Mrs. Yanac. Anatomy The study of the structure of organisms and their relationship to each other. Answers the question “What are the structures of.

INTRO TO ANATOMY &

PHYSIOLOGY

Mrs. Yanac

Anatomy The study of the structure of organisms

and their relationship to each other. Answers the question “What are the

structures of the body?” Comparative Anatomy Gross Anatomy Regional Anatomy Systemic Anatomy Developmental Anatomy Embryology Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)

Physiology

The study of body function. Answers the question “How do

parts work?”Cell PhysiologySpecial PhysiologySystemic PhysiologyPathological

Relationship between A & P “Structure determines function” Anatomy & physiology are closely

related as to the function depends on how it is put together.

Levels of organization Chemical

- Atoms & molecules Cellular

- Basic structural & functional unit of all living things- Smallest unit of life

Tissue - Cells with similar structure & function

Organ - 2 or more tissue types that work together to perform 1 or

more functions Organ systems

- A group of organs working together Organism

- Many systems that work together to maintain life- Highest level of structural organization

Structural Organization

Human Organ Systems

1. Integumentary System – skin, hair, and nails

2. Skeletal System – support and protection

3. Muscular System – movement

4. Nervous System – control system

5. Endocrine System – communication within the body

6. Circulatory System – transport and delivery

7. Lymphatic System - body’s defense system

8. Respiratory System – gas exchange

9. Digestive System – breakdown of food & waste excretion

10. Urinary System – removes wastes from the blood

11. Reproductive System – production of offspring

Figure 1.2a–c

Figure 1.2d–f

Figure 1.2g–i

Figure 1.2j–l

Necessary Life FunctionsMaintaining boundaries

– Cell membranes and integumentary system

Movement– Muscular and skeletal systems

Responsiveness– Sensing changes in the environment (nervous system)

Digestion– Breaking down food to get energy

Metabolism– All chemical reactions within the body (endocrine system)

Excretion– Removal of wastes (urinary/excretory system)

Reproduction– Ensures continuation of the species

Growth & Development– Increase in size

Survival Needs Nutrients

Contain chemicals used for energy & cell building Oxygen

Needed to carry out cellular respiration Water

60-80% of body weightFluid base for the body

Body TemperatureNeeds to be maintained at 37oC (98oF)

Atmospheric PressureBreathing & gas exchange depend on proper pressure

Homeostasis

Maintaining a constant (stable) internal environment

Depends on a constant state ofChemical compositionTemperaturePressure & Volume

All body systems work together to maintain homeostasis, but it is mainly controlled by the nervous & endocrine systems.

Internal conditions may change & vary, but always within narrow limits…equilibrium is VITAL!

Homeostatic Regulation Autoregulation (intrinsic)

Adjust automatically in response to environmental change○ When O2 levels decline in tissue, cells release

chemicals that dilate local blood vessels to increase rate of blood flow which provides more O2

Extrinsic regulationResults from activities from nervous or endocrine

system○ We you set your hand on a hot stove, the heat produces

a painful, localized disturbance & the nervous system orders your muscles to pull your hand away from the stove

Regulatory Mechanism

ReceptorSensor that is sensitive to a particular

environmental change or stimulus Control Center

Area that receives & processes the info Effector

Cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center

Action either opposes or enhances the stimulus

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

Stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus

Example: Temperature control If body temp exceeds 37oC (98.6oF),

hypothalamus acts as a thermostat & heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to skin & increased sweating

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

Stimulus produces a response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

Example: Blood Clotting Break in blood vessel wall causes

bleeding. Damaged cells release chemicals that attract platelets to which will block the break and stop the bleeding.

HOMEOSTASIS RECAP

Positive & Negative Feedback by BOZEMAN

Anatomical Position

Standing, feet apart, with palms forward and thumbs facing outwards.

Directional Terms Anterior and Posterior, which describe structures at the front

(anterior) and back (posterior) of the body. Superior and Inferior, which describe a position above (superior) or

below (inferior) another part of the body. Proximal and Distal, which describe a position that is closer

(proximal) or further (distal) from the trunk of the body. Superficial and Deep, which describe structures that are closer to

(superficial) or further from (deep) the surface of the body. Sometimes profound is used synonymously with deep.

Medial and Lateral, which describe a position that is closer to (medial) or further from (lateral) the midline of the body.

Ventral and Dorsal, which describe structures derived from the front (ventral) and back (dorsal) of the embryo before limb rotation.

Cranial and Caudal, which describe structures close to the top of the skull (cranial), and towards the bottom of the body (caudal).

Occasionally, sinister for left, and dexter for right are used

Body Planes

Anatomical Landmarks

Body Cavities

VIDEOS

CRASH COURSE: Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

BOZEMAN SCIENCE: Anatomy & Physiology

BOZEMAN SCIENCE: Positive & Negative Feedback Loop

See Mr. Ford’s video series on my website under HELPFUL VIDEOS