COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABI FOR M.Tech. POWER SYSTEM & CONTROL ENGINEERING (ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING) 2012-2013 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT School of Engineering & Technology, Paralakhemundi. Odisha-761211, INDIA, Web Site: - www.cutm.ac.in
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COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABI
FOR
M.Tech.
POWER SYSTEM & CONTROL ENGINEERING
(ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING)
2012-2013
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
School of Engineering & Technology, Paralakhemundi.
1.A.G. Phadke and J.S. Thorp, " Computer Relaying for Power Systems", John Wiley and Sons,
1994
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (Elective-1)
MODULE-1
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH VOLTAGE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Electric Field Stresses, Gas / Vaccum as Insulator, Liquid Dielectrics, Solids and Composites,
Estimation and Control of Electric Stress, Numerical methods for electric field computation,
Surge voltages, their distribution and control, Applications of insulating materials in
transformers, rotating machines, circuit breakers, cable power capacitors and bushings.
BREAK DOWN IN GASEOUS AND LIQUID DIELECTRICS
Gases as insulating media, collision process, Ionization process, Townsend’s criteria of
breakdown in gases, Paschen’s law. Liquid as Insulator, pure and commercial liquids,
breakdown in pure and commercial liquids.
BREAK DOWN IN SOLID DIELECTRICS
Intrinsic breakdown, electromechanical breakdown, thermal breakdown, breakdown of solid
dielectrics in practice, Breakdown in composite dielectrics, solid dielectrics used in practice.
MODULE-2
GENERATION OF HIGH VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
Generation of High Direct Current Voltages, Generation of High alternating voltages,
Generation of Impulse Voltages, Generation of Impulse currents, Tripping and control of
impulse generators.
MEASUREMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
Measurement of High Direct Current voltages, Measurement of High Voltages alternating
and impulse, Measurement of High Currents-direct, alternating and Impulse, Oscilloscope for
impulse voltage and current measurements.
MODULE-3
OVER VOLTAGE PHENOMENON AND INSULATION CO-ORDINATION
Natural causes for over voltages – Lightning phenomenon, Overvoltage due to switching
surges, system faults and other abnormal conditions, Principles of Insulation Coordination on
High voltage and Extra High Voltage power systems.
NON-DISTRUCTIVE TESTING OF MATERIAL AND ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
Measurement of D.C Resistivity, Measurement of Dielectric Constant and loss factor, Partial
discharge measurements.
HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
Testing of Insulators and bushings, Testing of Isolators and circuit breakers, Testing of
cables, Testing of Transformers, Testing of Surge Arresters, Radio Interference
measurements.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. High Voltage Engineering by M.S.Naidu and V. Kamaraju – TMH Publications, 3rd
Edition
2. High Voltage Engineering: Fundamentals by E.Kuffel, W.S.Zaengl, J.Kuffel by Elsevier,
2nd
Edition.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. High Voltage Engineering by C.L.Wadhwa, New Age Internationals (P) Limited, 1997.
2. High Voltage Insulation Engineering by Ravindra Arora, Wolfgang Mosch, New Age
International (P) Limited, 1995.
EHV AC TRANSMISSION (Elective-1)
MODULE-1
Necessity of EHV AC transmission – advantages and problems–power handling capacity and
line losses mechanical considerations – resistance of conductors – properties of bundled
conductors – bundle spacing and bundle radius- Examples.
Line and ground reactive parameters:
Line inductance and capacitances – sequence inductances and capacitances – modes of
propagation – ground return - Examples
Voltage gradients of conductors:
Electrostatics – field of sphere gap – field of line changes and properties – charge – potential
relations for multi-conductors – surface voltage gradient on conductors – distribution of
voltage gradient on sub conductors of bundle – Examples.
MODULE-2
Corona effects
Power loss and audible noise (AN) – corona loss formulae – charge voltage diagram –
generation, characteristics - limits and measurements of AN – relation between 1-phase and
3-phase AN levels – Examples.
Radio interference (RI) - corona pulses generation, properties, limits – frequency spectrum –
modes of propagation – excitation function – measurement of RI, RIV and excitation
functions – Examples.
MODULE-3
Electro static field:
Electrostatic field: calculation of electrostatic field of EHV/AC lines – effect on humans,
animals and plants Electrostatic induction in unenergised circuit of double-circuit line –
electromagnetic interference-Examples.
Traveling wave theory
Traveling wave expression and solution- source of excitation- terminal conditions- open
circuited and Short-circuited end- reflection and refraction coefficients-Lumped parameters
of distributed lines generalized constants-No load voltage conditions and charging current.
Voltage control:
Power circle diagram and its use – voltage control using synchronous condensers – cascade
connection of shunt and series compensation – sub synchronous resonance in series capacitor
– compensated lines – static VAR compensating system.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. EHVAC Transmission Engineering by R. D. Begamudre, New Age International (p) Ltd.
2. HVAC and DC Transmission by S. Rao
FACTS CONTROLLERS (Elective-1)
MODULE-1 Transmission interconnections, power flow in an AC System, loading capability limits,
Power flow and Dynamic stability considerations, importance of controllable parameters.
Opportunities for FACTS, basic types of FACTS controllers, benefits from FACTS
controllers, Requirements and Characteristics of High Power devices – Voltage and Current
rating, losses and speed of switching, parameter trade-off of devices.
Basic concept of Voltage source converter, Single phase full wave bridge converter, Single
phase-leg (pole) operation, Square-wave voltage harmonics for a single phase Bridge, 3
Phase full wave bridge converter.
MODULE-2 Transformer connections for 12 pulse, 24 and 48 pulse operation. Three level voltage source
converter, pulse width modulation converter, basic concept of current source converters,
comparison of current source converters with voltage source converters.
Objectives of shunt compensation, mid point voltage regulation for line segmentation, End of
line voltage support to prevent voltage instability, improvement of transient stability, Power
oscillation damping.
Methods of controllable var generation: variable impedance type static var generators – TCR
and TSR, TSC, FC-TCR, TSC-TCR, switching converter type var generators, hybrid var
generators.
MODULE-3 SVC and STATCOM : The regulation and slope transfer function and dynamic performance,
transient stability enhancement and power oscillation damping, operating point control and
summary of compensation control.
Static series compensators : Concept of series capacitive compensation, improvement of
transient stability, power oscillation damping, functional requirements. GTO thyristor
controlled series capacitor (GSC), thyristor switched series capacitor (TSSC), and thyristor
controlled series capacitor (TCSC), control schemes for GSC, TSSC and TCSC.
Reference Book:
1. “Understanding FACTS ” N.G.Hingorani and L.Guygi, IEEE Press.
Indian Edition is available:--Standard Publications, 2001.
2. “Flexible a c transmission system (FACTS)” Edited by YONG HUE SONG and
ALLAN T JOHNS, Institution of Electrical Engineers, London.
POWER SYSTEMS TRANSIENTS (Elective-2) MODULE-1 INTRODUCTION TO FAST TRANSIENTS:
Origin and nature of power system Transients, traveling waves on transmission system, the
line equation, the shape attenuation and distortion of waves, reflection of traveling waves ,
successive reflections, traveling waves on multi conductor systems, transition points on multi
conductor circuits.
LIGHTNING:
Charge formation, mechanism of lightning stroke. Mathematical model of lightning stroke.
MODULE-2 THEORY OF GROUNDS WIRES: Direct stoke to a tower, effect of reflection up and down the tower, the counterpoise.
SWITCHING SURGES:
Normal frequency effects, high charging currents, cancellation waves, recovery voltage,
restricting phenomena. Protection of transmission systems against surge. High frequency
oscillations and terminal transients of transformer.
MODULE-3 INSULATION COORDINATION:
Insulation coordination procedures (IEC) for high voltage systems: Design criteria,
classification of over voltages, insulation design for switching, lightning and temporary over
voltages, pollution, application of arresters for protection of lines and stations, statistical
methods of insulation coordination, risk of failure, test prescriptions. Insulation coordination
procedures (IEC) for low voltage systems: representative over voltages, selection of clearance
and creepage distances, macro and micro environments, testing techniques, transient
(switching and lightning) voltage surge suppression in industrial and commercial electrical
installations, protection of electronic devices.
REFERENCES 1.Allan Greenwood , Electrical Transients in power Systems , Wiley Iterscience, 1991
2.Lou Van Der Sluis, Transients in power Systems , John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2001
3.R Rudenterg, Transient Performance of Electric power systems, Phenomenon in Lumped
Networks, MGH, 1950
4.R Rudenterg, Electric Stroke waves in power systems, Harvard University press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1968
5.Transmission Line Reference Book, EPRI, USA, 1982.
ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS (Elective-2)
Module-I 1-Ф and 3-ф Controlled rectifiers-Average output voltages and currents for R-L. load
performance parameters of rectifier 1- ф and 3- ф converter. DC-DC converters: Buck,
Boost, Buck-boost converters, linear power supplies. Switch mode DC Power supplies,
Fly back converter, Forward converter, push pull converter, half bridge and full bridge
Module-III Resonant pulse Converters: Classification of resonant Converters, series Resonant
Inverter: Series Resonant inverters with unidirectional switches, series resonant inverters
with bi-directional switches. Parallel Resonant Inverters, Zero current switching resonant
converters, zero voltage switching resonant converters.
Books for Reference: 1. Power electronics, Circuits, devices. Application by M.H.Rashid (PHI) 2. Power electronics, converters, applications and Design N.Mohan undeland and
Robbins John wily and sons inc. 3. Modern Power electronics and AC Drives by B.K .Bose.
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (Elective-2)
MODULE-1 Unit commitment problem : Introductions to UCP, thermal & Hydral constraints in Unit
commitment : Priority list scheme method, unit commitment problem solution by priority list
scheme method,
Unit commitment problem solutions by Dynamic programming Approach. Introduction,
advantages of DP method over priority list scheme, Back word DP approach, forward DP
approach algorithm and their flow charts solution UCP using Dynamic program method.
MODULE-2 Load Frequency Control-I : Necessity of keeping frequency constant. Definition of control
area, single area control, Block diagram representation of an isolated Power System, Steady
State analysis, Dynamic response-Uncontrolled case.
Proportional plus Integral control of single area and its block diagram representation, steady
state response, load frequency control and Economic dispatch control.
Load Frequency Control-II : Load frequency control of 2-area system : uncontrolled case and
controlled case, tie-time bias control.
MODULE-3 Optimal LF control-steady state representation, performance Index and optimal parameter
adjustment.
Generation with limited Energy supply : Take-or-pay fuel supply contract, composite
generation production cost function. Solution by gradient search techniques, Hard limits and
slack variables, Fuel scheduling by linear programming.
Interchange Evaluation and Power Pools Economy Interchange, Economy interchange
Evaluation, Interchange Evaluation with unit commitment, Multiple Interchange contracts.
After-the-fact production costing, Transmission Losses in transaction Evaluation, other types
of Interchange, power pools.
Reference Books :
1. Electrical Energy Systems Theory - by O.I.Elgerd, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd, 2nd
edition.
2. Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat – Tata Mc Graw Hill Publications
3. Power Generation, Operation and Control - by A.J.Wood and B.F.Wollenberg,John
wiley & sons Inc. 1984.
4. Modern Power System Analysis - by I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari, Tata Mc Graw-Hill
Publishing Company ltd, 2nd
edition.
POWER SYSTEMS & SIMULATION LAB
1. Fault Analysis of 3-phase Alternator
2. Determination of Xd and Xq of 3-phase salient pole Synchronous motor
4. Determination of breakdown strength of oil by variable distance electrodes.
5. Determination of transmission line parameters.
6. Fault analysis (LL, LG, and LLL) of transmission lines.
SIMULATION BASED (USING MATLAB OR ANY OTHER SOFTWARE) 1. To obtain steady-state, transient and sub-transient short-circuit currents in an alternator. 2. To formulate the Y-Bus matrix and perform load flow analysis. 3. To compute voltage, current, power factor, regulation and efficiency at the receiving end of a three phase Transmission line when the voltage and power at the sending end are given. Use П model. 4. To perform symmetrical fault analysis in a power system. 5. To perform unsymmetrical fault analysis in a power system.
SEMESTER-2
DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
MTPS 1201 L-T-P: 3-1-0
MODULE-1
SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION
Introduction, Examples of Data control systems – Digital to Analog conversion and Analog
to Digital conversion, sample and hold operations.
THE Z – TRANSFORMS
Introduction, Linear difference equations, pulse response, Z – transforms, Theorems of Z –
Transforms, the inverse Z – transforms, Modified Z- Transforms
Z-PLANE ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE-TIME CONTROL SYSTEM
Z-Transform method for solving difference equations; Pulse transforms function, block
diagram analysis of sampled – data systems, mapping between s-plane and z-plane.
MODULE-2 STATE SPACE ANALYSIS
State Space Representation of discrete time systems, Pulse Transfer Function Matrix solving
discrete time state space equations, State transition matrix and it’s Properties, Methods for
Computation of State Transition Matrix, Discretization of continuous time state – space
equations
CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY
Concepts of Controllability and Observability, Tests for controllability and Observability.
Duality between Controllability and Observability, Controllability and Observability
conditions for Pulse Transfer Function
MODULE-3
STABILITY ANALYSIS
Mapping between the S-Plane and the Z-Plane – Primary strips and Complementary Strips –
Constant frequency loci, Constant damping ratio loci, Stability Analysis of closed loop
systems in the Z-Plane. Jury stability test – Stability Analysis by use of the Bilinear
Transformation and Routh Stability criterion.
DESIGN OF DISCRETE TIME CONTROL SYSTEM BY CONVENTIONAL
METHODS Transient and steady – State response Analysis – Design based on the frequency response
method – Bilinear Transformation and Design procedure in the w-plane, Lead, Lag and Lead-
Lag compensators and digital PID controllers.
.STATE FEEDBACK CONTROLLERS AND OBSERVERS
Design of state feedback controller through pole placement – Necessary and sufficient
conditions, Ackerman’s formula.
State Observers – Full order and Reduced order observers.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Discrete-Time Control systems - K. Ogata, Pearson Education/PHI, 2nd Edition
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Digital Control Systems, Kuo, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition, 2003.
2. Digital Control and State Variable Methods by M.Gopal, TMH
POWER QUALITY
MTPS 1202 L-T-P: 3-1-0
MODULE-1
Introduction: power quality (PQ) problem, Voltage sag, Swell , Surges, Harmonic, over
voltages, spikes, Voltage fluctuations, Transients, interruption overview of power quality
phenomenon , Remedies to improve power quality, power quality monitoring.
Interruptions: Definition, Difference between failure, outage, causes and origin of
interruptions, limits for the interruption frequency, limits for the interruption duration , costs
of interruption, overview of Reliability , evaluation to power quality, comparison of
observations and reliability evaluation. MODULE-2 Voltage Sag: Characterization of voltage sag, definition, causes of voltage sag, voltage sag
magnitude, monitoring, theoretical calculation of voltage sag magnitude voltage sag
calculation in non-radial systems, meshed systems, voltage sag duration.
PQ considerations in Industrial Power Systems: voltage sag effects, equipment behaviour
of power electronic loads, induction motors, synchronous motors, computers, consumer
electronics, adjustable speed AC drives and its operation. Mitigation of AC drives,
Adjustable speed DC drive and its operation, mitigation methods of DC drives.
MODULE-3 Mitigation of Interruptions and Voltage Sags: Overview of mitigation methods- form fault
to trip, reducing the number of faults, reducing the fault clearing time changing the power
system, installing mitigation equipment, improving equipment immunity, different events and
mitigation methods. System equipment interface- voltage source converter, series voltage
controller, shunt controller, combined shunt and series controller.
Power Quality and EMC Standards: Introduction to standardization, IEC Electromagnetic
compatibility standards, European voltage characteristics standards, PQ surveys.
Reference Book:
1. “ Understanding Power Quality Problems” by Math H J Bollen, IEEE Press.
2. Electrical power quality –R C Dugan, M.F,M Granghar, H.W.Beaty-TMH.
POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS & STABILITY
MTPS 1203 L-T-P: 3-1-0
MODULE-1 System Dynamics: Synchronous machine model in state space form, computer representation
for excitation and governor systems –modeling of loads and induction machines.
Effect of congestion on LMPs- country practices MODULE-3 Ancillary Services and System Security in Deregulation. Classifications and definitions,
AS management in various markets- country practices. Technical, economic, & regulatory
issues involved in the deregulation of the power industry.
Reference Books: 1. Power System Economics: Designing markets for electricity - S. Stoft
2. Power generation, operation and control, -J. Wood and B. F. Wollenberg
3. Operation of restructured power systems - K. Bhattacharya, M.H.J. Bollen and J.E.
Daalder
4. Market operations in electric power systems - M. Shahidehpour, H. Yamin and Z. Li
5. Fundamentals of power system economics - S. Kirschen and G. Strbac
6. Optimization principles: Practical Applications to the Operation and Markets
of the Electric Power Industry - N. S. Rau
7. Competition and Choice in Electricity - Sally Hunt and Graham Shuttleworth
REAL TIME CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS (Elective-4) MODULE-1 State Estimation : Different types of State Estimations, Theory of WLS state estimation,
sequential and non-sequential methods to process measurements.
Bad data Observability, Bad data detection, identification and elimination.
Security and Contingency Evaluation : Security concept, Security Analysis and monitoring,
Contingency Analysis for Generator and line outages by iterative linear power flow method,
Fast Decoupled model, and network sensitivity methods.
MODULE-2 Computer Control of Power Systems : Need for real time and computer control of power
systems, operating states of a power system,
SCADA - Supervisory control and Data Acquisition systems implementation considerations,
energy control centres, software requirements for implementing the above functions.
MODULE-3 Voltage Stability : What is voltage stability, voltage collapse, and voltage security, relation of
voltage stability to rotor angle stability.
Voltage stability analysis Introduction to voltage stability analysis `P-V’ curves and `Q-V’
curves, voltage stability in mature power systems, long-term voltage stability, power flow
analysis for voltage stability, voltage stability static indices and Research Areas
Application of AI and ANN in Power System : Basic concepts and definitions, algorithms for
load flow, short term load forecasting, fault diagnosis and state estimation.
Reference Books : 1. John J.Grainger and William D.Stevenson, Jr. : Power System Analysis,
McGraw-Hill, 1994, International Edition
1. Allen J.Wood and Bruce F.Wollenberg : Power Generation operation and control,
John Wiley & Sons, 1984
2. R.N.Dhar : Computer Aided Power Systems Operation and Analysis, Tata McGraw
Hill, 1982
3. L.P.Singh : Advanced Power System Analysis and Dynamics, Wiley
Eastern Ltd. 1986
4. Prabha Kundur : Power System Stability and Control -, McGraw Hill, 1994
5. P.D.Wasserman : `Neural Computing : Theory and Practice’ Van Nostrand -
Feinhold, New York.
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION AND MANAGEMENT
(Elective-4)
MODULE-1 Load Compensation Objectives and specifications – reactive power characteristics – inductive and capacitive
approximate biasing – Load compensator as a voltage regulator – phase balancing and power
factor correction of unsymmetrical loads- examples.
Steady – state reactive power compensation in transmission system:
Uncompensated line – types of compensation – Passive shunt and series and dynamic shunt
compensation – examples
Transient state reactive power compensation in transmission systems: Characteristic time periods – passive shunt compensation – static compensations- series
capacitor compensation –compensation using synchronous condensers – examples
concepts of quality of power supply – disturbances- steady –state variations – effects of under
voltages – frequency – Harmonics, radio frequency and electromagnetic interferences
Demand side management: Load patterns – basic methods load shaping – power tariffs- KVAR based tariffs penalties for
voltage flickers and Harmonic voltage levels
MODULE-3
Distribution side Reactive power Management:
System losses –loss reduction methods – examples – Reactive power planning – objectives –
Economics Planning capacitor placement – retrofitting of capacitor banks
User side reactive power management: KVAR requirements for domestic appliances – Purpose of using capacitors – selection of
capacitors – deciding factors – types of available capacitor, characteristics and Limitations
Reactive power management in electric traction systems and are furnaces:
Typical layout of traction systems – reactive power control requirements – distribution
transformers- Electric arc furnaces – basic operations- furnaces transformer –filter
requirements – remedial measures –power factor of an arc furnace
Reference Books: 1. Reactive power control in Electric power systems by T.J.E.Miller, John Wiley and sons,
1982 (Units I to IV)
2. Reactive power Management by D.M.Tagare,Tata McGraw Hill,2004.(Units V toVIII
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION LAB
(Any TEN Experiments of the following to be done)
1. Obtain frequency response of a given system by using various methods:
(a)General method of finding the frequency domain specifications.
(b) Polar plot
(c) Bode plot
Also obtain the Gain margin and Phase margin.
2. Determine stability of a given dynamical system using following methods.
a) Root locus
b) Bode plot
c) Nyquist plot
d) Lypanov stability criteria
3. Transform a given dynamical system from I/O model to state variable model and vice
versa.
4. Conduct a power flow study on a given power system.
5. Conduct a power flow study on a given power system network using Gauss-Seidel iterative
method.
6. Develop a Simulink model for a single area load frequency problem and simulate the same.
7. Develop a Simulink model for a two-area load frequency problem and simulate the same.
8. Design a PID controller for two-area power system and simulate the same.
9. PSPICE Simulation of Single phase full converter using RLE loads.
10. PSPICE Simulation of Three phase full converter using RLE loads.
11. PSPICE Simulation of Single phase AC Voltage controller using RL load.
12. PSPICE Simulation of Three phase inverter with PWM controller.
13. PSPICE Simulation of Resonant Pulse commutation Circuit.
14. PSPICE Simulation of Impulse Commutation Circuit.
SEMESTER-3
ADAPTIVE & CONTROL THEORY
MTPS 2101 L-T-P: 3-1-0
Module-I Introduction and overview of Systems Identification, Adaptive Control and applications. Parameter Estimation: Least Square, Generalized and Recursive Least Square, Estimator properties including error bounds and convergence, MES, ML and MAP estimators, Nonlinear Least Squares. Model Structures and Predictors. Module-II Recursive Identification of Linear dynamic systems: RLS, ELS, IV, RML, Stochastic Approximation, Extended Kalman Filter, generalized prediction error framework and its application to ARMA and state models, convergence analysis, Time varying parameters. Nonlinear System Identification. ; Adaptive schemes. Adaptive control theory. Applications. Situations when constant Gain feedback is insufficient. ; Robust control. ; The adaptive control problem. ; The model following problem. MRAS based on stability theory. Model following when the full state is measurable. Module-III Direct MRAS for general linear systems. Prior knowledge in MRAS. MRAS for partially known systems. Use of robust estimation methods in MRAS. ; The basic idea. Indirect self-tuning regulators. Direct Self-tuning regulators. Linear Quadratic STR. Adaptive Predictive control. Prior knowledge in STR.; Linear-in-the-parameters model. Least squares estimation. Experimental conditions. Recursive estimators. Extended least squares. Robust estimation methods (dead zone, projection).Implementation issues. ; Nonlinear System Identification Techniques Text Books:
1. K.J. Astrom and B. Wittenmark, Adaptive Control, Addison, Pearson 2006. 2. L. Ljung, System Identification Theory for the user, Prentice-Hall, 2007.