Mtech C&C 2007-08

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2007-2008

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

M. Tech (Computers & Communications)

Course Structure (w.e.f. 2007-2008)

I Semester

Code Subject

L P C Int Ext Total

CC101 Computer System Architecture 4 - 8 40 60 100

CC102 Data Base Management Systems 4 - 8 40 60 100

CC103 Wireless Communications and Networks 4 - 8 40 60 100

CC104 Advanced Communication Systems 4 - 8 40 60 100

CC105

CC106

CC107

CC108

CC109

CC110

Elective (Two subjects from the list)

a) EMI/EMC

b) Information Theory & Coding Techniquesc) Embedded System Design

d) Internet Protocols

e) Advanced Digital Signal Processing

f) Reliability Engineering in Electronic System

4

4

-

8

8

40

40

60

60

100

100

CC111 Advanced Communications Lab - 3 4 40 60 100

Total: 24 3 52 280 420 700

II Semester

Code Subject L P C Int Ext Total

CC201 Network Security & Cryptography 4 - 8 40 60 100

CC202 Computer Networks (Internetworking) 4 - 8 40 60 100

CC203 System Modeling & Simulation 4 - 8 40 60 100

CC204 Optical Communication and Networks 4 - 8 40 60 100

CC205CC206

CC207

CC208CC209

CC210

Elective (Two subjects from the list)

(a) Digital System Design(b) High Speed Networks

(c) Adaptive Signal Processing

(d) Real Time Operating Systems(e) Radar Signal Processing

(f) Digital Image Processing

4

4

-

8

8

40

40

60

60

100

100

CC211 Design & Simulation Lab - 3 4 40 60 100

Total: 24 3 52 280 420 700

III Semester & IV Semester

CC301 Seminar 4

CC401 Project work 24

Total Credits: 132

Grade A: Excellent, B: Good, C: Satisfactory and D: Unsatisfactory and Seminar evaluation is for

a maximum of 100 marks of 4 credits.

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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

M.Tech I Semester (Computers & Communications Engineering) L P C

4 - 8

COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE

Unit – IEvolution of Computer Systems: Trends towards parallel processing, Parallelism in uniprocessor systems: Basic

Uniprocessor Architecture, Parallel Processing Mechanisms, Balancing of subsystem bandwidth, Multiprogrammingand Time Sharing, Parallel computer structures: Pipeline computers, Array Computers, Multiprocessors Systems,Architectural classification schemes: Multiplicity of Instruction-Data Streams, Serial versus Parallel Processing,Parallism versus pipelining, Parallel processing applications, Control designs (Refer text 3).

Unit – II

Hierarchical Memory Structure: Memory hierarchy, Addressing schemes for main memory.

Unit – III

Pipelining: Principles of linearing Pipelining and space-time diagram, Classification of pipeline processors, General pipelines and Reservation tables, Interleaved Memory Organization, Instruction and arithmetic pipelines: Design of Pipe-lined Instruction Units, Principles of designing pipeline processor: Instruction Prefetch and Branch Handling.

Unit – IVSIMD Array Processors: SIMD Computer organizations, Masking and Data Routing mechanisms, Inter-PECommunications, SIMD Interconnection Networks: Static versus Dynamic Networks, Mesh-Connected Illiac Network,

parallel Shifter, Shuffle-Exchange and Omega Networks.

Unit – V

Parallel algorithms for array processor: SIMD matrix multiplication, Parallel Sorting on Array Processor, SIMDFast Fourier Transform, Associative Array Processing: Associative array processors.

Unit – VI

Functional Structures: Loosely Coupled Multi-processor, Tightly coupled multiprocessors, Processor characteristicsfor Multiprocessing, Interconnection Networks: Crossbar Switch and Multiport Memories multistage networks for Multiprocessors, Parallel Memory Organizations, Multiprocessing Operating Systems: Classification, Software

requirements for MPS, Exploiting Concurrency for Multiprocessing: language features to exploit parallelism, ParallelAlgorithms for Multiprocessors: Synchronized Parallel Algorithms, Asynchronized Parallel Algorithms.

Unit – VII

Data-Driven Computing and Languages: Control flow versus data flow Computers, Data Flow Computer Architectures: Static Data Flow Computers, Dynamic Data Flow Computers, Data flow graphs and languages,Dataflow design alternatives, VLSI computing structures: Systolic array architecture, VLSI matrix arithmetic

processor.

Unit – VIII

Recent Vector Processors: Architecture of Cray –1, Architecture of Cyber super computers.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. “Computer Architecture and parallel processing”, Wang K. Briggs F.A, McGraw Hill.

2. “Introduction to Computer Architecture”, Stone H., Galgotia.3. “Computer Architecture and Organization”, John P. Hayes, McGraw Hill.

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4 - 8

Database Management Systems

Objective:

Learn about data base design concepts, data models(entity- relationship and relational model),the data base querylanguage SQL and components of a data base management system. Further topics include query processing andoptimization techniques, transaction mangement, and storage and file structures.

UNIT-I

Data base system applications: data base system VS file system-view of data – data abstraction- instances andschemes – data models-the ER model – relational model- other models – data base languages- DDL-DML-data base

access for applications programs- data base users and administrators- transaction management – data base systemsstructure – storage manager- the query processor- history of data base systems.Data base design and ER diagrams-

beyond ER design entities, attributes and entity sets – relationships and relationship sets – additional features of ER model- concept design with the ER model – conceptual design for large enterprises.

UNIT-II II:Relational model: introduction to the relational model- integrity constraint over relations – enforcing integrityconstraints- querying relational data – logical data base design – introduction to views-destroying / altering tables and

views.Relational algebra and calculus: relational algebra- selection and projection set operations – renaming-joins –

divisions- examples of algebra overviews – relational calculus- topple relational calculus- domain relational calculus – expressive power of algebra and calculus.

UNIT-III

Form of basic SQL query-examples of basic SQL queries-introduction to nested queries – correlated nested queries set-comparison operators – aggregative operators- NULL values- comparison using null values- logical connectivities-AND ,OR and NOTR-impact on SQL constructs – outer Joins disallowing NULL values – complex integrityconstraints in SQL 0 triggers and active data bases .

UNIT-IV

Schema refinement - problems caused by redundancy- decompositions – problems related to decomposition- reasoningabout FDS – FIRST, SECOND, THIRD normal forms- BCNF-loss less join decompositon-dependancy preserving

decomposition – schema refinement in data base design- multivalued dependencies – fourth normal form.

UNIT-V

Overview of transaction management: ACID properties – transactions and schedules- concurrent execution of

transaction – lock based concurrency control- performance locking- transaction support in SQL-introduction to crashrecovery.

UNIT-VI

Concurrency control: serializability , and recoverability-introduction to lock management- lock conversions – dealingwith dead locks-specialised locking techniques –concurrency without locking.

Crash recovery: introduction to ARIES – the log- other recovery related structures- the write –ahead log protocol-check pointing-recovering from a system crash-media recovery-other approaches and interaction with concurrency control.

UNIT-VII

Overview of storage and indexing: data on external storage-file organization and indexing- cluster indexes , primaryand secondary indexes-index data structures- hash based indexing-tree based indexing-comparison of fileorganizations- indexes and performance tuning.

UNIT-VIII

Relational query optimization: translating SQL queries into algebra-a query block as relational algebra expression – estimating the cost of a plan- estimating resultgizes.

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Tree structured indexing: intuitions for free indexes – indexed sequential axis methods (ISAM) – B+ trees :a dynamic

index structure.

Hash based indexing: static hashing- extendible hashing- linear hashing- extendible vs. linear hashing.

Text Books:

1.Data Based Management Systems,Raghurama Krishnan, Johannes Gehrke. Tata Mc Graw Hill 3 rd Edition.

2.Data Base System Concepts, Silbarschatz, Korth,Mc Graw Hill 4th

edition.

References:

1.Introduction to data base systems,C.J.Date Pearson Education.2.Data Base Systems Design , Implementation , and Management , Rob and Coronel 5th Ed. Thompson.3.Data Base Management System, Elmasri Navrate Pearson Education.

4.Data Base Management System, Mathew Leon , Leon Vikas.5.Data Base Systems , Connoley Pearson Education.

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4 - 8

WIRELESS COMMUNCIATIONS AND NETWORKS

UNIT-I

Overview of wireless communications and networking: Historical overview of wireless communications challengesin wireless communication networking, wireless communication standards [Ref. Text book 1].

UNIT - II

Multiple Access Techniques For Wireless Communication: Introduction, FDMA, TDMA, Spread Spectrum,Multiple access, SDMA, Packet radio, Packet radio protocols, CSMA protocols [Ref. Text book 2].

UNIT - III

Wireless Networking: Introduction, Difference between wireless and fixedtelephone networks, Development of wireless networks, Traffic routing in wireless networks. CDPD, Common channel signaling, ISDN, SS7 [Ref. Text

book 2].

UNIT - IV

Mobile IP And Wireless Application Protocol: Mobile IP Operation of mobile IP, Discovery, Registration,

Tunneling, WAP Architecture, overview, WML scripts, WTP service, Wireless session protocol, wireless transaction protocol, Wireless datagram protocol [Ref. Text book 3].

UNIT - V

Wireless LAN Technology: Overview, Infrared LANs, Spread spectrum LANs, Narrow bank microwave LANs, IEEE802 protocol Architecture, IEEE802.11 architecture and services, other IEEE 802.11 standards [Ref. Text book 3].

UNIT - VI

Blue Tooth: Overview, Blue Tooth application, Protocol architecture, Usage models, Base band specification, Bluetooth radio [Ref. Text book 3].

UNIT - VII

Wireless WANs: GSM: GSM Services, Reference architecture, Short messaging service in GSM.GPRS: Reference architecture, Mobility support in GPRS [Ref. Text book 4].

UNIT - VIII

Wireless ATM and Adhoc Routing: Introduction, Wireless ATM architecture, HIPERLAN 2, Routing in wirelessAdhoc Networking [Ref. Text book 4].

TEXT BOOKS

1. John w. Mark weihua Zhuang, “Wireless Communication and Networking”, PHI 2003.2. Theodore, S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications, Principles, Practice”, PHI, 2 nd Edn., 2002.

3. William Stallings, “Wireless communication and Networking”, PHI, 2003.4. Kaveh Pah Laven and P. Krishna Murthy, “Principles of Wireless Networks”, Pearson Education, 2002.

REFERENCES

1. P. Nicopolitids, “Wireless Networks”, Wiley Publishers, 2003.

2. Ivan Stonjmenovic, “Hand books of Wireless networks and Mobile Computing”, Wiley Publishers, 2003.3. Mooi Choo Chuah, “Design and Performance of 3G Wireless Networks & WLANs”, Springer Publishers,

2006.

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4 - 8

Advanced Communication Systems

UNIT-I

Digital communications: Digital amplitude modulation- frequency shift keying- phase shift keying- quadratureamplitude modulation- band width efficiency- carrier recovery- differential phase shift keying- clock recovery-

probability of error and bit error rate.

UNIT-II

Data communications: History of data communications- standards organizations for data communications- data

communications circuits- data communications codes- error control- synchronization- data communications hardware-serial interfaces- parallal interfaces.

UNIT-III

Data communications protocols and network configurations: Open systems interconnection- data transmission

modes- asynchronous protocols- synchronous protocols- public data network- synchronous opticalnetwork- integrated services digital network.

UNIT-IV

Multiplexing: Time division multiplexing- T1 digital carrier system- CCITT time division multiplexed carrier system-

codes- combo chips- line encoding- T-carriers- statistical time division multiplexing- frequency division multiplexing.

UNIT-V

Spread spectrum techniques 1: Introduction to spread spectrum techniques- spectrum of a signal- communication

problems with traditional digital modulation techniques- spread spectrum performance in thecommunication problem areas- spread spectrum digital communication system model- positive

performance features of spread spectrum techniques- advantages and limitations of spreadspectrum communication techniques- spread spectrum codes- PN codes- other spreading codes.

UNIT-VI

Spread spectrum techniques 2: Classification of spread spectrum systems- direct sequence spread spectrumsystems(DSSS)- base band(DSSS) system- BPSK direct sequence spread spectrum system- advantages and limitations

of DSSS systems- frequency hopped spread spectrum system(FHSS)- demodulation using different PN code atreceiver- advantages and limitations of FHSS systems- other spectrum systems- time hopping spread spectrum systems-

pulsed FM spread spectrum systems- example of spread spectrum system.

UNIT-VII

Multiple access techniques: Introduction- types of multiple access techniques- conflict free multiple access

techniques- static allocation multiple access techniques- dynamic allocation- contention-based multiple access protocols- static resolution protocols- dynamic resolution protocols- multiple access system: satellite transponder- pre-

assigned multiple access(PAMA) – demand assigned multiple access(DAMA)- randomly assigned multiple access.

UNIT-VIII

Data encryption & decription techniques: Need for data encryption, basic encryption & decription model- popular cipher systems- block ciphers- stream ciphers.

TEXT BOOKS:

1.Advanced electronic communications systems- wayne tomasi, 5 th edition.PHI2.Advanced digital communication systems- by NIIT, PHI 2007.

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4 - 8

EMI/EMC

Unit I

Introduction: History and concept of EMI, Definitions of EMI/EMC, Electro magnetic environment, Practicalexperiences and concerns, frequency spectrum conservations, mechanisms of EMI generation, EMI testing, Methods of elimination of EMI and Biological effects of EMI.

Unit II

Natural and manmade sources of EMI/EMC: Sources of Electromagnetic noise, typical noise paths, modes of noisecoupling, designing for EM compatibility, lightening discharge, electro static discharge (ESD), electro magnetic pulse

(EMP).

Unit III

EMI from apparatus / Circuits and open area test sides: Electro magnetic emissions, noise from relays and

switches, non-linearities in circuits, passive inter modulation, transients in power supply lines, EMI from power

electronic equipment, EMI as combination of radiation and conduction

Open area test sides: OATS measurements, measurement precautions.

Unit IV

Radiated interference measurements: anechoic chamber, TEM cell, reverberating chamber, GTEM cell, comparisonof test facilities,

Unit V

Conducted interference measurement: Characterization of conduction currents/ voltages, conducted EM noise and power lines, conducted EMI from equipment, immunity to conducted EMI, characteristics of EMI filters and power line filter design.

Unit VI

Grounding and Cabling: Safety and signal grounds, low and high frequency grounding methods, grounding of

amplifiers and cable shields, isolation, neutralizing transformers, shield grounding at high frequencies, digitalgrounding, types of cables, mechanism of EMI emission / coupling in cables.

Unit VII

Shielding and Bonding: effectiveness of shielding, near and far fields / impedances, methods of analysis, total loss dueto absorption and reflection effects, composite absorption and reflection losses for electric fields / magnetic fields,

magnetic materials as a shield, shield discontinuities, slots and holes, seams and joints, conductive gaskets

Electrical Bonding, Shape and Material for Bond straps, General Characteristics of good bonds.

Unit VIII

Components for EMC and EMC Standards: Choice of capacitors, inductors, transformers and resistors, EMC design

components

National / International EMC standards, military and civilian standards.

Text Book:

1. Engineering Electromagnetic Compatibility by Dr. V.P. Kodali, IEEE Publication, Printed in India by S. Chand &Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.

2. Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility IMPACT series, IIT-Delhi, Modules 1-9.

References:

1. Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility, Ny, John Wiley, 1992, by C.R. Pal.

2. Radar hand book by Skolink.

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4 - 8

Information Theory & Coding Techniques

UNIT – I

Source coding: Mathematical model of Information, A Logarithmic Measure of Information, Average and MutualInformation and Entropy, coding for Discrete less sources, Source coding theorem, fixed length and variable length

coding, properties of prefix codes.

UNIT – II

Shannon-Fano coding, Huffman code, Huffman code applied for pair of symbols, efficiency calculations, Lempel-Ziv

codes.

UNIT – III

Linear Block codes: Introduction to Linear block codes, Generator Matrix, Systematic Linear Block codes, Encoder

Implementation of Linear Block Codes, Parity Check Matrix, Syndrome testing, Error Detecting and correcting

capability of Linear Block codes.

UNIT – IV

Hamming Codes, Probability of an undetected error for linear codes over a Binary Symmetric Channel, WeightEnumerators and Mac-Williams identities, Perfect codes, Application of Block codes for error control in data storage

Systems.

UNIT – V

Cyclic Codes: Algebraic structure of cyclic codes, Binary Cyclic code properties, Encoding in systematic and non-

systematic form, Encoder using (n-k) bit shift register, Syndrome Computation and Error detection, Decoding of CyclicCodes, Cyclic Hamming Codes.

UNIT –VI

Convolutional Codes: encoding of Convolutional codes, Structural properties of Convolutional codes, state diagram,Tree diagram, Trellis Diagram, maximum, Likelihood decoding of Convolutional codes.

UNIT – VII

Viterbi Algorithm, Fano, Stack Sequential decoding algorithms, Application of Viterbi and sequential decoding.

UNIT – VIII

BCH Codes: Groups, fields, binary Fields arithmetic, construction of Falois fields GF (2 m ), Basic properties of Falois

Fields, Computation using Falois Field GF (2 m ) arithmetic, Description of BCH codes, Decoding procedure for BCHcodes, Berlkamp algorithm and simplified algorithm for finding error location polynomial for Binary BCH codes.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Digital Communications – John G. Proakis, Mc. Graw Hill Publication.2. Digital and Analog Communication Systems – K. Sam Shanmugam.

3. Communication Systems – Simon Hykin

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Error Control Coding – Fundamentals and Applications by SHU LIN and Daniel J. Costello, Jr. Prentice Hall Inc.

2. Digital Communications – Fundamental and Application by Bernard sklar, Pearson Education Asia.3. Error Control Coding Theory by Man Young Rhee, Mc. Graw Hill Publ.4. Digital Communications by Symon Hykin.

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4 - 8

Embedded System Design

Unit – I

An introduction to embedded systems: An embedded system, examples, current technologies, integration in system

design, embedded system design flow, hardware design concepts, software development, processor in embeddedsystem and other hardware units, introduction to processor based embedded system design concepts.

Unit – II

Devices in embedded system: I/o devices, timer and counting devices, ROM devices, serial communication devicesand parallel communication devices, interrupts and their control of processors.

Unit – III

Programming concepts: Data types, data structures, modifiers, macros, functions, optimization of memory needs,

embedded system tools – hardware and software development tools.

Unit – IV

Program modeling concepts: Modeling process for software analysis, modeling of multi processor system, softwarealgorithm concepts, software design, implementation and testing, validating and debugging, maintenance.

Unit – V

Software design: Survey of software architecture – round robin, round robin with interrupts, function queuescheduling architecture, real time operating system architecture, selecting an architecture saving memory space, getting

embedded software in target system, debugging technique.

Unit – VI

Device drivers and interrupts servicing mechanism: Device drivers, parallel port and serial port drivers in a system,

device drivers for internal programmable timing devices, interrupt servicing mechanism, dynamically linked libraries(DLL), context switching, latency principles.

Unit – VII

Hardware and software co-design in embedded systems: Embedded system design and co-design issues, designcycle in development phase, ICE, issues in embedded system design.

Unit – VIII

Embedded system design examples: Case studies – design of embedded systems using Xillinx processor based designi.e. power PC processor based embedded design, Micro blaze processor based embedded design, Altera based Nios

processor embedded system design.

Text Books:

1. Rajkamal, “Embedded system: Architecture, programming and design”, TMH.

2. Frank Vahid, Tony D. Givargis, “Embedded system design: A unified hardware / software introduction”,John wiley & sons Inc. 2002.

Reference Books:

1. David E Simon, “ An embedded software primer”.2. Arnold S Burger, “Embedded system design”, CMP.

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4 - 8

Internet Protocols

Unit – 1

Introduction: Internet administration and standards. The OSI model and TCP/IP protocol, TCP/IP Versions.

Unit – 2

Internet Protocol – Part 1: IP addressing, different classes, subnetting, supernetting.

Unit – 3

Delivery and routing of IP packets, IP design, ARP and RARP.

Unit – 4

Internet Protocol – Part III: Internet control message protocol, message format, error reporting and query, ICMP

design, Internet group message protocol and its design, user datagram protocol, operation and design.

Unit – 5

Transmission Control Protocol: TCP services, flow control, error control, connection, congestion control, TCP

design and operation, routing protocols, RIP, OSPF and BGP.

Unit – 6

BOOTP and DHCP, DNS name space, distribution of name space, DNS resolution, types of records, Telnet and remotelogin.

Unit – 7

File Transfer Protocol, connection, communication and command processing, TFTP, simple mail transfer protocol,addresses, mail delivery, multipurpose Internet mail extensions. Post office protocol.

Unit – 8

Simple Network Management Protocol, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Next Generation IP Protocols, IPv6.

Text Books:

1.TCP/IP Protocol Suite – By Behrouz A. Porouzan, TMH, ed.-2000.2. Internet Working with TCP/IP Vol.I: Principles, Protocols and Architecture – by Douglas E. Comes. (PHI) - 1997.

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4 - 8

Advanced Digital Signal Processing

Unit – I

Multi-rate Digital Signal Processing:

Introduction, Decimation by a factor D, Interpolation by a factor I, Sampling rate conversion by rational factor I/D,Implementation of sampling rate conversion: Poly phase filter structures, Interchange of filters and Down samplers /

Up samplers, Sampling rate conversion with cascaded integrator comb filters, Applications of multi-rate signal processing, Digital filter banks.

Unit – II

Power Spectrum Estimation:

Estimation of spectra from finite duration observations of signals – Computation of the energy density spectrum,Estimation of the auto correlation and power spectrums of random signals: The periodogram, The use of the DFT in

power spectrum estimation.

Unit – III

Non-parametric methods for power spectrum estimation:Bartlett method, Welch method, Blackman and Tukey method, Performance characteristics of non-parametric power

spectrum estimators, Computational requirements of non-parametric power spectrum estimates. Unit – IV

Parametric methods for power spectrum estimation:

Relationships between the auto correlation and the model parameters, Yule-Walker method for the AR model parameters, Burg method for the AR model parameters, Unconstrained least squares method for the AR model

parameters, Sequential estimation methods for the AR model parameters, MA and ARMA model for power spectrumestimation.

Unit – V

Effects of finite Register length in Digital Signal Processing: Introduction, Effect of number representation on quantization, Quantization in sampling analog signals, Finite register length effects in realization of IIR & FIR digital filters, Effects of finite register length in DFT computations.

Unit – VI

Linear Prediction and Optimum Linear Filter: Random signals, Correlation functions and power spectra, Innovations representation of a stationary random process,Forward and backward linear prediction, Properties of the linear prediction – Error filters, AR lattice and ARMA lattice

– Ladder filters, Wiener filters for filtering and prediction.

Unit – VII:

Introduction to wavelets, Wavelet transform

A first level introduction Continuous Time Frequency representation of signals, The windowed Fourier transform,Properties of wavelets used in continuous wavelet transform, Discrete wavelet transform, Haar wavelet function,

Orthogonality of φ (t) and ψ (t).

Unit – VIII

Discrete wavelet transform and relation to Filter Banks:Introduction, Signal decomposition (Analysis) relation with filter banks, Frequency response signal reconstruction,Perfect matching filters.

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Text Books:

1. John G. Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and

Applications” Pearson Education, Fourth edition2. K.P.Soman and K.I. Ramachandran, “Insight into Wavelets- From Theory to practice” PHI, Second Edition

References:

1. Lawrence R. Rabiner & Bernard gold, “Digital Signal Processing-Theory, Implementation & Applications,”Prentice Hall of India

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4 - 8

Reliability Engineering in Electronic System

Unit- I

Definition of reliability and its management Introduction, History, Selected Definitions, General Relationship between

Terms, Reliability Concepts and Patterns of Failure, Variation in Engineering, Control of Variation, ReliabilityManagement, Reliability for System Effectiveness

Unit- II

Failure Statistics, Reliability and Hazard Rates Introduction, Failure Data, Reliability Function, Failure Rate andHazard Rate, Common Distributions in Failure Mechanisms, Model Selection for Component Failures, Methods of Generic Failure Rate Determination, Failure Analysis

Unit- III

Reliability Prediction and analysis Introduction, Reliability Prediction Based on the Exponential Distribution,Reliability Prediction – Design Based on Weibull Distribution, Reliability Prediction Method, Probability Theory,System Reliability Analysis, Prediction in Perspective

Unit- IV

Reliability testing and Maintainability and Reliability Computation Introduction, Reliability Tests, Life Testing,Accelerated Testing, Sequential Testing, Automatic Test Equipment, Success-Failure Testing, Failure Reporting andCorrective Action Systems (FRACAS), Demonstration Tests, Maintainability Concepts, Maintainability ProgrammeElements, Maintainability Modeling and Allocation, Maintainability Prediction, Failure Mode, Effect and Criticality

Analysis (FMECA), Design Aids for Maintainability, Maintainability Demonstration, Maintainability Data Systems,Reliability and Maintainability Trade-off, Built-in Test (BIT).

Unit – V

Availability Analysis, Planning for Safety, Reliability Data Systems, Computation Approaches for Complex Systems,Conventional Computation Approaches, Expert Systems

Unit- VI

Software Reliability Characteristics of Software Reliability Models, Software Reliability Model, Methods of ImprovingSoftware Reliability, Hardware Reliability vs. Software reliability, System Trade-offs, History, Definition.

Unit – VII

Terotechnology The Terotechnology System, The Terotechnology Process, Introducing Terotechnology intoProgrammes, Strategies for Terotechnology, Training in Terotechnology, Practice of Terotechnology.

Unit – VIII

Maintenance Cost, Budgeting and total Quality management in ISO 9000 Maintenance Costs, Cost Codes, CostAllocations, Overhead Calculations, Budgets, Objectives and Strategies, Cost Reports, Life Cycle Costing, Total

Quality Management, ISO 9000, Quality Audit

Text Book:

Reliability Engineering & Terotechnology - A.K. Gupta, McMillan Publications

Reference:

Inspection Quality Control and Reliability – S.C. Sarma, Khanna Publications

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SECOND SEMESTER

M.Tech II Semester (Computers & Communications Engineering) L P C

4 - 8

Network Security & Cryptography

Unit – I

Introduction: Attacks, services and mechanisms, security attacks, security services, a model for internet work security, protection through cryptography, the role of cryptography in network security.

Unit – II

Conventional Encryption: Conventional encryption model, classical encryption techniques, substitution techniquesand transposition techniques, block cipher principles, block cipher design principles, block cipher modes of operation.

Unit – III

Conventional Encryption Algorithms: The data encryption standard, triple DES, International data encryption

algorithm, Blowfish, RC5, characteristics of advanced symmetric block ciphers.

Unit – IV

Public-key encryption: Principles of public-key cryptosystems, the RSA algorithm, key management.

Unit – V

Authentication requirements, authentication functions, message authentication codes, hash functions, security of hashfunctions and MAC’s.

Unit – VI

Digital Signatures and Authentication Protocols: Digital signatures, Digital signature standard, AuthenticationProtocols, MD5, message digest algorithm, secure hash algorithm, HMAC.

Unit – VII

Mall security & IP security: Pretty good privacy, S/MIME, IP security overview, IP security architecture,

Authentication header, key management.

Unit – VIII

System Security: Introducers, viruses and related threats, firewall design principles, trusted systems.

Text Book:

1. Cryptography and Networking Security, Principles and Practice – by William Stallings, PHI/Pearson Education Asia,2 nd Ed. 2000.

Reference Book:

1. Network Security-Private Communication in a Public World, 2 nd ed., Kaufman, Perlman & Speciner, PHI, 2003.

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4 - 8

Computer Networks (Internetworking)

UNIT – I

Introduction : OSI, TCP/IP and other networks models, Examples of Networks: Novell Networks ,Arpanet, Internet, Network Topologies WAN, LAN, MAN.

UNIT - II

Physical Layer : Transmission media copper, twisted pair wireless, switching and encoding asynchronouscommunications; Narrow band, broad band ISDN and ATM.

UNIT - III

Data link layer : Design issues, framing, error detection and correction, CRC, Elementary Protocol-stop and wait,Sliding Window, Slip, Data link layer in HDLC, Internet, ATM.

UNIT - IV

Medium Access sub layer : ALOHA, MAC addresses, Carrier sense multiple access. IEEE 802.X Standard Ethernet,wireless LANS. Bridges

UNIT - V

Network Layer : Virtual circuit and Datagram subnets-Routing algorithm shortest path routing, Flooding, Hierarchical

routing, Broad cast, Multi cast, distance vector routing.

UNIT – VI

Dynamic routing – Broadcast routing. Rotary for mobility. Congestion, Control Algorithms – General Principles – of

Congestion prevension policies. Internet working: The Network layer in the internet and in the ATM Networks.

UNIT –VII

Transport Layer: Transport Services, Connection management, TCP and UDP protocols; ATM AAL Layer Protocol.

UNIT – VIII

Application Layer – Network Security, Domain name system, SNMP, Electronic Mail; the World WEB, Multi Media.

TEXT BOOKS :

1. Andrew S Tanenbaum, “Computer Networks”, 4th Edition. Pearson Education/PHI2. Behrouz A. Forouzan, “Data Communications and Networking”, Third Edition TMH.

REFERENCES :

1. S.Keshav, “An Engineering Approach to Computer Networks”, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education

2. W.A. Shay, “Understanding communications and Networks”, 3rd Edition, Thomson

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4 - 8

System Modeling & Simulation

Unit I

System Models: Concepts, continuous and Discrete Systems, systems modeling, types of models, subsystems,

corporate model, system study.

Unit II

System simulation: Techniques, comparison of simulation and analytical methods, types of simulation, distributed log

models, cobwed models.

Unit III

Continuous system simulation: Numerical solution of differential equations, analog computers, hybrid computers,

continuous system simulation languages – CSMP, system dynamic growth models, logistic curves.

Unit IVProbability concepts in simulation: Monte Carlo techniques, Stochastic variables, probability functions, random

number generation algorithms.

Unit V

Queuing Theory: Arrival pattern distribution, service times, queuing disciplines, measure of queues, mathematical

solutions to queuing problems.

Unit VI

Discrete Systems Simulation: Events generation of arrival patterns, simulation programming tasks, analysis of

simulation output.

Unit VII

GPSS and SEMSCRIPT: General description of GPSS and SEMSCRIPT, programming in GPSS.

Unit VIIISimulation Programming techniques: Data Structures, implementation of activities, events and queues, eventscanning, simulation algorithms in GPSS and SEMSCRIPT.

Books:

1. Geoffery Gordan : Systems Simulation, PHI 1978.

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Optical Communication and Networks

Unit –I

Overview of optical fiber communications: The evolution of fiber optic systems, elements of an optical fiber transmission link. Advantages of optical fiber communication, applications.

Unit – II

Optical Fibers: structures, wave guiding, Nature of light, Basic optical laws and definitions, optical fiber modes andconfigurations (Fiber types, Rays and modes, step index and graded index fibers). mode theory of circular waveguides.

Unit – III

Optical sources: LEDs, structures, quantum efficiency, modulation capability, Laser diodes: Laser diodes andthreshold conditions, external quantum efficiency resonant frequencies, laser diode structures and radiation pattern,

temperature effects, reliability.

Unit – IV

Photo Detectors: Physical principles of photodiodes (pin Photodiode, avalanche, photo diode) comparison of photo

detectors, noise in detectors.

Unit – V

Fabrication, cabling and installation: Fabrication, fiber optic cables, Installation- placing the cable.

Unit – VI

Optical Communication Systems: Block diagrams of optical communication systems, direct intensity modulation,digital communication systems, Laser semiconductor transmitter, Generations of optical fiber link, description of 8Mb/s optical fiber communication link, description of 2.5 Gb/s optical fiber communication link.

Unit – VII

Components of fiber optic Networks: Overview of fiber optic networks, Transreceiver, semiconductors optical

amplifiers, couplers/splicers, wavelength division multiplexers and de-multiplexers, filters, isolators and opticalswitches.

Unit – VIII

Fiber Optic Networks: Basic networks, SONET/SDIT, Broad cast and select WDM Networks, wavelength routednetworks, optical CDMA.

Text Books:

1. Optical fiber communications – Gerd Keiser, 3 rd Ed. MGH.2. Fiber Optic Communication Technology – Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner, (Pearson Education Asia)

3. Optoelectronic devices and systems – S.C. Gupta, PHI, 2005.

Reference:

1. Fiber Optics Communications – Harold Kolimbiris (Pearson Education Asia)2. Optical Fiber Communications and its applications – S.C. Gupta (PHI) 2004.3. WDM Optical Networks – C. Siva Ram Murthy and Mohan Guru Swamy, PHI.

4. Fiber Optic communications – D.C. Agarwal, S.Chand Publications, 2004.

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Digital System Design

Unit I

Computer Aided Minimization Procedure: CAMP Algorithm, Introduction to cube based Algorithms.

Unit II

Design of large scales Digital Systems: ASM Chart Method, Hardware Description language and control sequencemethod, Design using PLAs, PALs, ASICs, PLDs.

Unit III

Fault Diagnosis in Combinational Circuits: Fault classes and models, Fault detection and location experiments, pathssensitization and Boolean difference methods, Kohavi Algorithm. Failure tolerant design, introduction to fault-tolerantVLSI processor arrays.

Unit IVFault Diagnosis in sequential circuits: State Identification and fault detection experiments, machine identification,and design of fault detection experiment.

Unit V

Programmable Logic Arrays: PLA minimization and PLA folding.

Unit VI

Design for testability: Faults in PLAs test generation, DFT schemes, built in self- test.

TEXT BOOKS:

1.Z.Kohavi: Switching and finite Automata Theory (TMH).

2.N.N.Biswas : Logic design theory (PHI) .3.Lala : Digital system Design Using PLDs.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Morris Mano : Digital Design.

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High Speed Networks

UNIT – I:

Network Services & Layered Architecture: Traffic characterization and quality of service, network services, high

performance networks, network elements, basic network mechanisms, layered architecture.

UNIT – II:

ISDN & B-ISDN: Over viewing ISDN, ISDN channels, User access, ISDN protocols, Brief history of B-ISDN and

ATM, ATM based services and application, principles and building blocks of B-ISDN, general architecture of B-ISDN,frame relay.

UNIT – III:

ATM Networks: Network layering, switching of virtual channels and virtual paths, applications of virtual channels

and connections.

UNIT – IV:

QOS parameters, traffic descriptors, ATM service categories, ATM layers, ATM cell header, ATM adaptation layer.

UNIT – V:

Inter Connection Networks: Introduction, Banyan Networks, Routing algorithms & blocking phenomenon, Batcher-Banyan networks, crossbar switch, three stage class networks.

UNIT – VI:

Rearrangeable Networks: Rearrangeable class networks, folding algorithm, bens network, looping algorithm.

UNIT – VII:

ATM Signaling, Routing and Traffic Control: ATM addressing, uni signaling, PNNI signaling, PNNI routing, ABR Traffic management.

UNIT – VIII:

TCP/IP Networks: History of TCP/IP, TCP application and Services, Motivation, TCP, UDP, IP services and header formats, Internetworking, TCP congestion control, Queue management: Passive & active QOS in IP networks:differentialted and integrated services.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. ISDN & B-ISDN with Frame Relay – William Stallings, PHI.

2. Communication Networks - Leow Gavcia widjaja, TMH, 2000.3. ATM Fundamentals – N. N. Biswas, Adventure books publishers, 1998.

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Adaptive Signal Processing

UNIT I

Stochastic processes and models: Introduction, Correlation matrix, properties of correlation matrix, stochastic models,auto regressive models, moving-average models, auto regressive – moving average models, Yule walker equations.

UNIT II

Wiener Filters and linear Prediction: Linear optimum filtering, statement of the problem, principle of orthogonality,minimum mean square error, wiener – hopf equations, error performance surface, forward linear prediction, backward

linear prediction, Levinson Durbin algorithm, properties.

UNIT III

Method of Steepest Descent: Basic idea, steepest descent algorithm applied to wiener filters, stability, limitations and

summary.

UNIT IV

LMS algorithm: Overview, LMS Adaptation algorithms, stability & performance analysis of LMS Algorithms, LMS

gradient, & stochastic algorithms, convergence of LMS algorithm.

UNIT V

Method of least squares: Statement, data windowing, principle of orthogonality, minimum sum of error squares,normal equations and linear least squares filters, properties, singular value decompositon.

UNIT VI

Recursive least squares adaptive filters: Matrix inversion, Lemma, exponentially weighted recursive least squaresalgorithm, recursion for updating the sum of weighted error squares, convergence.

UNIT VII

Kalman filtering: Introduction, recursive mean square estimation random variables, statement of Kalman filtering

problem, filtering, initial conditions, summary of kalman filtering, variants of kalman filtering extend kalman filtering,

UNIT VIII

Adaptive signal processing applications: Adaptive linear combiner, adaptive channel equalizers, adaptive noisecanceling, adaptive echo cancellers, adaptive beam forming.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Simon Haykin-Adaptive filter Theory, PH.

2. Bernard Widrow-Adaptive signal processing, PH Pearson Education, Asia.

REFERENCES:

1. Sophocles. J. Orfamadis-optimum signal processing-An introduction, 2nd Ed., MGH.

2. S.Thomas Alexander –Adaptive signal processing-Theory and applications, Springer –Verlag.

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Real Time Operating Systems

UNIT I:

INTRODUCTION: Definition and Classification of Real time systems: Concept of computer control, sequence, loop

and supervisor control, centralized, hierarchical and distributed systems, Human Computer interface, hardwarerequirement for real time applications, specialized processors, interfaces, communications.

UNIT II:

REAL TIME LANGUAGES: Special features of languages for real time application, review of data types,concurrency, exception handling, corountines, low level facilities. Overview of Real time languages, modula 2 and Adaas a Real Time Languages. Real Time Operating Systems: (PSOS+Vx WORKS). Scheduling strategies, prioritystructures, Task management, Real Time Clock Handler, Code sharing, Resource Control, Intertask Communication

and Control, Example of Creating and RTOS based on modula 2 kernel; Practical Real Time Operating Systems.

UNIT III:

DESIGN ASPECTS: Introduction to Design of Real Time Systems, Specification, Preliminary Design, multitasking

Approach, monitors, Rendezvous. Development Methodologies: Yourdon, Methodology, Ward and Mellor Method,HATLEY & Pribhai method, MASXOT, PAISLEY System.

UNIT IV:

DESIGN ANALYSIS: Introduction: Petrinets, Analysis of Petri Nets, Scheduling problem Real Time Database, RealTime Vs General Purpose Databases, Transaction priorities and Aborts, Concurrency Control, Disk Scheduling

Algorithms, Maintaining Serialization Consistency.

UNIT V:

FAULT TOLERANCE TECHNIQUES: Introduction: Faults, Errors and Failures, Fault types, Detection and

Containment, Redundancy, Integrated Failure Handling.

UNIT VIRELIABILITY EVALUATION: Introduction, Parameters, Reliability Models for Hardware, Software Error Models.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Real Time Computer Control, Stuart Bennett, PHL 1997.2. Real Time Systems, Krishna C. M. & Kand Shin G.Mc Graw Hill, 1997, L. R. Rabiner & R. W. Schafe.

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Radar Signal Processing

Unit I

Introduction [1] – Radar Block Diagram, Radar Equation, Information Available from Radar Echo. Review of Radar Range Performance [2] – General Radar Range Equation, Radar Detection with Noise Jamming, Beacon and Repeater

Equations, Bistatic Radar.

Unit II

Detection of Radar Signals in Noise - I [3]: Matched Filter Receiver – Impulse Response, Frequency Response

Characteristic and its Derivation, Matched Filter and Correlation Function, Correlation Detection and Cross-CorrelationReceiver. Efficiency of Non-Matched Filters, Matched Filter for Non-White Noise.

Unit III

Detection of Radar Signals in Noise - II [3]: Detection Criteria – Neyman-Pearson Observer, Likelihood-Ratio

Receiver, Inverse Probability Receiver, Sequential Observer. Detectors – Envelope Detector, Logarithmic Detector, I/QDetector. Automatic Detection - CFAR Receiver, Cell Averaging CFAR Receiver, CFAR Loss, CFAR Uses in Radar.Radar Signal Management – Schematics, Component Parts, Resources and Constraints.

Unit IV

Waveform Selection [3, 2]: Radar Ambiguity Function and Ambiguity Diagram – Principles and Properties; SpecificCases – Ideal Case, Single Pulse of Sine Wave, Periodic Pulse Train, Single Linear FM Pulse, Noiselike Waveforms.Waveform Design Requirements. Optimum Waveforms for Detection in Clutter, Family of Radar Waveforms.

Unit V

Pulse Compression in Radar Signals: Introduction, Significance, Types. Linear FM Pulse Compression – Block Diagram, Characteristics, Reduction of Time Sidelobes, Stretch Techniques, Generation and Decoding of FMWaveforms – Block Schematic and Characteristics of Passive System, Digital Compression, SAW Pulse Compression.

Unit VI

Phase Coding Techniques: Principles, Binary Phase Coding, Barker Codes, Maximal Length Sequences(MLS/LRS/PN), Block Diagram of a Phase Coded CW Radar.

Unit VII

Poly Phase Codes: Frank Codes, Costas Codes, Non-Linear FM Pulse Compression, Doppler Tolerant PC Waveforms – Short Pulse, Linear Period Modulation (LPM/HFM). Sidelobe Reduction for Phase Coded PC Signals.

Unit VIII

Other Types of PC Waveforms – Basics of Nonlinear Binary Phase Coded Sequences, Complementary Codes,Huffman Codes, Concatenated Barker Codes. Limiting in Pulse Compression, Cross-Correlation Properties,

Compatibility. Comparison of Different Pulse Compression Waveforms.

Text Books:

1) M.I. Skolnik, Radar Handbook, McGraw Hill, 2 nd ed., 1991.2) Fred E. Nathanson, Radar Design Principles – Signal Processing and The Environment, PHI, 2 nd ed., 1999.3) M.I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, TMH, 3 rd ed., 2001.

References:

1) Peyton Z. Peebles, Jr., Radar Principles, John Wiley, 2004.2) R. Nitzberg, Radar Signal Processing and Adaptive Systems, Artech House, 1999.

3) F.E. Nathanson, Radar Design Principles, McGraw Hill, 1 st ed., 1969.

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Digital Image Processing

Unit – I

Digital Image fundamentals: Introduction, An image model, sampling & quantization, basic relation ships betweenPixels; imaging geometry.

Unit – II

Image Transforms: Properties of 2-D Fourier transform, FFT algorithm and other separable image transforms. Walshtransforms. Hadamard, Cosine, Haar, Slant transforms, KL transforms and their properties.

Unit – III

Image Enhancement: Background, enhancement by point processing, histogram processing, spatial filtering andenhancement in frequency domain, color image processing.

Unit – IVImage filtering and restoration: degradation model, diagnolisation of circulant and block circulant matrices,Algebraic approach to restoration, inverse filtering, least mean squares restoration, constrained least squares and

interactive restoration, geometric transformations.

Unit – V

Image compression: Fundamentals, image compression modes, error free compression, lossy compression.

Unit – VI

Image segmentation: Detection of discontinuities, edge linking and boundary detection thresholding, region- orientedsegmentation, use of motion in segmentation.

Unit – VII

Representation and description: Various schemes for representation, boundary descriptors, regional descriptors.

Unit – VIIIImage reconstruction from Projections, Radon Transform; Convolution/ Filterback- Projection Algorithms.

Text Books:

1. C. Gonszalez & R.E. Woods “Digital Image Processing” Addison Wesley.

Reference:

1. A.K. Jain: “Fundamental of Digital Image Processing” PHI.

Mtech C&C 2007-08

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