Unit 5: Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems (Ch. 6) What is a Biome? • Groups of terrestrial ecosystems that share biotic and abiotic conditions • Biomes are primarily defined by their _______________ & typical ____________ & _____________ life. Climate • Climate – describes the ______________ conditions, including _________________ & __________________ over long periods in a given area. • Weather - _____________ conditions in Earth’s atmosphere Ex. Sunny & Humid • Climatograph – climate diagram that shows conditions in a biome (temperature & precipitation). • Temperature is usually in _____________°F = 1.8°C + 32 • Precipitation is usually in cm or mm. • 1 inch = 2.54cm • 1 inch = 25.4 mm • Each biome has a set of characteristic _________________ adapted to its particular climate conditions. 1
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Unit 5: Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems (Ch. 6)
What is a Biome?
• Groups of terrestrial ecosystems that share biotic and abiotic conditions
• Biomes are primarily defined by their _______________ & typical ____________ & _____________ life.
Climate
• Climate – describes the ______________ conditions, including _________________ & __________________ over long periods in a given area.
• Climatograph – climate diagram that shows conditions in a biome (temperature & precipitation).
• Temperature is usually in _____________°F = 1.8°C + 32
• Precipitation is usually in cm or mm.
• 1 inch = 2.54cm
• 1 inch = 25.4 mm
• Each biome has a set of characteristic _________________ adapted to its particular climate conditions.
• However, within any biome there is a variety of plants and animals due to variation in ______________, ______________ & ___________________
• Patches representing the same biome tend to occur at similar _______________
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10 primary biomes
• tropical rain forest
• dry forest savanna
• desert
• temperate rain forest
• temperate forest
• chaparral
• temperate grassland
• chaparral
• boreal forest (taiga)
• tundra
Net Primary Production
• ___________ primary production: The rate at which primary producers undergo photosynthesis and produce usable energy
• ______ primary production: The amount of organic matter (biomass) that remains after primary producers use some to carry out cellular respiration
• Ecosystems vary in their net primary productivity.
• _________ _________ biomes generally have ____________net primary productivity than __________ _________ biomes.
• This should make sense because plants require _______________, ____________ & warm enough temperatures to grow.
Tropical Rain Forest
• Year-round _________ temperatures and at least _____________ precipitation a year
• Near the equator, so the days are almost always ____________ in length.
• Soil is generally ____________________
• The tallest trees pop through the canopy and make up the ___________________
• Tall trees form a dense layer called the ______________ which keeps the forest warm and damp.
• Short trees and plants make up the _________________ and must compete for light.
• _________________leaves are a common adaptation to increase sunlight intake.
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ADAPTATIONS
• _______________ - plants that grow on other plants instead of the soil. Ex. Orchids
• Tall trees use ________________ (large above ground roots) for support
• Because there is not much _______ to assist with pollination, plants have adapted bright, colorful flowers to attract pollinators.
• Supports ________ animal species than any other biome; animals tend to be highly ________________.
Tropical Dry Forest
• Warm year-round, but rainfall is highly seasonal with a ________ & ________ season.
ADAPTATIONS
• Most trees are _______________ - they lose their leaves and cease photosynthesis part of the year. This helps reduce _________________.
• Plants and animals exhibit adaptations (e.g. waxy leaf coating, deep roots, estivation, migration) that enable them to survive the dry season.
• ________________ - animals enter a deep, sleeplike period of dormancy.
Savanna
• Receives _______ precipitation than tropical dry forests, but more than deserts; usually has a distinct ________ season
• ______________ interspersed with groups of trees
• Tree growth limited by frequent __________ and strong _________
ADAPTATIONS
• Plants are adapted to dry conditions; tend to be ________________ with deep roots, thick bark, and __________ coatings on leaves.
• Elephants drink 30-50 gallons of water a day and so they must dig for water with their tusks.
• Many animals _____________ to find water, or burrow when water is scarce.
Desert
• Receives less than 25 cm (9.8 in.) of precipitation per year (____________ biome)
• Temperatures vary widely from _______ to ___________.
• ADAPTATIONS
• Plants tend to have __________, leathery leaves
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• Plants store water in their tissues (_________________) Ex. Aloe
• Some have shallow, spread out roots to gather water.
• Some have deep tap roots (up to _____ ft)
• Tough ____________ (modified leaves) discourage predators from eating them
• Animals get most of their water from the _________ they eat, and they tend to be _______________ (active at night).
• Some have concentrated ________.
• Mammals have exaggerated ___________________ to help regulate body temperature.
Temperate Rain Forest
• Year-round _____________ temperatures and heavy ____________.
• Largest extent found in ____________________________
ADAPTATIONS
• Characterized by tall _________________ trees, such as cedars and hemlocks, that don’t lose leaves annually; many are conifers (produce seed-bearing cones)
• Forest floor is shaded, damp, covered in ________.
• Animals that require ______________, such as amphibians, thrive here.
• Squirrels, deer, elk and birds have a __________ diet which enables them to eat whatever food is available.
Temperate (Deciduous) Forest
• Precipitation ______________________throughout the year
2) Protective barrier between ________ & __________
3) Home to many ______________, some which are commercially beneficial
Destruction of Estuaries:
• Many are being destroyed for housing and commerce
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• Flooding from Katrina was significantly worse where the salt marshes had been destroyed
Oceans
• All of the Earth’s major oceans combined occupy _______ of the Earth’s surface.
• If we evaporated all of the water from the oceans, there would be a layer of salt approximately ___________ deep left.
• Currents are driven by ___________________________ and ____________________________, wind, and gravity.
• Water density increases as temperature _______________ and salinity (salt content) _________________.
• Heavier (________________________) water sinks
• Lighter (_________________________________) water remains near the surface.
• Surface winds and heating generate _______________ currents that transport nutrients and oxygen.
• __________________ - the flow of cold, nutrient rich water towards the surface. It occurs when horizontal currents _______________ (flow apart).
• ____________________ - the flow of warm water, full of dissolved gases away from the surface, into the deep ocean. It occurs when horizontal ocean currents ________________ (flow together).
Ocean Ecosystems
1) ______________: Highly diverse; extreme range of temperature, moisture, and salinity.
2) ___________: Extends from the low tide mark to the edge of the ____________________________.
• Two productive ecosystems exist here:
• ________________ - large brown algae grows from the continental shelf.
• ________________ - Exists in subtropical and tropical waters. A mass of ____________________________ composed of ______________ of marine coral.
3) Open ocean: Begins at the edge of the ___________________ shelf
• Makes up _______ of the Earth’s oceans
• Low productivity due to low ___________________________
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• ______________________ are at base of food chain
• Includes jelly fish, whales, sea turtles, squids, large fish & sharks.
• In the aphotic open-ocean, animals have many adaptations to help them survive.
• Ex. ______________________________
• Ex. ________________________ - sometimes a symbiotic relationship with bacteria
• Benthic Ecosystems around _______________________ vents (hot water flows out from the sea floor) are home to come strange organisms.
• Bacteria use chemicals to make energy (AKA ________________________)
• Other organisms like ___________________ are in a symbiotic relationship with the bacteria and survive using the energy they make.