close of the FifteenthCentury, A.D. 1494–1894. (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ chronologyofmode00burg#page/ n5/ mode/ 2up).John Grant, Edinburgh.

• Irvine, William (1922). Later Mughals, Vol. 1, 1707–1720 (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/latermughals01irviuoft#page/ n3/ mode/ 2up). London, Luzac & Co..

• Irvine, William (1922). Later Mughals, Vol. 2, 1719–1739 (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/latermughals02irviuoft#page/ n3/ mode/ 2up). London, Luzac & Co..

• Bernier, Francois (1891). Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 1656–1668 (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/travelsinmogulem00bernuoft#page/ ii/ mode/ 2up). Archibald Constable, London.

• Preston, Diana and Michael; Taj Mahal: Passion and Genius at the Heart of the Moghul Empire; Walker &Company; ISBN 0802716733.

• The Moghul Economy and Society; Chapter 2 of Class Structure and Economic Growth: India & Pakistan sincethe Moghuls (http:/ / www. ggdc. net/ Maddison/ articles/ moghul_2. pdf); By Maddison (1971)

Mughal Empire 13

External links• Mughals and Swat (http:/ / www. valleyswat. net/ literature/ papers/ MUGHULS_AND_SWAT. pdf)• Mughal India (http:/ / www. mughalindia. co. uk/ index. html) an interactive experience from the British Museum• The Mughal Empire (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ religion/ religions/ islam/ history/ mughalempire_1. shtml) from

BBC• Mughal Empire (http:/ / www. i3pep. org/ archives/ 2005/ 04/ 12/ mughal-empire/ )• The Great Mughals (http:/ / www. islamicarchitecture. org/ dynasties/ mughals. html)• Gardens of the Mughal Empire (http:/ / www. mughalgardens. org/ html/ home. html)• Indo-Iranian Socio-Cultural Relations at Past, Present and Future, by M.Reza Pourjafar, Ali• A. Taghvaee, in Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony (Fabio Maniscalco ed.) (http:/ / www. webjournal. unior. it/

), vol. 1, January–June 2006• Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace — PHOTOS — Great Mughal Emperors of India (http:/ / www. paradoxplace.

com/ Insights/ Civilizations/ Mughals/ Mughals. htm)• A Mughal diamond on BBC (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ uk_news/ england/ 1566398. stm)• Some Mughal coins with brief history (http:/ / www. chiefacoins. com/ Database/ Countries/ Mughal. htm)

Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsMughal Empire  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=473447586  Contributors: 0, 1or2, 3210, 3swordz, 7794hka, 9258fahsflkh917fas, A. B., A. Parrot, AI009, AJ-India,AMbroodEY, Aamirshkh, Aamrun, Aarandir, Aaron Schulz, Abductive, Abhijitsathe, Abhishekmathur, Abikan, Absar, Acsenray, Adam.J.W.C., AdjustShift, Afghan Historian, Againme,Ageo020, Agha Nader, Ahassan05, Ahmedtaz, Ahoerstemeier, Ahsaninam, Aiiwolf, Aimn0, Airunp, Aivazovsky, Aj 123531pool, Ajfletch, AjitPD, Aksi great, Al Ameer son, Alansohn,Alchemist Jack, Aldis90, Alex43223, AlexanderPico, AlexiusHoratius, Alksub, Allstarecho, Alren, Altetendekrabbe, Ambarish, Amberhabib, Amcl, Anakinskywalker, Anaxial,AndOutComeTheWolves, Andre Engels, Andrewlp1991, Andy anno, Andycjp, Angela, AngoraFish, Anoopeic, Anupam, AnwarInsaan, Anwarsw, Apalaria, Aragor34, Archerblack, Arcot,Areapeaslol, Arjun024, Arnab kl4, Arthena, Arvindn, AshLin, Astral, Astynax, Aszekely, Atulsnischal, Austriacus, Aviatormd, Aymatth2, B00P, Bahauddeen, Bahramm 2, Balcer, Balthazarduju,Bbatsell, Beeblebrox, Beh-nam, Belligero, Bender235, Bengaliindian, Bento00, Bhadani, Bhandanker.varun, Bhatt 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Discospinster, Dkusic, Dobermanji, DocWatson42, Docu, Dodo, Doldrums, Domitius, Dont101, Dougweller, Downwards, Dr Sachs,Drbreznjev, Drilnoth, Drkhandwe, Drummingjack2, Dspradau, Dunnob, Durin, Dwo, E104421, EagleFan, Edsanville, Ehtasham313, Einstein90, Ekabhishek, El C, Elcobbola, Elockid,ElockidAlternate, ElvenHighKing, Enchyin, Encrypteddata, Enric Naval, Epididymus, Ericoides, Erlik.khan, Errormeek, Eugene van der Pijll, EvKnight13, Evil Monkey, Ezy ryder33, Fabartus,Faradayplank, Farsiwan22, Fast track, Fastily, Fatidiot1234, Ferkelparade, Feydey, Filippusson, Finlay McWalter, Fishal, Foshodle, Fowler&fowler, Fredrik, Fui in terra aliena, Gala.martin,Ganeshk, Gap9551, Garzo, Gavin Hodgson, Gavinbrown, Gayatrisavitr, Generalboss3, Geo Swan, GhostWhoVotes, Giani g, Gigatron1, Gimme danger, Gnanapiti, Gobeshock GobochondroGyanotirtho, Gomada, Good Olfactory, GoodDamon, Gotipe, Graham87, Great freak, Greenshed, Greswik, Gryphon044, Gujuguy, Gurch, Gurt Posh, Guy Harris, H, HFret, Hadal, Hairy Dude,Hajibaba786, Hajji Piruz, Hamad, Hamamelis, Hamucan, Happytime, Harisingh, Haroon.riaz, Harshavardhan83, Haseeb Naz, Headbomb, HenryFaber, Henrygb, Hinio, Hmains, Hoffster12,Hornplease, Hossain Akhtar Chowdhury, HotWinters, Houshyar, Hughcharlesparker, Hugo999, Husond, IFaqeer, Ialsoagree, Ian Dalziel, Ian Pitchford, Ian13, Igodard, Imc, ImpuMozhi,Indisciplined, Indon, InvictaHOG, InvisibleK, Iridescent, Irishpunktom, Itai, Itsmejudith, J Di, J.delanoy, J04n, JForget, JJ Williams, JaGa, Jagged 85, James Gleick, Jamesday,Jamesinderbyshire, Jauerback, Javierfv1212, Jayjg, Jcbos, Jeff G., Jeroen, Jguk, Jiang, Jitbit, Jitterro, Jmn100, Jncraton, Jnorton7558, John K, John of Reading, JohnGH, Jojit fb, JonHarder,JorgeGG, Jossi, Jperrylsu, Jshadias, Jugularbean, Juhko, Juliancolton, K.Khokhar, KASchmidt, KGasso, Ka Faraq Gatri, Kaal, Kaisershatner, Kansas Bear, Kapitop, Karcha, Katheeja,Katieh5584, Kavitadominic, Kazimostak, Keilana, Kenatipo, Kennethtennyson, Kesangh, Khazaei.mr, Khoikhoi, Khosrow II, Kiftaan, Killing Vector, Kimberry352, Kingturtle, Kirill Lokshin,Knight1993, Knizar, Knobunc, Ko'oy, Koppas, Kotra, Kottaiajmel, Kozuch, Kukini, Kumarsarma, Kungfuadam, Kurt Shaped Box, Kurykh, Kww, Kyriosity, LAX, LOTRrules, Lambiam, LastEmperor, Laynelagasse, Lbecque, Leandrod, Legend india1, Leo Africanus, Leondegrance, Leslie Was Here, Lethe, Leviel, Liamdavies, LilHelpa, Ling.Nut, LinguisticDemographer, Littleboy58,Lmcelhiney, Looxix, LordSimonofShropshire, LordSuryaofShropshire, LorenzoB, Lowellian, Lradrama, M.Imran, MGL85, MPerel, Mackay 86, Made in England, Magichands, Magicmonster,Magister Mathematicae, Mahmudmasri, Mahoka, Makalp, Malaiya, ManasShaikh, Mani1, Manjurul, Mar4d, Mardavich, Markkawika, Martin451, MartinRinehart, Maverick16, Mazdakabedi,Mboverload, McSly, Mcli, Mcrkramer, Mddake, Mdmday, Megasonic58, Melchoir, Mentifisto, Messy9009, Mhchintoo, Michael Hardy, Mightymrt away, MikeWren, Misaq Rabab, Mnmazur,Moarrikh, Modernist, Mohit97, Mohy4u, Momo san, Morghedia, Mosmof, Mr Adequate, Mr.Z-man, Mranderson56, Mughal Lohar, Mughalboyyyyy, Mupper3445, Mustaqbal, Mwanner,Mygerardromance, N.shankar, NEWUSER, Nafsadh, Natalie Erin, NawlinWiki, Nazimx, Nbatra, Ncmvocalist, Ncwys, Nepaheshgar, Netscott, NewEnglandYankee, Newbreed12, Niaz, Nichalp,Nicholas77, Nightrider083, Nikkul, Ninetyone, Nishkid64, No Account, Noe, Nostradamus1, Notjake13, Nuno Tavares, Nunquam Dormio, Nv8200p, Odin of Trondheim, One2the, Optimus82,Orkh, Orpheus, Orthographer, Oshamajik, OwenBlacker, Paedia, Pahari Sahib, Pakistanfanforeva, Paknur, Palfreym, Pamri, Parkwells, PashtunNaswari, Paul August, Pdst, Penubag, Pepsidude,Peter, Peyre, Pgan002, Pgk, Philip Trueman, PhnomPencil, Piratedan, Planders, Podzemnik, Poloplayers, Portalian, Pratap Singh Rajawat, Primarscources, PrinceRegentLuitpold, Pro GameMaster87, Prodego, Profitoftruth85, Pt9 9, Pulkitsinha, Pyrrhus16, Qaamgo, QadeemMusalman, Qarhaad, Qazmlp1029, Qmwne235, Quesotiotyo, Quizkajer, R, R'n'B, Raayen, Ragib, Railable,Rajshree.jk, Rak3sh, Randhirreddy, RandomP, RasputinAXP, Raswa, Ratemonth, RattusMaximus, Razimpatel, Rcduggan, Rebreh, RedWolf, Reduxx, RegentsPark, Relata refero,Res2216firestar, Rettens2, Rettetast, Rhombus, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Warrington, RickK, Rijul.puri, Rnkroy, Robfbms, Rock zap11, Roleplayer, Rrjanbiah, Rudolf 1922, Rueben lys,RuineR, Rupesh.ravi, Ryucloud, SARFRAZ MANGRAL, SEMTEX85, SMC, ST47, Saberwolf116, Saimdusan, Saishg, Sam Hocevar, SamMichaels, Samar60, Sameerjha, Sankarson, Sanoy,Sanwar 89, Sarabseth, Sardanaphalus, Sarkar2, Sasajid, Sauvastika, Scarian, Schmeater, Schumi555, Scott 110, Scythian1, Seaphoto, Seattle Skier, SelfQ, Sephiroth BCR, Sevilledade,SgtPepper967, Shaad lko, Shah Nawaz of Seattle, Shahsuri, Shalimer, Shanes, Shantanu786, Shavez, Shell Kinney, Shinmawa, Shobhit Arya, Shoeofdeath, Siafu, Siddiqui, Sikandarji, SimonP,SimsHsia, Sindbad mughal, Sirius86, Sisodia, Sjakkalle, Skashifakram, Skumarla, SkyWalker, Skylark2007, Slackermonkey, Sligocki, Sljaxon, Slumbookawalk, Sluzzelin, SmallPotatoes,Smileyface11945, Snakespeaker, Sobreira, Sohailstyle, Soliloquial, Someone65, Sopoforic, Sortan, SpacemanSpiff, Spacepotato, Sparrowman007, Spartian, Spasage, Speedboy Salesman,Spondoolicks, Static Universe, StaticGull, Steel, Steelhead, SteinbDJ, Stephan Schulz, Stephensuleeman, Street Scholar, Strider11, Sturm55, Sumir Sharma, Sundostund, Sunny kabir, Sunzlvy,Supersaiyandoyle, Swerveut, Syed Atif Nazir, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, THEunique, TM12345, TOO, Tabletop, Tajik, Talk2xpert, Tapir Terrific, TattootearGuj, Taurus, Tbhotch, Tcpekin,Tearanna, Technopilgrim, Teratornis, The Ogre, The Phoenix, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheDJ, TheWulf, Theda, Theflyingman, Theman244, Thewayforward, Thingg, Tide rolls, Tigeroo,Tiptoety, Tobias Conradi, Tom Radulovich, Tom87020, Tombseye, Tommy2010, Tomwalden, Trakesht, Traviswastaken, Tripod86, Triwbe, Trovatore, Truthspeaks11, Tuncrypt, Tuxedojunction, 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of the Mughal Empire.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg  License: Public domain  Contributors: Orange Tuesday (talk)File:Timurid.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Timurid.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:StanneredFile:Blank.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blank.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bastique, Chlewey, ChrisDHDR, It Is Me Here, Jed, Paradoctor,Patrick, Penubag, Rocket000, Roomba, Timeroot, TintazulFile:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: DarkEvilFile:Flag of the Emirate of Herat.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Herat.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Orange Tuesday (talk)File:Punjab flag.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punjab_flag.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:HimasaramFile:British Raj Red Ensign.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BarryobFile:Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: YenemusFile:Nawab flag.GIF  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nawab_flag.GIF  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arafath.riyathFile:Flag of Awadh.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Awadh.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:UtcurschFile:Flag of Mysore.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mysore.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lucas Larson, based on work of MChewFile:Flag of Afghanistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: 5ko, Ahmad2099, Alkari, Antonsusi,Avala, Bastique, Dancingwombatsrule, Dbenbenn, Denelson83, Domhnall, Duduziq, ElmA, F l a n k e r, Frigotoni, Fry1989, Gast32, George Animal, Happenstance, Herbythyme, Homo lupus,Klemen Kocjancic, Koefbac, Kookaburra, Lokal Profil, Ludger1961, MPF, Mattes, Myself488, Neq00, Nersy, Nightstallion, Orange Tuesday, Rainforest tropicana, Reisio, Rocket000, Smooth O,Sojah, SteveGOLD, Tabasco, Zscout370, 30 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of India.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Flag of Pakistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:Dagger horse head Louvre OA7891.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dagger_horse_head_Louvre_OA7891.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:User:JastrowFile:Emperor Jahangir receiving his two sons, an album-painting in gouache on paper, c 1605-06.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emperor_Jahangir_receiving_his_two_sons,_an_album-painting_in_gouache_on_paper,_c_1605-06.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Manohar

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 15

File:Jama Masjid, Delhi, morning view.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jama_Masjid,_Delhi,_morning_view.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Dennis Jarvis from Halifax, CanadaFile:Mughal Genealogical Table.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mughal_Genealogical_Table.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NafsadhFile:A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast of the 'Id., 1843.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_panorama_in_12_folds_showing_the_procession_of_the_Emperor_Bahadur_Shah_to_celebrate_the_feast_of_the_'Id.,_1843.jpg  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe (1795-1853)File:India map 1700 1792.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_map_1700_1792.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: V. & K.Image:Mongol dominions1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mongol_dominions1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Briangotts, Latebird, Maksim, Nik Sage,RNLion, Shyam, 1 anonymous editsImage:Taj1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taj1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Jankit (TalkImage:RedFort.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RedFort.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Cncs wikipedia, GryffindorImage:Lalbager Kella 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lalbager_Kella_01.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Sfaisal2005Image:Lahore Fort.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lahore_Fort.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: M. UmairFile:RedFortAgra-Musamman-Burj-20080211-2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RedFortAgra-Musamman-Burj-20080211-2.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Haros, Johnbod

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