Cytology Ms. Napolitano & Mrs. Haas CP Biology
Dec 30, 2015
Cytology
CytologyMs. Napolitano & Mrs. HaasCP BiologyTerms for Do Now1/30 & 2/2Plasma (Cell) MembraneCytoplasmCytosolCentrosomeCentrioleChromosomesRibosomesNucleoidNucleusNucleolusNuclear MembraneNuclear PoresNucleoplasmMitochondria
Smooth ER Rough ERVesiclesLysosomesPeroxisomesGolgi ApparatusCytoskeletonMicrotubulesFlagellaCiliaCentriolesCell WallCentral VacuoleChloroplastsWhat Are Cells?Cells: the smallest unit of lifeCollection of living matter enclosed by a barrier
Cytology: The study of cellsRobert Hooke1665 - Viewed cork under a microscope.
Named empty chambers cells because they looked like monks cells.
Cell TheoryAll living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function.
New cells are produced from existing cells.
18381855Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotic cells are simple cellsDo not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Theorized that eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells
Organelles found in prokaryotic cells:Cell membraneCytoplasm/cytosolDNARibosomes
Parts of the CellPlasma MembraneHolds the cell together
Surrounds the cell
Controls what goes in and out
Phospholipid bilayer
Cytoplasm & CytosolCytoplasmMaterial in the cell membraneDoes not include the nucleus
CytosolLiquid found inside cellsSeparated into compartments by membranesChromosomesThreadlike structure within the nucleus
Contains genetic information (DNA)
Humans = 23 chromosome pairs
RibosomesWhere proteins are made
May be free in the cytosol or bound to the endoplasmic reticulumNucleoidContains the genetic material of prokaryotesRecall: prokaryotes do not have nuclei
NucleusStructure that contains the cells genetic material
Controls cell activity
Only found in eukaryotes
NucleolusSmall, dense region within nucleus
Where protein production begins
Nuclear Membrane, Nuclear Pores, & NucleoplasmNuclear Membrane: layer that surrounds the nucleusSeparates & protects the nucleus
Nuclear Pores: channels that regulate the transport of molecules across the membrane
Nucleoplasm: fluid inside of the nucleus
MitochondriaConverts chemical energy from food into compounds usable by the cell
AKA the powerhouse of the cell
Makes ATP
Endoplasmic ReticulumRough ER: makes proteinsContains ribosomesConnected to the nucleus
Smooth ER: carb/lipid synthesis, detoxificationNo ribosomes
VesiclesSmall bubble
Transport materials within the cellLysosomes & PeroxisomesLysosome: small organelle filled with enzymes to break down certain materials within the cell
Peroxisome: small organelle that contains catalasebreaks down hydrogen peroxide2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2 Golgi ApparatusModify, sort, and package proteins
Vesicles fuse on & pinch off
CytoskeletonNetwork of protein filaments
Maintains cell shape
Helps with cell movementCytoskeleton FilamentsMicrotubules: largestInvolved in cell division
Intermediate Filaments: provide supporthold organelles into placeOrganize cells into tissues
Microfilaments: smallestMakes striations of skeletal muscle tissue
Flagella & CiliaFlagella: whip-like appendages used for propulsion
Cilia: short, hair-like projections that aid in movement
Centrosomes & CentriolesStructures that help organize cell division
Centrosome is made up of two centrioles
Centrioles not found in plant cells
Centrosome2 CentriolesCell WallRigid outer layer of the cell that supports the membrane
Found in plants, algae, & some bacteriaCentral VacuoleLarge cavity in plant cells
Stores food, water, or metabolic waste
Maintains turgor pressure
ChloroplastsFound in photosynthetic organisms
Site of photosynthesisCaptures light energy and convert it into chemical energy
Theory of EndosymbiosisEukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic cells
Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotic cellsEvidence: 1. They both contain their own DNA 2. They both have ribosomes 3. They divide by mitosis