MSP 51. : PENGELOLAAN PENCEMARAN PERAIRAN 2(2-3)

Pencemaran & Kualitas Air Dr.Ir. Sigid Hariyadi, MSc.

What is pollution ?Pollution is the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy, to the marine environment resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources; hazard to human health; hindrance of marine activities including fishing; impairment of the quality for use of seawater; and reduction of ammenities.

Contamination is the presence of elevated concentrations of substances in the water, sediments or organisms, i.e. concentrations that are above the natural background level for the area and for the organism.

(United Nations Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects

of Marine Polution – GESAMP)

Non-point Source: sources of water pollution that are scattered or diffuse, not having a specific location.

(i.e. from: farm fields, golf courses, cities, residentials, roads, clearcut forests, plantations, mines, etc.).

Point Source: discharge of pollutants from single point.

(i.e. from: factories, power plants, sewage treatment plants, oil wells).

Watershed Map

Kualitas air adalah karakter (sifat) air yang digambarkan oleh nilai-nilai dari berbagai macam faktor / karakteristik / komponen kualitas air (yang sering disebut sebagai parameter kualitas air)

KUALITAS AIR ?

Parameter Fisik:

1. Warna2. Kecerahan (kedalaman Secchi)3. Kekeruhan4. Padatan tersuspensi (TSS)5. Padatan terlarut (TDS)6. Daya Hantar Listrik (conductivity)7. Temperatur8. Bau9. Rasa

Parameter Kimia:1. Salinitas2. Alkalinitas3. Kesadahan4. pH5. Oksigen terlarut (DO)6. BOD7. COD8. N (Amonia, Nitrat, Nitrit)9. P (total, Orthophosphate)10. Si11. Deterjen (surfactant)12. Minyak & lemak, hidrokarbon13. CN (sianida)14. H2S (sulfida)

15. Phenols16. Fe (besi)17. Pestisida (organochlorine, organophosphate)18. Logam/logam berat:

Hg Pb Cu Cd Cr+6 Zn As Ni Se dll.

Parameter Mikrobiologi:

1. Coliform2. Fecal coliform (E. coli)3. Bakteri pathogen:

Salmonella Shigella dysenteriae Vibrio cholerae

Parameter Fisik: Parameter Kimia: Ket. 1. Warna 1. Salinitas Kenyamanan 2. Kecerahan (kedalaman Secchi) 2. Alkalinitas 3. Kekeruhan 3. Kesadahan 4. Padatan tersuspensi (TSS) 4. pH Kenyamanan 5. Padatan terlarut (TDS) 5. Oksigen terlarut (D.O.) Nutrien 6. Daya Hantar Listrik (conductivity) 6. BOD 7. Temperatur 7. COD 8. Bau 8. Ammonia Nitrat, Nitrit (N) Nutrien, Nuiss. 9. Rasa 9. P (total, orthophosphate) Nutrien 10. Si Nutrien 11. Deterjen (surfaktan) Nuissance Parameter Mikrobiologi: 12. Minyak & Lemak, Hydrocarbon Nuissance 1. Coliform 13. CN (sianida) Toxic 2. Fecal coliform (E. coli) 14. H2S (sulfida) Toxic 3. Bakteri pathogen lainnya.. (Salmonella, 15. Phenol Nuissance Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae) 16. Fe (Besi) 17. Logam berat: Hg, Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr6+,

Zn, As, Se, Ni, dll. Toxic

18. Pestisida (organokhlorin, organofosfat) Toxic

PARAMETER KUNCI

• fungsi perairan

• potensi pencemaran (jenis kegiatan, limbah)

• Baku mutu perairan• sungai, danau, waduk

• laut

• Baku mutu air limbahsesuai jenis industri/kegiatan

· KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995 – Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan Industri

· KEP-52/MENLH/10/1995 – Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan Perhotelan

· KEP-58/MENLH/12/1995 – Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan Rumah

Sakit.

Sebagai acuan penentuan Parameter kunci :

• Industri soda kostik• pelapisan logam• penyamakan kulit• minyak sawit• pulp dan kertas • karet• gula

• tapioka• tekstil• pupuk urea• ethanol• MSG• kayu lapis• susu & mds

• minuman ringan• sabun, deterjen & prod. minyak nabati• industri bir• baterai kering• industri cat• industri farmasi• industri pestisida

·  KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995 – Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan

Industri,

·  KEP-52/MENLH/10/1995 – Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan

Perhotelan,

·  KEP-58/MENLH/12/1995 – Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan

Rumah Sakit,

·  KEP-42/MENLH/10/1996 - Baku Mutu Limbah Cair kegiatan

minyak dan gas serta panas bumi,

·  Kep. MENLH No. 112 Tahun 2003 - Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik,

·  Kep. MENLH No. 113 Tahun 2003 - Baku mutu air limbah

kegiatan pertambangan batu bara.

 Kep. MENLH No. 112 Tahun 2003:

Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik

Industri/ Kegiatan:

Pen. kulit

Miny. sawit

Pulp krtas

Ka- ret

Gu- la

Tapi oka

Tek stil

Pu-puk

Eta-nol

MS G

Kayu lapis

Susu &mds

Soft drink

Bir

BOD l l l l l l l l l l l l l COD l l l l l l l l l l l l l pH l l l l l l l l l l l l l l TSS l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Minyak -lemak l l l l l l

Amonia l l l l Ph enol l l Sulfida l l l l N total l l l l

Cyanida l Cr l l

Parameter dalam baku mutu air limbah berbagai industri atau kegiatan sesuai SK MENLH (1995, 1996,

2003)

Parameter dalam

baku mutu air limbah

berbagai industri

atau kegiatan sesuai SK MENLH (1995, 1996, 2003)

Industri/ Kegiatan:

Sabun d&mn

Dry cell

Cat Far msi

Psti-sida

Soda / Cl2

Plps logam

Ho-tel

RS Mi-gas

LNG Panas bumi

Batu bara

Dom estik

BOD COD pH TSS Minyak -lemak

Amonia Phenol Sulfida N total

Cyanida Cr Cu Hg Pb Cd Ni Zn Benzene Toluene Bahan aktif

H2S Fe

PO4 Mn Ti Cl2 Cl2 As Mn Coliform, PO3-, radioaktifitas

Temperatur

Sigid Hariyadi’08

PERATURAN PEMERINTAH (PP) RI No. 82 Th. 2001 TENTANG

PENGELOLAAN KUALITAS AIR DAN PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN

a. KELAS I : air peruntukan air baku air minum

b. KELAS II: air peruntukan prasarana/sarana rekreasi air,budidaya ikan air tawar, peternakan, pengairan tanaman (pertanian)

c. KELAS III: air peruntukan budidaya ikan air tawar, peternakan, pengairan tanaman (pertanian)

d. KELAS IV: air untuk pengairan tanaman (pertanian)

KLASIFIKASI MUTU AIR (PASAL 8 ayat 1):

Keputusan MENLH No. 51 Tahun 2004 ttg BAKU MUTU AIR LAUT

Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk PERAIRAN PELABUHAN

Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk WISATA BAHARI

Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk BIOTA LAUT

BAKU MUTU AIR :KADAR / KONSENTRASI (mg/L)

BEBAN (kg/ton produk ; g/m3)

Beban pencemaran = kadar x debit/ton produk

BOD = 20 mg/LDebit aliran = 10 L/dt

Beban BOD = 20 mg/L x 10 L/dt = 200 mg/dt = 200 x 60 x 60 x 24 = 17.280.000 mg/hari = 17,28 kg/hari

Beban BOD = 100 mg/L x 20 m3/ton = 100 mg/L x 20.000 L/ton = 2000.000 mg/ton = 2 kg/ton produk

BOD = 100 mg/LVol limbah maks= 20 m3/ton

• the ability of a body of water to

cleanse itself;

• its capacity to receive waste waters or

toxic

assimilative capacity:

materials without deleterious effects

and without damage to aquatic life

or humans who consume the water.

Klasifikasi limbah (Clark, 1986) :

1. Limbah mudah urai (degradable wastes)

2. Limbah mudah luruh (dissipating wastes)

3. Partikel (particulate)

4. Limbah konservatif/awet (conservative wastes)

1 . Limbah mudah urai (degradable wastes)

limbah organik – dekomposisi (CO2, NH3) · limbah domestik, perkotaan ·  limbah pertanian, pabrik gula,

kertas (pulp) ·  limbah pengolahan makanan,

minuman ·  minyak, dll.

2. Limbah mudah luruh (dissipating wastes) ® dgn cepat kehilangan daya rusak/racun begitu masuk ke perairan

·  panas: faktor debit, arus

·  asam-basa: laut punya kapasitas buffer yang besar

·  Cyanide: terdissosiasi dgn cepat di air laut, dampak kecil

3. Partikel (particulate)

·  debu/partikel lumpur/tanah, penambangan pasir

·  abu sisa pembakaran (batubara)

·  plastik

4. Limbah konservatif/awet (conservative wastes) tidak dapat terdekomposisi & tidak hilang/luruh

·  logam berat

·  halogenated hydrocarbons (pestisida, PCB, POPS)

·  radioaktifitas

OXYGEN-DEMANDING WASTES

• Examples: Organic waste such as animal manure and plant debris that can be decomposed by aerobic (oxygen-requiring) bacteria

• Major Human Sources: Sewage, animal feedlots, paper mills, and food processing facilities

• Harmful Effects: Large populations of bacteria decomposing these wastes can degrade water quality by depleting water of dissolved oxygen. This causes fish and other forms of oxygen-consuming aquatic life to die.

Pollution of StreamsPollution of Streams

Oxygen sag curve Oxygen sag curve Factors influencing recovery: flow rates and amount of pollutants

Factors influencing recovery: flow rates and amount of pollutants

Ocean Pollution: SourcesOcean Pollution: Sources

Fig. 22-11 p. 504

Case Study: Chesapeake Bay Largest US estuary Largest US estuary Relatively shallow Relatively shallow

Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic (1% of waste is flushed into Atlantic

Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic (1% of waste is flushed into Atlantic

Major problems with dissolved O2 due to eutrophication (NO3 and P04)

Major problems with dissolved O2 due to eutrophication (NO3 and P04)

Fallen oyster, crabs and fish harvest due to pollution, overfishing and diseases

Fallen oyster, crabs and fish harvest due to pollution, overfishing and diseases

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