Mrs. Perrance - US AP Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King” Andrew? OR.

Mrs. Perrance - US Mrs. Perrance - US APAP

Mrs. Perrance - US Mrs. Perrance - US APAP

Essential Essential Question:Question:Essential Essential Question:Question:

Champion of Champion of the the

““Common ManCommon Man””??

““KingKing””Andrew?Andrew?OROR

Jackson, along with his brother Robert, joined the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, where they served as couriers. At one point both boys were taken prisoner by the British. When they refused to shine the boots of one of their captors, the officer struck Jackson with his saber, wounding him on the hand and forehead. Due to that incident, he carried a hatred of the British for the remainder of his life. Both boys caught smallpox during this time. While Jackson survived, his brother fell victim to the disease and died. Jackson, who due to his ruggedness became known as "Old Hickory," continued serving in the army becoming a nationally recognized hero following his defeat of the British in the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. Later, he fought the Creek Wars as well as the Seminole War in Florida. He became Florida's military governor in 1819 after Spain ceded it to the United States in the Adams-Onís Treaty. Jackson prospered sufficiently to buy slaves and to build a mansion, the Hermitage, near Nashville. He was the first man elected from Tennessee to the House of Representatives, and he served briefly in the Senate.

President No.: 7thWhen did Andrew Jackson serve? 1829-1837What was Andrew Jackson's party? Democratic-RepublicanWhere was Andrew Jackson from? TennesseeWho was Andrew Jackson's wife? Rachel Donelson JacksonWhen was Andrew Jackson born? March 15, 1767Where was Andrew Jackson born? Waxhaw, South Carolina.When did Andrew Jackson die? June 8, 1845 Where did Andrew Jackson die? The Hermitage near Nashville, Tennessee.Which college did Andrew Jackson attend? Salisbury, North CarolinaWhat was Andrew Jackson's Jobs Before President? Lawyer, Governor of the Territory of Florida, U.S. Senator, CongressmanWhat was Andrew Jackson's height? 6 feet, 1 inchesWhat was the population when Andrew Jackson was president? 15,900,000What were Andrew Jackson hobbies? RidingWhat pets did Andrew Jackson keep? HorsesWhat transportation did Andrew Jackson use? TrainHow did Andrew Jackson communicate? Letter

Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601820 - 1860

Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601820 - 1860

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?White male suffrage increasedWhite male suffrage increased

Party nominating committees.Party nominating committees.

Voters chose their stateVoters chose their state’’s slate of s slate of Presidential electors.Presidential electors.

Spoils system.Spoils system.

Rise of Third Parties.Rise of Third Parties.

Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)floats, etc.)

Two-party system returned in the 1832 Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:election:

–Dem-Reps Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Natl. Reps.(1828) Whigs Whigs (1832) (1832) Republicans (1854) Republicans (1854)

–Democrats (1828)Democrats (1828)

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?The term “spoils system” refers to the conferral of office on people based upon

political concerns rather than fitness for office. Viewed in its best light, it was a further expression of increased democratization in American politics—one need not be a member of the elite in order to govern.

Upon assuming office, Jackson was intent upon punishing his opponents and ridding the government of the services of those who represented the financial interests of New England. Martin Van Buren was named secretary of state and John H. Eaton as secretary of war; both were strong political allies of the president.

During his two administrations, Jackson replaced less than twenty percent of federal office holders. That percentage was in line with his predecessors, but differed in that Jackson's dismissals were clearly more politically motivated.

A Jackson supporter, Sen. William L. Marcy, was responsible for providing a name for this practice when he declared, “To the victor belong the spoils.”

The spoils system remained an important part of the political landscape until the civil service reforms toward the end of the century.

In actual practice, Jackson often avoided drawing upon the wisdom of his formal cabinet officials, preferring to confer frequently with an informal group of friends dubbed the “kitchen cabinet.”

The The ““Common MaCommon Mann ’’ss””

Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

The The ““Common MaCommon Mann ’’ss””

Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

JacksonJackson’’s s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

JacksonJackson’’s s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

Henry ClayHenry Clay[KY][KY]

John Quincy John Quincy AdamsAdams[MA][MA]

William William CrawfordCrawford

[GA][GA]

Results of the Results of the 1824 Election1824 ElectionResults of the Results of the 1824 Election1824 Election

A A ““CorrCorrupt upt

BargaBargainin??””

A A ““CorrCorrupt upt

BargaBargainin??””131

needed!

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?The 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican-Federalist political

framework. For the first time no candidate ran as a Federalist, while five significant candidates competed as Democratic-Republicans. Clearly, no party system functioned in 1824. The official candidate of the Democratic-Republicans to replace Monroe was William H. Crawford, the secretary of the treasury. A caucus of Republicans in Congress had selected him, but this backing by party insiders turned out to be a liability as other candidates called for a more open process for selecting candidates.

The outcome of the very close election surprised political leaders. The winner in the all-important Electoral College was Andrew Jackson, the hero of the War of 1812, with ninety-nine votes. He was followed by John Quincy Adams, the son of the second president and Monroe' secretary of state, who secured eighty-four votes. Meanwhile Crawford trailed well behind with just forty-one votes. Although Jackson seemed to have won a narrow victory, receiving 43 percent of the popular vote versus just 30 percent for Adams, he would not be seated as the country's sixth president. Because nobody had received a majority of votes in the electoral college, the House of Representatives had to choose between the top two candidates.

After losing the Presidency to Andrew Jackson in 1828, John Quincy Adams was elected to the House of Representatives where he served until his death in 1848.

Henry Clay, the speaker of the House of Representatives, now held a decisive position. As a presidential candidate himself in 1824 (he finished fourth in the electoral college), Clay had led some of the strongest attacks against Jackson. Rather than see the nation's top office go to a man he detested, the Kentuckian Clay forged an Ohio Valley-New England coalition that secured the White House for John Quincy Adams. In return Adams named Clay as his secretary of state, a position that had been the stepping-stone to the presidency for the previous four executives.

This arrangement, however, hardly proved beneficial for either Adams or Clay. Denounced immediately as a "corrupt bargain" by supporters of Jackson, the antagonistic presidential race of 1828 began practically before Adams even took office. To Jacksonians the Adams-Clay alliance symbolized a corrupt system where elite insiders pursued their own interests without heeding the will of the people.

Rachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel Jackson

Final Divorce DecreeFinal Divorce Decree

Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for His Mourning for His

WifeWife

Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for His Mourning for His

WifeWife

Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for His Mourning for His

WifeWife

Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for His Mourning for His

WifeWifeThe election of 1828 was extremely negative in its tone due to allegations regarding Jackson's marriage to Rachel Robards. Rachel was undergoing a divorce from her first husband, Col. Lewis Robards, at the time she and Jackson married. Only after the marriage did the couple find out her divorce was not final. They separated until the divorce was finalized, then were were legally married soon after. Rachel died on 22 December 1828, six weeks after his election to the presidency, and Jackson blamed Adams for her death due to the vicious gossip that had been spread during the election. Jackson never forgave Adams for that incident. In addition, he killed a man named Charles Dickinson in 1806 in a duel (with pistols) over Mrs. Jackson's honor.

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

The Center of The Center of Population in thePopulation in theCountry Moves Country Moves

WESTWEST

The Center of The Center of Population in thePopulation in theCountry Moves Country Moves

WESTWEST

The New The New ““Jackson Jackson CoalitionCoalition””

The New The New ““Jackson Jackson CoalitionCoalition””

The Planter Elite in The Planter Elite in the Souththe South

People on the People on the FrontierFrontier

State Politicians – State Politicians – spoils systemspoils system

Immigrants in the Immigrants in the cities.cities.

JacksonJackson’’s Faith s Faith in the in the ““Common Common

ManMan””

JacksonJackson’’s Faith s Faith in the in the ““Common Common

ManMan””Intense distrust of EasternIntense distrust of Eastern““establishment,establishment,”” monopolies, & special monopolies, & special privilege.privilege.

His heart & soul was with His heart & soul was with thethe““plain folk.plain folk.””

Belief that the common Belief that the common man was capable of man was capable of uncommon achievements.uncommon achievements.

The Reign of The Reign of ““King King MobMob””

The Reign of The Reign of ““King King MobMob””

The Reign of The Reign of ““King King MobMob””

The Reign of The Reign of ““King King MobMob””

Jackson's presidency began on a sunny, spring-like day, 4 March 1829. Dressed in a simple black suit and without a hat, partly out of respect for his recently deceased wife, Rachel, and partly in keeping with traditions of republican simplicity, Jackson made his way on foot along a thronged Pennsylvania Avenue. From the east portico of the Capitol, he delivered his inaugural address—inaudible except to those close by—in which he promised to be "animated by a proper respect" for the rights of the separate states. He then took the oath of office, placed his Bible to his lips, and made a parting bow to the audience. With great difficulty, he made his way through the crowd, mounted his horse, and headed for the White House and what had been intended as a reception for "ladies and gentlemen."

What next took place has become a part of American political folklore. According to one observer, the White House was inundated "by the rabble mob," which, in its enthusiasm for the new president and the refreshments, almost crushed Jackson to death while making a shambles of the house. Finally, Jackson was extricated from the mob and taken to his temporary quarters at a nearby hotel. "The reign of King 'Mob' seemed triumphant," one cynic scoffed. There was little doubt that Jackson's presidency was going to be different from that of any of his predecessors. Daniel Webster put it best when he predicted that Jackson would bring a "breeze with him. Which way it will blow I cannot tell."

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

The The ““Peggy Eaton Peggy Eaton AffairAffair””

The The ““Peggy Eaton Peggy Eaton AffairAffair””

Daughter of a popular Washington tavern keeper, Peggy was an attractive, vivacious young woman who attracted the attention of some of the most powerful men in America, including Senator John Eaton, a close friend of Andrew Jackson. As a young woman Peggy had married John Timberlake, a Navy purser who spent considerable time at sea. It was said that his untimely death in a foreign port was a suicide brought about by Peggy's infidelity, a charge never proven. Whether true or not, Peggy got married again, this time to John Eaton, who soon became a Secretary of War in Andrew Jackson's cabinet, whom she had met in her father's establishment. Soon after Jackson's inauguration it became apparent that the wives of the other members of Jackson's Cabinet did not approve of Mrs. Eaton's allegedly lurid past. She was snubbed at White House receptions, and Washington political society refused to accept or return social visits from Mrs. Eaton, and pronounced themselves scandalized that Mrs. Eaton was even invited to participate in polite Washington company.

Jackson had known Peggy Eaton for some time and liked her. Perhaps more important, Jackson had lost his wife, Rachel, just months before his inauguration, and he blamed her death in part on what he saw as slanderous attacks on Jackson's own marriage. (When Andrew and Rachel Jackson first married, questions arose about the timing of her divorce from her first husband, a situation that led to the charge that the Jacksons had been living in sin.) Always one to take offense at any attack on his personal honor, Jackson naturally sided with Peggy and John Eaton and became furious with the allegations. He fumed: "I did not come here to make a cabinet for the ladies of this place, but for the nation!" 

The situation deteriorated to the point where it became a difficult even for Jackson's cabinet to conduct its regular business, so preoccupied were the members with the Eaton affair. Martin Van Buren, Jackson's Secretary of State, was a widower and therefore safe from wifely criticism of Mrs. Eaton. Van Buren could therefore afford to be kind to Mrs. Eaton, which gratified Jackson. Finally, as a way out of the "Eaton malaria," Van Buren offered to resign and suggested that the rest of the cabinet do so also. Jackson gratefully accepted his offer and promised to aid Van Buren, which he did, naming him Ambassador to Great Britain.

There was more to this story, however. The attack on Mrs. Eaton had been led by Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun. Calhoun had been elected vice president both in 1824 and 1828 and had run separately from Jackson, and there was some old animosity between Jackson and Calhoun dating back to the time when Calhoun was Secretary of War under President Monroe and Jackson was chasing Indians in Florida. Van Buren's appointment to the Court of St. James had to be approved by the Senate, and because of growing opposition to Jackson's policies in the Senate, the vote for approval turned out to be a tie. Vice President Calhoun, presiding over the Senate, cast the deciding vote against Van Buren. Henry Clay, a savvy politicians himself, remarked to Calhoun that he had destroyed an ambassador but created a Vice President.

And so it was. In 1832 Andrew Jackson asked Van Buren to join him on the Democratic Party ticket as his running mate and candidate for vice president. Jackson and Van Buren were elected, and Van Buren succeeded President Jackson in the election of 1836. Thus the Peggy Eaton affair, the story of a woman scorned, rather than remaining a low-level scandal, altered the course of American political history, not the first time nor the last in which a woman would play that role.

The The Webster-Webster-Hayne DebateHayne DebateThe The Webster-Webster-Hayne DebateHayne Debate

Sen. Daniel Sen. Daniel WebsterWebster

[MA][MA]

Sen. Robert Sen. Robert

HayneHayne[SC][SC]

Background on Nullification Debate

Senator Samuel Augustus Foot of Connecticut proposed in late 1829, that the committee on public lands study the possibility of limiting the sale of western lands (the Foot Resolution). This seemingly innocuous suggestion laid bare some basic regional tensions. Foot represented the New England view that cheap land encouraged westward migration, which robbed the factories of a captive labor supply. The Democrats in the West opposed the resolution since they favored cheap land in their region. The states’ rights forces in the South took advantage of this situation and tried to forge an alliance with the West, hoping that this would lead to reworking such issues as the tariff. Debate on this matter continued over a number of weeks and changed from a discussion of land policy into a debate about the nature of the Union. Other characters entered the argument, most notably Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Robert Young Hayne of South Carolina. What followed, the Webster Hayne debate, was one of the most famous exchanges in Senate history. Hayne attacked the Foot Resolution and labeled the Northeasterners as selfish and unprincipled for their support of protectionism and conservative land policies. Webster broadened the debate by examining the Southern positions on states’ rights in general and nullification in particular. He concluded his second reply with the words, "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable!"

1832 Tariff 1832 Tariff ConflictConflict

1832 Tariff 1832 Tariff ConflictConflict1828 -->1828 --> ““Tariff of Tariff of

Abomination Abomination””

1832 --> new tariff1832 --> new tariff

South CarolinaSouth Carolina’’s s reactionreaction??

JacksonJackson’’s responses response??

ClayClay’’s s ““CompromiseCompromise”” TariffTariff??

Background on 1816 TariffThe recently concluded War of 1812 forced Americans to confront the issue of protecting their struggling industries. The British had stashed large quantities of manufactured goods in warehouses during the war, but when peace was achieved in 1815, a flood of these goods was dumped on the American market. New England manufacturing concerns found it almost impossible to compete with the cheap foreign imports. Voices for protective legislation were found among the former War Hawks. Henry Clay argued on behalf of the domestic mill and iron industries. John C. Calhoun, who would later be an ardent foe of high tariffs, supported protectionism because he believed that the South’s future would include industrial development. The Tariff of 1816 was a mildly protectionist measure, raising the average rates to around 20 percent. New England manufacturers actually desired higher rates, but had not yet developed a sufficient political presence in Washington to have their way. Daniel Webster, a great spokesman for New England interests, opposed the tariff measure. He did not want to see the nation’s industrial base broadened, fearing that New England’s commercial strength would be diluted

1818303018183030 WebsterWebster:: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.

The Senate debated the tariff question (and the underlying statesThe Senate debated the tariff question (and the underlying states’’ rights issue). Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts opposed rights issue). Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts opposed nullification.nullification.

JacksonJackson:: Our Federal Union—it must beOur Federal Union—it must be

preserved. He felt the tariffs of 1924 & 1928 which increased the preserved. He felt the tariffs of 1924 & 1928 which increased the Tariff of 1816 was an Abomination because he blamed it for Tariff of 1816 was an Abomination because he blamed it for economic problems in the South.economic problems in the South.

CalhounCalhoun:: The Union, next to our liberty,The Union, next to our liberty,

most dear. He believed that the constitution was based on a most dear. He believed that the constitution was based on a compact among the sovereign states. If the Constitution had been compact among the sovereign states. If the Constitution had been established by 13 sovereign states, he reasoned, then the states established by 13 sovereign states, he reasoned, then the states must still be sovereign, and each would have the right to determine must still be sovereign, and each would have the right to determine whether acts of Congress were constitutional. If a state found an act whether acts of Congress were constitutional. If a state found an act to be unconstitutional, the state could declare the offending law to be unconstitutional, the state could declare the offending law nullified, or inoperative, within its boarders.nullified, or inoperative, within its boarders.

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalJacksonJackson’’s Goals Goal??

1830 1830 Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act

Cherokee Nation v. GACherokee Nation v. GA (1831)(1831) ** ““domestic dependent domestic dependent nationnation””

Worcester v. GAWorcester v. GA (1832)(1832)

Jackson:Jackson: John Marshall has made John Marshall has made hishis decision, now let him decision, now let him enforce enforce it! it!

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalJackson approved the 1830 Jackson approved the 1830 Indian Removal Act. In Indian Removal Act. In 1832, the Supreme court 1832, the Supreme court ruled in Worcester v. ruled in Worcester v. Georgia that the state of Georgia that the state of Georgia could not regulate Georgia could not regulate the Cherokee Nation by law the Cherokee Nation by law or invade Cherokee lands. or invade Cherokee lands. Jackson refused to abide by Jackson refused to abide by the Supreme Court decision, the Supreme Court decision, saying, saying, ““John Marshall has John Marshall has made his decision; now let made his decision; now let him enforce ithim enforce it””..

The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After Nation After

18201820

The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After Nation After

18201820

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal

Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)

JacksonJackson’’s s Professed Professed ““LoveLove””

forforNative Native

AmericansAmericans

JacksonJackson’’s s Professed Professed ““LoveLove””

forforNative Native

AmericansAmericans

JacksonJackson’’s Use of s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

JacksonJackson’’s Use of s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

VETO: Jackson Felt the 2VETO: Jackson Felt the 2ndnd Federal Bank was an agent of the wealthy. Federal Bank was an agent of the wealthy.

1830 1830 Maysville RoadMaysville Road projectproject in KY [state of his in KY [state of his political rival, Henry political rival, Henry Clay] Clay]

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

NicholasNicholasBiddleBiddle

PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson

Bank WarBank WarBank WarBank WarAs President of the Bank of the United StatesThe bank was first chartered in 1816 and was essentially a private corporation., Nicholas Biddle viciously sparred with President Jackson over the function and power of the Bank. Jackson saw banks and paper money as potential threats to the American people. Biddle, on the other hand, believed that a strong central bank could regulate the economy and increase American prosperity. The feud led Jackson to veto the Bank's bid for re-charter in 1832, stripping it of its power. His decision to withdraw the federal government's funds from it in 1833 eventually caused the Bank to collapse.

Opposition to the Opposition to the 22ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.

Opposition to the Opposition to the 22ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.

“Soft”(paper) $

“Soft”(paper) $

“Hard”(specie) $

“Hard”(specie) $

state bankers state bankers feltfeltit restrained it restrained theirtheirbanks from banks from issuingissuingbank notes bank notes freely.freely.

supported rapid supported rapid economic economic growth growth & speculation.& speculation.

felt that coin was felt that coin was

the only safethe only safecurrency.currency.

didndidn’’t like any t like any bankbankthat issued bankthat issued banknotes.notes.

suspicious of suspicious of expansion &expansion &speculation.speculation.

The The ““MonsterMonster”” Is Is Destroyed!Destroyed!

The The ““MonsterMonster”” Is Is Destroyed!Destroyed!““pet bankspet banks””…Jackson took all …Jackson took all

federal money out of the national federal money out of the national bank and put it into banks that bank and put it into banks that supported the Democratic Party. supported the Democratic Party. People who opposed created the People who opposed created the Whig Party and accussed him of Whig Party and accussed him of acting like a king.acting like a king.??

1832 1832 Jackson vetoed the Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2 extension of the 2ndnd National Bank of the National Bank of the United States. United States.

1836 1836 the charter expired. the charter expired.

1841 1841 the bank went the bank went bankrupt! bankrupt!

The Downfall of The Downfall of ““Mother BankMother Bank””

The Downfall of The Downfall of ““Mother BankMother Bank””

An An 1832 1832 CartoCartoon:on:

““KingKingAndreAndre

ww ””??

An An 1832 1832 CartoCartoon:on:

““KingKingAndreAndre

ww ””??

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

MainMainIssueIssue??

The The Specie Specie CircularCircular (1836) (1836)

The The Specie Specie CircularCircular (1836) (1836)

““wildcat banks.wildcat banks.””

buy future federalbuy future federalland only with gold land only with gold ororsilver.silver.

JacksonJackson’’s goals goal??

Results of the Results of the Specie CircularSpecie CircularResults of the Results of the Specie CircularSpecie CircularBanknotes loose their Banknotes loose their value.value.

Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.

Credit not available.Credit not available.

Businesses began to Businesses began to fail.fail.

Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!

The 1836 The 1836 Election ResultsElection Results

The 1836 The 1836 Election ResultsElection Results

Martin Van Martin Van BurenBuren

““Old KinderhooOld Kinderhookk ””

[O. K.][O. K.]

The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Spreads Quickly!The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Spreads Quickly!

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844

(one year before his (one year before his death)death)

Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844

(one year before his (one year before his death)death)

1767 - 18451767 - 1845