MSc(Building) Dessertation-Optimisation of HVAC Systems for Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings, St. N

8/11/2019 MSc(Building) Dessertation-Optimisation of HVAC Systems for Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings, St. N

1/171

! " #

$%%&


2/171

' (

) # *

!

" +,#

"-

.-

/- $0 $%%&


3/171

' 1 2

#


4/171

'

) " # ' ( " 3 $%%45

$%%6 )7 77 8

7 9# ' "

( 7 # *

77) :%; ?, # * 3 7 @%; 0@; 3

=>? # '

7

7 =>? # ' )

7 37 3

7 =>? 7 # 77 7

=>? 7 " (

!7 !7 ?"*A 7)

# ( ( # '

7 =>? 7 7

7 7

77 7 7 7 =>?

7 7

7 7

7B # *

4%; =>? 7

C 3#

77 77 77 72

=>? 7 " #


5/171

* ( ( 7 D '( 7

(# * (

" ? !

77 ( #

. # '(

7# * ( )7 77

7 77 #


6/171

"=A- " = A 5?

?*"- ? * "

?>- ? > "

/!- /7 !

*- * /7

"!- " 3 "77 ?

=>?- = > ?

D?- D ?

./D- . /7 D

.D- . D

>>- > > "

'/>- ' /7 !

"- "


7/171

$#E- ' D "## $:

$#E- ' 7 "# # $:

$#@ - F "


8/171

$#$ - / " " $0

$#$ - / " " $0

$#$- " / '7 $4

$#$- ?7 F ? D " ? $6

$#? :E

$#@- * 7 77 :0

$#@- H 7 =>? ?


9/171

< #: ? D( =>? &E


10/171


11/171

!

E#E?JA./ E#$DAF!"''!.' E#:A'*.F E#


12/171

:#0?.?F"*."

$!


13/171

@#4*."'FF'*../?!!*""*.*.J @#4?.?F"*.

.!

0#E*.'A/?'*.

0#$?.?F"*." 0#$#E ! 0#$#$ / 0#$#: 7 0#$#< ? 0#$#@ ! 0#$#0 A5 A5

0#:A?!!./'*." 0#:#E F 7 0#:#$ = 7 0#:#: A

DD./*L-A'*.J./'1D"=>?"1"'!" DD./*L-.AJ1*?*.?1*./*?'A" DD./*L?-/'?FF?'*."=' DD./*L/-*.'A>*J*/F*.*'=F*".*?A" DD./*L-K"'*..*A


14/171

14

!

&

= > ? +=>?,

+ 7

, # ' 7 =>?

# ' 2 7 2 7

2

# ' 7 =>?

7 7 7 77

+ * E&&:,# *

=>? 7M

77 ) #

' F5 ? * " +?*",

7

+?*" $%%


15/171

15

?*" +$%%?

( + 7, 7

# * 7

7 7#

7 7 )

+/ $%%E,# /3 7 D7 +$%%$,

7 7 77

7 7

# * C73 ) (

D7 +$%%$-E,#

)

=>? 7

7 7 ( 7# *

7 =>? 77 7

7 #

' ( ( 7

7 )7 7 " +"!,# * 7 "

3 7 65E%; $%%4 $%%6

+A7 " $%%6,# ' 3 7

E@; E6; +"! $%%4,# ' "

( 57 77

)7 ) 7 7

# ' $%%@ "

77 " 3 7

E$; $%E< +/7

! $%%@-E$,#


16/171

16

' ) 7 37 3

7 =>?

7 #

&"

'

) " # '

" 4&; " 3

+/7 ! $%%@, "

J = J +J=J, ( :4

7 + 4#6 ?$ 7 ,# ' (

46; J=J " + .

/7 D $%%4,#

7 =>?

:%; ? # * "

! +$%%$-$, @%; "

# ' 7 =>?

(# = +$%%$, 7

=>? 3 :%; 4%;# * 7

7 =>?

#

* 7 ( ! +E&&%, +$%%%,

! +$%%:, ) =>? 7

7 # D +$%%0, 7


17/171

17

=>? 7

#

+D $%%0,# ' #

' 5 =>?

7 " # ' " 3

E$;

$%%< $%E


18/171

18

7

=>? 7 #

' 7 H -

# ' 7 =>?

7 J #

# ' 7

=>?

) 7 J

# ' 7 7 7 =>?

) 7 J

# ' 7 7 =>?

) 7 J

&% 0

' -

C' ) =>? ) 7

J 7

7G3

' -

E# C =>? ) 7

J G3


19/171

19

$# C' ) 7

7

=>? 5 7 J

G3

:# C 7 7 7

77 7 =>?

) 7 J G3

&.

' 7

# ' #

7

# D 7 7

7 7 7 7

=>? ( )

# ? 7

7 77

# !

7 ( 7

3 #

* 7 2 7 7

7# 7

7 7

7# = ) )

#


20/171

20

' ) =>?

?? +?, =??

+=,# '

7 J=J

7 "

E 7 . /7 D +$%%4,#

&1

' ( ) 7 7 #

?7 - ' * ( 7

+( H 7, 7

#

?7 '- ' F 7 (

7 =>? #

?7 '- ' ! 7

( 7

7 #

?7 - ' D

#

?7 - ' )7 7

)7 #

E5 J=J 7 46; 7 ./7 D +$%%4,#


21/171

21

?7 ") ? A 2

7 # ' 7

#

' " 77 77

#


22/171

22

"!

"&

' 7 7 7 77 7

=>? # ' 7 # '

7 (

" ( #

'

7 7 5 )

77 7#

' 7 =>? 7

# ' 7 =>?

7 # ' )

77

7 #

( E&4%3

C D )7 ?3 +D?,

77 # 7

# =

7 ) C 3

( +! E&&:,#

3 7 7

) 7

#


23/171

23

' =>?

# * ( ( 77

" 7# * $%%@ " 3

7 0 K ' 7 7 @ K

#

' $#E ' D "## +K ',

+"- * $%%4,

' $#E - ' 7 "# # + 5,

+"- * $%%4,

' 7 7 7 $$6

5 $EE 5 7 + *

$%%4,# '3 $#E $#E ( " 3

77#

' 7 7 (

) # *

$%%@ $%%0

"# A( "#

D+K ', 0 :@


24/171

24

7 $%%@ 7 7

" "! 7 6; 3 7

3 E@; +"! $%%4,# '

7 7 77 7 7(

$%%6#

' 7 "

7

# 7

7 7# =

7 5

# ' 7

( (#

* (

7 7 7 ( (

7 ( 3

7( 7 " "

E$; $%E@ 7 +/7 ! $%%@,# '

7 (

#

" 3 )

# '

77 4%; 3 7

$6; $; 7M &:; 7

+/7 ! $%%@,# "

3 )

7 77) 4%; + . /7 D $%%4,#

*


25/171

25

7 ?

/)#

"&" !

* 7 . D :%;5


26/171

26

Transport, 2%

Agriculture, 3%

Commerce, 10%

Residential, 17%

Industry, 68%

Transport

Agriculture

Commerce

Residential

Industry

$#$ - / " " +"- /! $%%$,

Marine Bunkers,

5%

Industry, 42%

Transport, 19%

Residential, 9%

Agriculture, 2%

Commerce, 3%

Non Energy, 16%

Others, 2%

Marine Bunkers

Industry

Transport

Residential

Agriculture

Commerce

Non Energy

Others

$#$ - / " " +"- # $%%$,

+E&&6, 7

5#


27/171

27

+E&&6, " = +$%%0,

-

E#

) #

$# 7

7 #

:# 7

7 7 7


28/171

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0%

Finnish Offices(Jumila,2004)

Japanese

Offices(Suzuki&Oka,1998)

US Offices(Jumila, 2004)

Energy Consumption

Demolition Energy

Maintenance Energy

Construction Energy

$#$- ?7 F ? D " ? "-

+$%%


29/171

"

) 7# " +E&&%, 7 E&6%3 " J

( 7 :E4 N E%E$ '

OE#& ) E%& # *

" " 77 $@; 7

7 +/7 ! $%%@,#

* 77 )

#

* F # +$%%4, 7

5

7 ?$# * 7 ?

7 @%;# ' (

?P $:; ?P

+

), 7 +F $%%4,#

7

) # * = +$%%6,

) 7 ) H

77) 60; )7

) # = +$%%6,

7

7 :%;# ' 7

7

7 ) #


30/171

7 7 ( C "3 #"#

D +D, *

+*, " $%:% 7

# = +$%%6,

7 7 7

# 77 77 C 3 = +$%%6,

+= $%%6,#

( )7

7# J 7 CF7

/3 +F/, ? +J,

J " + ( " ", C?7

" 3 +?", A

! +A!, # +$%%:, 7

:%; # '

7 7

7( #

"&$

= > 5? +=>?,

7 7 +" D

$%%6,# * 7 0@;

=>? + $%%$,# ' 7 7 @%;

" " +" * E&&?

7 5# +$%%%, 7


31/171

=>? 7 7

7

2 7 7

77 7 77

77

7 7 +$%%%,#

$#? +"- D ,

' 7 =>?

7 # +$%%%,

+?>, +>>,

>> ?> M

( =>? + $%%%,-

# 7 =>? 7

# 7

# A


32/171

# 7 7

# A 77

' ( 7 =>?

#

"&%

' = >

? +=>?, " # ' 7 7 :%; 3

+* $%%@,# 7

" 77) @%;

=>? +! $%%$#

' =>? (

7 " #

7 ) =>? +$%%$, 77) 7

:%; 4%;# 7

:%; =>? 7

77) E@; # '

7 =>? #

"&%& '2'-

' =>? 7

7 #


33/171

3'+45 *6 7'+

( A +$%%0, 7 7

# ' 7

=>? # (

7

=>? # ' ? +$%%6,

=>? 7

5 7 H

7 7 7 7

( + ? $%%6 " $%%6,#

+ *6 7'

=>? 775 7# )7

7 7 ( 7 2

57

7 7 2

=>?

2 7 + = $%%6,# 7 77 +E&&&,

7 )7 7

7 =>? 7 # '

777 7#

))*'--( 6* '( 2'2'-

' 77 7

+E&60, 7

7# +E&60,

77 77


34/171

( 77 ( 7 (

7

7 7#

7 ( 7

7#

'( *'+25-*' 7-

+E&60,

7 H#

' 7 7

7 7 7# ' 7

( #

=>? )7M # +$%%


35/171

"&%&" +'

)

7 77 7 7 # '

#

*25-' +' 4*+*54+

' 77

# ? 7 77 =>?

- B) ' /7

> ! +'/>,#

' '/> =>? 7

77 7

+F $%%:M ! * '

E&&&,#

* '/> 77 7

) +F $%%:M ! *

' E&&&,# =>? )

77 54 ?

7# ' 77 )

7 7 +!

* ' E&&&,# $#@ #


36/171

$#@- * 7 77 + )

7 '/> ,M - A $%%$

* ! * '

'/> 7 $$; 7

# ' 77 77) :?

# * 77 '/>

77 ( 5

+! *

' E&&&,#

= 77 '/> =>? ( #

'


37/171

7 # F +$%%:,

7

# ' 77 '/>

7 )#

( 77 '/>

7 2 =>? +F $%%:,#

*3 '+-(

' =>? 7 7

# 7 ) #

7 7 7 (

7 7# ' ( 7

7 7 7

+ # $%%:,#

= # +$%%0, 7 7

# ' )7 5 7

7

7 7 7

E


38/171

+'B ?D, +Q ,

7 7 #

(5+ *6 852'-

775 7 =>? 7

7# ? 7

5 =>?

7 77 57 #

**2 )*'7-*'' '-+

A 7

7 ( + E&&&,#

7

7 7 #

7-*+

7 # * +E&&&,

77 )

#

'796** -+

F # +$%%@, 7 5 7

( 7

7# ( 7 7

7 7

7


39/171

5 # * 7 7

#

'-+7 +(+-2+

' =>? 7

7 H 7

7 7 # ' +>>,

=>? 7 7

7

+ E&&> # ' $#@ ) 7 #


40/171

' $#@ - F " >> 0%; 7( +"- E&&? #

@; E%;

5 +$%%0,#

**6-*5 '-+

A7 7 7 =>? 7

7# ' 7

77 7

7 7 # *

? 7 +"=A D

$%%4,# 7

=>? (

(#

* /7 !) ;

"E ( 7 E:;

$ * * :0;

: 7 :


41/171

57 ,+

' 7 77 =>?

# $#@

7 7 77 + * * $%%$,-

$REN +K$BKE,: +$#@,

+- ERD E%%; +KE,# 6% 7

D +$, E N +%#6,:R %#@E @E 7,#

* > / 7

# ' 7

7 7

7#

* > ? =>? # '

7 4@ =D 77


42/171

7 # '

) 7

7 7 # *

> "7 +>"/,

7 7 7# ' L

+$%%@, ) 7 +L $%%@,#

9-+ ,++ (')4*'*+ -+

'

=>? # +$%%0, =>?

>5 7 >5 + $%%0,-

# '( 66)')(! 7 >5

&@; &6;# / 7 77) @; E%;

7 # * 7

77) &6 7 #'

>5 ( 5

7#

# '-'') '7 -''!' 7

>5

#

= +$%%0,

? 7

7 #


43/171

"&% 5-*'+

7 7 7

=>? # ' =>?

B77 7# * =>? 7

# *

7 7 7 + E&&&,#

+E&&&, 7

( 7 7

7 7

7#

' =>? 7

7 7 =>?

7 7 # *

7 7

7

5 7 + E&&&,#

"&%&$ *'-*+

+E&&&,

(

7 ( # * )

7 7 # *

225 # 22

#


44/171

" 22 @;

=>? +A # $%%$,#

' 77 -

7

7 5 7 7 7

7 7

7

7 7 +A $%%$,#

"&%&% '-'')

! 7 7

+F $%%4,#

7 7

7) ) 7

7#

' =>?

5 7

7# E&&& ? " "

7 H 7 =>? 5

2 77

+? $%%%,#

$#@ H 7 # " 7 7 7#

' 77 7 77 77

77 #


45/171

47%

70%

44%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Oversizing

Inadequate

airflow

Improper

refrigerant

charge

Categoryofproblem

Frequency of occurance

$#@- H 7 =>? +"-

. E&&&M 7 ? $%%%,#

10%

7%

13%

15%

35%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Proper sizing

Proper airflow

Proper

Refrigerant

Charging

Duct Sealing

All

Activity

Prcentage Energy Saving Potential

$#@- 7 =>? +"- . E&&&M 7 ? $%%%,


46/171


47/171

7 7 +> J7 $%%


48/171

7 A( +A,# '

= +$%%:, 7

7 7 #

=>? A (

7 7 #

7

+ = $%%:,# ' 7

7 7#

*6 +(+-2+

' =>?

# * # +$%%0, 7

7 7

7 7

#

! +$%%4, 7

) 7

7 #

A +$%%6, (

7 )

7 7

# ' 7 ( 7

+? = = ?7 ,# *


49/171

E%

# )7

>5 > "7 !

7 '/> ) #

"&%&. '+--*' '7 *22++*''

' "=A %5$%%@ 5

7 (

7 3 7H 7

7 + " = A

? $%%@,# " 7 7

7 77

7 7H

7# 7 7 ?*" +E&&6,

( 7 77

( 7 #

"=A 77

7 ) 7 +"=A

%5$%%@,# * =>?

77 5 5# '

H 7

7 2 7

7 7 ) +D

. E&&0M D ? $%%4,#


50/171

"&%&1 )-+ '7 )-3*:

/ ( 7 =>?

7# 7

(

7 7

77 +? $%%:,#

* F( ? +$%%:, 7

@; $%; # "

7 7

( 7 7) 77

& ' 7 +7 =>?

7 , )

#

"&%&; '( 66)')( '7 69() *+- '(++

F( 7H =>?

) (# * 7 J +E&&E,

#

+$%%$, 7 =>?

( 7 7

( + $%%$,# F5? ? +F??,

77 7 7

# ' F??


51/171

# "H H

7 # F??

7

+F E&&:M ! E&&%,#

=>? ( F?? 7

7 # "

+E&&E, (

0@ 4@ 7M 7 7 7 E@ $@

7 E% 7 +" E&&E,#

"&.

' 7 =>? # '

7 7

# ' * =>?

"=A 0$#E5$ "=A &%#E5$

.E@$


52/171

# " 7 ( (

7 E $ #

'

( 7 )

# ' 7

) ( 6@; )7

+= $%%6,

"&.& '( 66)')( ' 7'+ - ! ' 82'-+

"==;?

"." $%? 7

5 7 ( 7

( 7#

' 5 77 7

7 "." E%?

#


53/171

7 775

7 7 B 7

# * 7 7

7 7 7#

"&.&" '( 66)')( ' 7'+ - #! ' 82'-+

"==;?

D : 77

777

# * 7 +A ,

2#

? 5 5 77

7 7 2 77 2

$@; 77

E%% $# ' 7 ?> >>

)7 7 @ (

5 7 @ (#

? 7

"=A &%#E# ' (

7 7 $%? 5 $@?

$?# * 7 7

:%;

0%; # S

7#


54/171

7( 7

7 +?D, 7# ' $#0#

' $#0- ! 7 D(

? 7

" #

852'- -(5 5)-( ' '22

"7 7 T4 $#@

4TE& $#0

E%T


55/171

) 7

7 # '

7

7 7 (

3 7( 7 " 3

E$; $%E?

!

#+$%%$, +$%%$, ? +$%%:,# A =>?

" 7

(# * ) 7

" #


57/171

#!

#&

' 7 7

)7 (#

' $%%6#

( !7 !7 E0 #

' ?"*A

# *

7

7# ' C )

=>? ) 7 J

7

7G3 '

#

' =>?

) 7 J G ' 7

( =>? # ' 77

#

' C' ) 7

=>? 5 ) 7

J G3 *

#

' C 7 7 7

77 7 =>?

) 7 J G3


58/171

' :#E- 77 +"- 3 ?,

' )

7

=>? # ' 77

#

" K / / A / ?*

/ " !

KE#

=>? ) 7 J

E# /7 ?

7 7 =>? ) 7 J

#+* 7 ( ( 7 # 7 #

E#

- /*K/

?E#

7 7/ ## "."$%6 "."E%


59/171

' :#E 77 ( #

) :#$ :#@

# ' 7 =>?

) 7

77 7# ' ( '

:#E# ' =>? H

5 # #

#&"

' 77 ) 7

7 (# ' 77 ( #

#&"& +)4 +)5-*'

' 77 ( 7

7 #

@5*-*(> 7+)5-, * @5'-*( +)4

A )7 7 )7 7

7 H +/ E&&&,# C)7 3 7 )

7

( # C/7 3

7 (

7 # C)7 3

7 )7 5)7 +/ E&&&,# '

7 C)73 C73 # *

)7 7 7

7 7 7

=>? ) 7 #


60/171

' :#E- +)5-*' *6 --- *22'-+

7 D

D =>? 7 ! @%; 7

7

D

A7 B

D

7 D

7 D

/ 77 +'/> ?),

'/>

'7 7 7 D

=>? 7 D

" 7

7

" 7

? '7 225F

? J

7 =>? ! @%; 7

B D

! 7 D

A7 D

? 7 D

F( D 7 7

! 7 D

7B 7 $%

*77 * 7 7

/ *

"- 3


61/171

'7)-, * 77)-,

/

7 7 7

7 +3F $%%


62/171

7

# /7 7 77

) 7 77

+ $%%E- E&M " $%%%-EE J) $%%


63/171

# '

7 7 #

:#E ? " * ! F 77 / D +"- ? $%%:,

' 7 7B77

B7# 7 7

7 C !3 77

# 7 77 7

77 8 9# ' 77

+E&6

2'-+ *6 '8(

Alternative knowledge claimsStrategies of Inquiry

Methods

+)4A+)*')5-*'

'+-7'-* )-)


64/171

' :#$- " +"- ? $%%:,

" ?

E# DBD7

/

A

7 !

'

E# DBD7# ? 7 # *

7 # 7

# '

$# ?B*7

!7 77

"

'

$# ?# * (

(# * 7 7

# D73 7 # A (

7:# B77

D

7 5

?

?5

:# B77# A 7

2 77# A # * 7


65/171

# 7

=>? # '

77 7# ' 7 077 7

# ' 7 4#

# '

7 77

=>? #

' 7 7 -

# ' 7 =>?

7 # K + ,

77 7 =>?

7 #

# ' 73 7

7 7

#

#

'

7 # 3 F +$%%


66/171

7 7 # '

7 # * 7

B7

+ 7 7 7

( 7 ,#

* 7

7 7

7 7# K

7 7 #

' 777 ( 7 7 77

7 =>?

#

#& 25'

7 77

77 +A $%%%,# 3F +$%%?

# *


67/171

6 @ &

# ' 7

?"*A 7) D 7# '

$%%6 . $%%6# '

7

B =>?

#

25' 2-4*7+

#

7 7 7 7

7# ' 7 7 +77,#

' :#: 7 ) #

A +$%%%, ! "

# # 7# *

7 7

# /7 7 7

7 3F +$%% 7 7

+3F $%%


68/171

, # ) (

# ' ?"*A 7( 7

=>? 7 M

7 #

* 7 7 7

7 # ' $

#

+5 (,

7 7 #

+?"*A D, 7

7 =>? 7

# ' 7 75

25 =>? #

' :#: 7

(#

#&" '-,3'

* 77

+D2 "( E&&EM D $%%@,#

+E&&


69/171

' :#:- "7

"- 3

? /7 ?

"7

7

' 7 77# *

7

#

" 7 7

7 7

#

"

7

* (

7 #

( 7 #

A 7

? 7 * (

7

#

> 7 7

) 7 #

=7(

7

7( 7

H #

" 7 / 7 7

7 7

.5

7

D7 7 ' + , ( #


70/171

* 7 7 7

7 M

+D $%%@,# * 77

7 # * 77

7 +D2 "( E&&E,# '

#

D +$%%@, 5 75

57 7 # *

7 7

# ! 7

77 ) 7 7

+D2 "( E&&E,# '

!

( !7 !7# ' F 5

77 7# '

( 7 7

7 7

#

# +,-*'

3 F +$%%


71/171

" 7 ) 5

# 3 F +$%%


72/171

& 7 7

7 E%#

) 7 (

7 # '

#

1 +E&&?

) #

&' J !5 ( 7 #

E%' 77 7 2 #


73/171

#&% 0+-*''

D2 "( +E&&E,

) 7

# ' H #

D2 "( +E&&E, -$

7

$

# + ,

7

#

? 3 7 7 7

(# * ( 7 =>?

( 7 # ? 7

7 (


74/171

7 7

#

*'-*+! 7 7 (

B7 =>?

7 #

'-'')! ' 7 ( 7

7

# K

7 7

# ' 7 =>?

# * 7

5

( #

'+--*' '7 )*22++*''!'

=>? 5 5

#

#&$

D +$%%@, )

+57, 777

7) ( )# ?

( 7

( 7

# )

7 77

+D $%%@M 3F $%%


75/171

7

7 7 7 7

=>?

# '

+ J (

/ F * !( '(2 7( D

A S(22 > "7 ( A7(, A

* + ! ?

5 $

?"*A 7),#

77 # '

77 7

D2 "( +E&&E,#

7 77

F +E&&&, 8 79

) # 7 7

=>? # '

=>? 7

5 # ' 3F

+$%%


76/171

#&$& '+-*' *6 ++

' 77

+D $%%@,# = 77 77# D

+$%%@, 7 $

5 M

7 M 7

7 )7

77 7#

#&$&" + -7( -4*7+

1 +E&&? 7 #

77 :#:#:#


77/171

' 7 7 #

K 7 7

7 7

=>? # / :#:#$

:#:#@# ' :#< #

' :#


78/171

#&$ 7-( '7 -(

' 7 7

# '

C# $ $ %+ 1 +E&&? 7

) =>? 7

7 7 7 77 =>? 7

#

' 7 7 (

7

# ' 7

7 7 77 7


79/171

= ! "

C=5!3 +? ' E&&&,# ' (

# ' 7 =>?

7 7 7

7 77 +'/> ? ),

7 7 7 =>?

7 7

7 7

7B #

7 5

2 H# * 7

7 7# ' 7

7

# ' ) 7

7 7

# ' :#0 +77) ,

#

#&.

' , $$ $ $ -./0 $

$$ 1 23+ 7

77 77 7# '

7

# '

( !7 !75" 2

+E0 , +@

, ?"*A +E ,# ' ( !7 !7


80/171

7

?"*A B77 7#

7

B77 7 #

' 7

7 ) # '

# K


81/171

$!

$&

' 7 7 # '

$$ # ' =>?

7 # * 7

=>? 7B

7B #

' 7

7 # *

7 7


82/171


83/171

? =>? 7

Public Users/Visitors and building operators conversant with operating

HVAC system in the building

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Pro

portionconversantwithoperationsof

HVACsystemi

nthebuilding

Public users 10% 90%

Building operators 60% 40%

Yes No

"- $%%6

7 7

=>? M +E&&&,

7 7 7#

A * +

?"*A, 7 7

7 7# '


84/171

? 7B 7

Percentages of buildings displaying placards on HVAC Systems

operations/malfunction reporting

! " # $% #

"- $%%6

$&"&" + *6 7'

* 8 9 77

7 7 #

' #

0


85/171


86/171

#


87/171


88/171


89/171

77) $%;

'/> +A $%%$M F $%%:,#

' 7 B

( 7 2# ' 7

B 5

2 7#

5 B

52 7 ( =>? #

$&" (5+ *6 852'-B852'- +)-*'

* 0@;

=>? # ? # =>?

77


90/171

20%

45%

35%

Centralised Air systems

Packaged HVAC systems

Centralised Air systems &

Packaged HVAC systems

?

"- $%%6 +.- ' 7 7 =>? ,


91/171

7

3

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Multi-zone VAV

Single-zone VAV

CV system

TypesofCentralisedHVAC

systemsUsed

Number of Buildings

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Radiators

Self Contained HVAC, Under floor heaters

Under floor Heaters , Radiators , Convectors

Self Contained HVAC

Number of Buildings


92/171

$&$

' ) 7 7

5 7 =>? #

$&$& )47 *6 *5-*'+

' =>? 7 $<

=>? 7 7 65E$

# =>? 7 7 #

7 =>? 65E$ # * =>?

)7 7

7# ' ?"*A =>?

7 7 # ' 7

=>?


93/171


94/171

$&$&" ))5')( ,+


95/171

#


96/171

$&%

57

77 7 E EE

# /


97/171

7 7

+ '


98/171

$&.

' 7 7

7 # ' ) #

$&.& +2'- '7 *'-*'

( 7

!

7# '

7 7#

7 77 #


99/171

* 7

A * + ,# *

6

( ! # 7

7 #


100/171

( 7 =>? (

7 # ' =>?

7 # *

7

( 7 7

H# * 5 7 (

7 7 #

?

"- $%%6

(

# 7 =>? (

7 (M 7 7 7

7 # '


101/171

7

+ < (, 7

+


102/171

5

7 7 #

7 7 7

# ' (

#

* 7 =>?

7 (

5 ( 7 +


103/171

$&. *6 852'-B-*6-+

? # *

=>? 7 ( #

? B

Age of HVAC systems or age of retrofits in buildings

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%70%

80%

Government Buildings Research Ins. Buildings

Category of HVAC systems/retrofit ages

Percentage

2 to 3 yrs. 3 to 5 yrs. 5 to 10 yrs. Over 10 yrs.

"- A

* 7 =>?

7 # ' )7

# ! =>?

7 + > '(2

7( "7 S(22 A7(,#

=>? ( E% #


104/171

$&1

' ( ) 77

# / 77 #

25*5 '+--*'

* 5 ( !7 F

=>? + 7 =>? * !(

"7 S(22, 77 7

# '

7 #

' A7( +( !7 F,

7 77 # *

7 7

7 # * =>?

#

? B

! 7

# +E&&&,

#

*22++*''

' =>?

# ' E% J $ A #

' 7 77


105/171

7 7#

/ ? =>? 7


106/171

'


107/171

'


108/171

' %

7( %

'(2 %

"7 %

%

( %

J %

/ %

%

* !( %

S(22 %

A7( %

( %

%

D A %

?"*A $ $

? E

E

! E

5? E/ J E

"- A $%%6


109/171

'


110/171

'


111/171

'


112/171

$&D

' # )

5 # ' 77M

7( 7# =>?

) 7 7 7

7

# ' +


113/171

$&D&" +'

'/> 7 7

B) 7 #

' 7 # '

7 7

7 =>? 7 7

# '

? + , A7( S(22 "7 > 7(

'(2 * !( +( !7 !7,#

$&D 5-*'+

* 7

7 =>? 7 7

7 # ' =>? 7 7( 7

#

$&D&$ *'-*+

! =>? 7

77 77# '

=>? #

$&D&% '-'')

? 7

7 =>? (#


114/171

# ' ! 77

5 7 #

' 7

=>? 7

# * 7 ( 7

( 7 #

' 7 7 7#

* @%; 7 =>?

@ + :%; E% ,# '

( 7 =>?

E@ #

$&D&. '+--*' '7 *22++*''

*77

E@

7 =>? 7# * 77 #

15' ! A7(


115/171

' % % % %#@% %#04 %#@% E#04

7( % % % %#@% %#04 E $#E4

'(2 % % % % %#04 %#@% E#E4

"7 % % % %#@% %#04 % E#E4

% % % %#@% %#04 %#@% E#04

( % % % %#@% %#@% E $

J % % % % %#04 E E#04

/ % % % %#@%%#04

%#@%E#04

% % % % %#04 %#@% E#E4

* !( % % % % %#04 % %#04

S(22 % % % %#@% %#04 % E#E4

A7( % % % %#@% %#04 % E#E4

( %#


116/171

$&D&1 5-2+-*' 6* '(

=>? 7

+ ?"*A $ 4#4% 7

) E$ 7,# ' *

!( %#04 '(2 "7

S(22 D E#E4 7# .

# / 77 '


117/171


118/171

%!

%&

' 7 # '

7

#

/ 7 =>? 7

( 7

77# * 7 )7 5

=>? 7


119/171

7 57 5 7H

7 + ? $%%6M E&&E,# ' 7

7 + 7 7,

7 5 ?

+$%%6, " +$%%6, 7 # =

#

%&"&" + *6 7'

'( ( 7 775

3 7 H =>? 7

# ' 7

=>? 7# *

7 # ' 7

7 )7 7

7 =>?

+ME&&&,#

%&" ))*'--( 6* '( 2'2'-

F( 7 (

7

# ' 7 =>?

7# '

7 5 +E&60,#

77 7 # '

( 7 7# *

7 5

) 7 +? F D(


120/171

, # A *

7 )7 7 7

#

%&"&$ '( *'+25-*' 7-

+E&60, (

7 7#

7 7 =>? # '

7 ( 7# '

7 7 !

5 5 577 ( # +$%%


121/171

7 # '

# F57 5

H 7 ( 7 57 577

5 7 7

7( 57( 7

+ $%%:,# * 7

7 7 +F

,#

%

' 5 ) =>? 7

B 77 7 7 # '

7 #

%& +' 4*+*54( C 2-4*7+ *6 *7 '(++

7 B) =>?

# ' - $ '/>

'/>

7

'/> +F $%%:,#

' '/> 77 ( 7

$$;

=>? 7 (

#


122/171

%&" (5+ *6 852'-B852'- +)-*'

**2 )*'7-*'' '-+

A 7

# )7

7

7 + , # *

7

7 ( + E&&&,#

* 7

7 !

7 7

7 =>? 7 # '

=>? 7 7

B 7#

7-*+

' 7 7

7 7

7# '

57 # ?

7 7 77

# * 7 (

7

+E&&&, 77

) #


123/171

'796** -+

F +$%%@, 5 7

7 7 ( 7# '

7# ( 7

7 7

7 +F $%%@,# ' ( 5

7 5

# * 7 7

# ' 5

$% #

' +$%%@,

7 $% (

#

'-+7 +(+-2+9 4 '-+ '7 4'7+

' =>?

7 E% # * (

L +$%%@, E%; 7

77) $4;# ' 7 7

77 =>? # *

+E&&5 7

7 )7


124/171

# ' @; E%; 7

5 +$%%0,#

**6-*5 '-+

' 5? " / ! 7 7

7 +"=A

D $%%4,# 7 7 7 7

7 7

7 # *

? 7 +"=A D $%%4,#

%&$

7 7 =>?

7 # ! 7 7 7

=>? 7 7

# * 77 7

7 7 ( 5 7

=>? # ' +E&&&,

8 9 =>? # * 7

7 5 =>?

B77 7# '

7 7

7

7# '

# = 7 77# # '

7 #


125/171

( 7 7

=>? 7 7

# ' 7 =>? 7( 7

# * 7 77

7 5

7

+ E&&&,# ' ( 7 2 =>?

=>? #

' H 7 )

7 7#

%&%

'7 < 7 + , )7

) 7 # '

7 7 7# F

7 < 7 7

( 7

+> $%%0M A *

$%%0,#

* 5

22

@; =>? +A # $%%$,# '

7 #

* 7 7

( +


126/171

( 7 # .

7 7

7 #

%&.

$4;

# 5

# ' 77

( 7 7 :%;

# / 7 @#0#E @#0#:#

%&.& +2'- '7 *'-*'

7 !

7 +> J7 $%%


127/171

$%%4,# = 5 7

( # ' 7 7

( # '

7 =>? )7

# ' 77 =>?

! D +!D,

7 7 7 7

+! $%%4,#

' =>? 7

#' ' +E&&&, 8 9

77 3 )

( # ' +E&&&, A +$%%6, 7

)7

5 # '

7 5

7 #

A 7# )7 7

>5 7 # +$%%0,

H 7

77) @; E%;#

A )7

) 57

7 7 # '

7 # * (

+ 7 57, 7

7#


128/171

(

# 6%; =>? ( 7

(M 7 7 7 7

#

'

7

+ < (, 7

+


129/171

77

7 # =

5 7

=>? + @ ,# '

#

%&1

' =>?

# E%

J $ A # / 7

77 5

7 7# "

#

* 7 7 7

7 ?*" +E&&6, ( 7

# * 77 =>?

5 5 H 7

7 2 7

7 +D . E&&0M

D ? $%%4,#

%&1

' 7 ( 7 =>? # '

:#


130/171

) E$ 7# ' )7 ( + 22

, 7 5 7

# "7 ) 7#


131/171

.!

.&

' ( (7

77 " # '

7

# '

) # '

:%;5?

" 0@; =>?

+ $%%$,#

' H ) 7

7 =>? 5 ) 7

J # ' H

-

C' ) =>? ) 7

J 7

7G3

' 7 =>?

7

# '

0#$# ' 77#


132/171

.&"

* 7 5

# ' )7 (

+( E#


133/171

) 7 #

(

#

.&" 5-*'+

' 7 ( ( 7 # =

7 7( 7 7 #

.&"&$ *'-*+

? # = 7

7 7#

.&"&% '-'')

! 7 7

=>? 57 7 # =

=>? # '

%#@ %#04 7 E#@% E#04

#

.&"&. 9)*22++*'' '7 -*9)*22++*''

? 7 5

# 7

7 #

.

A 57

57 # ' #


134/171

.& *3 )5- ',+-2'- 66*-+

F 7 77

7 =>? #

'2'-

' ( 7 7

77 C ! D3 +!D, 7 =>? # '

7 !D ! +$%%4, 77

) $ 7

=>? # '

( 7 7 #

7 7 7 =>? # 7

7 =>? #

' 7 !D 7

# *

+E&60, !# * 7 !

5 77 7 ?

F # ' 7

77 # '

77 ! # '

!

=>? #

777 C 3 =>? 7

7 #


135/171

' 7 7 7

7 # D

7 7

=>? 7 ( 7

777 7#

*'-*+

D 7

=>? # " 7

7 # =>?

7 7 (

# ? =>? 7

7# ' 7 7 5

#

5-*'+

* 7 7 7 7 7

7# ' 7 7 7 #

.&" 4 )5- ',+-2'- 66*-+

= 7 7 )7

7( 7# / #


136/171

'2'-

' C ! "3

# '

7 ( 7 # '

7 7 =>? #

+'

' '/> =>?

) # ' ( 7 H

7 +F $%%:M! E&&& A # $%%$,#

*

# ' 7 2

# * 7 7

7 7 7 7

7#

" =>? # '

A 7

7 7

77 5

+ $%%0M L $%%@M # $%%@M E&&&,#

5-*' '7 *'-*+

=>?

#

7 )


137/171

7 =>? # ' 5

2 >> 7

#

77 7 22

) =>? # A +$%%$, (

7 H 7 (

7 7 7 7 7

@; 7# * 7

7 22 #

'-'')

=>? 7

7 +> J7 $%%


138/171

. - +)4

*

7 =>? 7# '

7 7 ( #


139/171

# /7 !# = A# +$%%@, .

?#

7-BB###B7B7BWW#7# F $&

$%%

= +$%%6, = 5 = ? " "#

7-BB##B)## F :%

$%%&

" = A ? * +E&6&,

"=AB*". &%#E5E&6&- )7 5

# J 77 E5E


140/171

# =# +$%%$, * 7 =>? #

D/ ' D ? = D

" 77 E5$%#

?# # +E&60, ! 5' D

" ##?#3 ! F- = I ?#

+D, F 77 E%5:$

!#'# / # +E&&&, = 7-

) !#'# / # +E&&&, A D- 77

?7 ' D ?7 '#

# +$%%E, " A ! ) D )# 77 E65E&

# +E&6


141/171

? * " +$%%? # D/

D ? = D 77 :5E E .# $ 77


142/171

* +$%%4, - 7

7# 7-B#### F E$ $%%6

* * +$%%$, > / 5. #

7-BB###B# E: 7 $%%6#

' +$%%@, I A# 7-BB##B75

B $0 ! $%%6#

D +, 77) - * K =>? "#

7-BB#7#BBB7WB77#7# $: !

$%%&

"! +$%%4, D 5/3 A7 $%%4# 7-BB

#(##2B7#%4# $% $%%6

* +$%% 5 5

D 5 D ?2


143/171

## = ># *# ? '#'# +$%%:, 72 !>?

# > $E *# .# E% 77

$$:5$:$

# #=# +E&A# +$%%6, *7 ) # "=A

># @% * E $%%6 77 E%5$0

= A#!## 5= !## ! ## +E&&4, -

77 K ! > :.# < 77 $4:5$6%

= S S ! ? "= +$%%0, / "

=>? # ?

! >


144/171

! +/ /, K .

D +$%%4, ? ?- " ? 77#

7-BB#7#B7BB# 77 6# $0 ! $%%6#

"#D F " / .# +$%%0, =>? 7 - 7

"=A ># # E


145/171

F # F # 1# 1 A# +$%%4, )

?#

> :& * E%# 77 E%&65EE%0

F # S # L L# / =# 1 A# K D# +$%%@, )7

5 752 D?! 7

> :4 * : ! $%%@ 77 $E@5$$%

F J# +E&&&, A !#'# /

# +E&&&, A D- 77

?7 '- ?7 ' D 77 $@$5$06#

F '# # +$%%:, 7 7 =>?

= " D# *

? . EE5E< $%%:#

! J# # !# +$%%4, 7 =>?

) . * "

7-BB### $: ! $%%

! * ' +E&&&, =>? # 7

77 "'' ! E E&&

! # =# J !# # /#?# +$%%$,#

7 " # * .# E%

$%%$# 7 E%E@#

! #=# # +E&&%, 77

"## A ># 0 .# 0 77#


146/171

! #=# ?# +$%%:, *7

=>? ># :6 .# E$ 77#

E5#D *#

7-BB#7#B# E: 7 $%%6#

D7 D#1# +$%%$, ' 72 7 - 7

?75 / > :


147/171

D2 # # "( F#D# +E&&E, ! / -

77 = . - F 77 EE65E&6

D !# # . # +E&&0, ?

? 5 ! E0 "=A '

J ># E%$ 7 E E&&0#

D ? +$%%4, A5 J

# 7-BB#7#BFBD#7# $% !

$%%&

D # +$%%0, ! =>? #

* A ? = D5F 5

" ) ( ! .

$6 $%%0# 77 E5E6#

D ## +$%%@, * - K K

77 " F- " D 77E065E6$

A D#"#A#"# +$%%%, "7 77

A- ?7 I =B?A?#

A F# +$%%6, ' 75

F 7 $%%6# 7-BB###B # E&

$%%&

A( ! +$%%4, ' 7

- ?7 7

)7 !# # ' #


148/171

A7 " +$%%6, * - .

A7 " 3 "#

7-BB###2BB$%%6B7WWE#7 f#

E $%%6#

A F +$%%4, " " #

7-BB#7##2BBBB77 # 4 7 $%%4# 77 E5?7

! =>?

7 . 7 D

? 7

A7 B

. 7

" 7

7

?7 . 7 7

/

7 F( 7 7

7 7

/7

/ 77 +'/> ? ),

? !) ? !) '/>

" 7 / 7 =>? 7#

7

! 7 =>?

!7


158/171

' :#0 * =>? +,

"- 3

'7)-*+ *6 '( 66)')( ,++)5-*' *6 '7)-*

): *6 '( 66)')( '22 82'-


159/171

' :#0 * =>? +,

"- 3

'7)-*+ *6 '( 66)')( ,++)5-*' *6 '7)-*

): *6 '( 66)')( '22 82'-


160/171

E !

!

# / ######################################################################################################################

# " F

# /##############################################################################################################

# "7 .###########################################################################################################################

# D I D

###############################################################################################

####################################################################################################################################################################################

########################################################################################################

# G

# J +? ,

# ? D

# D ' + 7 ,

# D * I '

# G

6& '- 7' + :'

I =

F

F

" I

I (

D I "B/


161/171

# =>? G

%5@ @5E% E%5E@ E@

# G +( ),

6& ' 7' + :'

I =

F

F

" I

I (

D I "B/

# 7 G

1 .

# 7 7 G

1 .

# =>? ! G

1 .


162/171

# = 7 (G +( ),

6& *& *6 7(+ ' 3: :'

/

0 /

@ /

< /

: /

F :

)# = 7G+( ),

6& *& 4*+ *6 + :'

$? G

?

A ? B7( =>? 7

)# * +, +), 7 =>?

G

5 " 2 5 !52

5 ? > 5 > >

5 " / 5 " /

5 / / 5*

)# * +, +),

5 AB? 5 A '7

5 5" ? ? I '3 = 77

5A ? ? ? I = 77

5 = D7 F7 " 5 / =

)# 7 G

5 7 5! ? 5.

)# * 7 G

1 . .

)# +), =>? " 7G

F X X Y Y Z Z


164/171

))# / 7G

1 . .

))# * +), 7 G

% 0 0 E$ E$ E6 E6

))# * 7 =>? G

1 . .

))# 7 G

% 0 0 E$ E$ E6 E6

))# =>? G

5 7 5! ? 5.

))# * +, +)), G

1 . .

))# * ( G

5" 5 A7 7

5/ ? 7 5 A7 B7

5A B 5D

5A =>? 7 7B

))# * 7 7 G

5 1 . .

))# * +)), 7 =>? G

5/ 7

5*

5/


165/171


166/171

)))# = ( 7 G

T: : E ( E < ( U< (

)))# ( G

1 .

)))# 7 7 7

7 =>? G

1 .

)))# * ! "G

1 .

)))# * 7 7 )) G

1 .

))))# 7 777 G

!H !H

.

*25*''-+> 852'-+ C 2+ ,+

)# =>? G

% E E $ $ :

: @ @ E% E%

)# 7 7 I 7G

####################################################################################################################################################################################

##############################################################################################################################################

)# 7 7 7G

####################################################################################################################################################################################

#####################################################################################################################

)# 7G

#####################################################################################################################################################

)# =>? G


167/171

#####################################################################################################################################################

)# =>? 7G

+'( ),

6& 5-*' +)47 6* +(+-2 :'

+$< ,

7

7

7 (

)# = G

+'( ),

6& 8')( *6 7)- )' 5 :'

%50

05E$

E$5E6

E65$<

*B7

.

)# * ( (G

1 .


168/171


169/171

E ! 0

4+ 8+-*'' + 72'+-7 + 5- *6 +)4 '--7 F*5-2+-*' *6 -'>

'--*' '7 *'7-*'' ? 7G

1

.

$ G

7+ 7 ,

* (

: B

7G

1

.


170/171

< * 7 ( 7G +* 7 77 7,

1

.

@ / G +* 7 77 7,

1

.

0 7 7 G+* 7 77 7,

1

.

4 7 7 =>? G

1

.

6 = 7 )7 7 =>? G

1

.


171/171

& = G

7

E% 7 ( 7 7 G

F :

: E (

E ( $ (

$ ( : (

< (

< (

MSc(Building) Dessertation-Optimisation of HVAC Systems for Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings, St. N

Documents