Mr. Riddlebarger The New Deal Chapter 22riddlebargerlhs.weebly.com/uploads/2/4/7/4/24747354/the...Deal was major step forward. •Workers guaranteed rights to form unions •Many businesses

Chapter 22The New Deal

Mr. Riddlebarger

The Election of 1932● Many Americans blame high

unemployment and collapsing banks on President Hoover.

● Franklin D. Roosevelt (NY) had a record of relief programs as Governor of New York.

● He promises the same as President along with public works programs to try and revive the economy.

1932 Candidates

Franklin D. Roosevelt Herbert Hoover

Roosevelt wins in a landslide

1933 Inauguration

The Forgotten Man● FDR had the ability

to connect with and speak to ordinary people

● Fireside Chats- used the radio to reassure Americans

● His wife, Eleanor, was very active in his presidency.

Roosevelt Presidency● Banking crisis was first priority● Many people had withdrawn all their money

from banks, causing further withdrawals and more banks to collapse.

● Roosevelt orders a bank holiday- the closing of all the nation’s banks.

● Before reopening, banks were examined by government & banking reforms passed (FDIC).

● Public was re-assured and began depositing $$ again.

The Hundred Days● During FDR’s 1st one

hundred days in office, he pushes Congress to pass key parts of his reform program- New Deal.– Relief for those

suffering the effects of the Great Depression

– Recovery of the depressed economy

– Reform that would help prevent serious economic crises in the future.

CCC

● The Civilian Conservation Corps sought to address unemployment with young men

● CCC paid young men to plant trees and improve parks

● Stayed in army-style camps & sent most of earnings to families.

AAA● The Agricultural Adjustment Act gave farmers

a subsidy (payment) to grow fewer crops.● Leads to higher crop prices.

More New Deal Programs● National Industry

Recovery Act (NIRA)-Got businesses to work together to set prices & levels of production– Government gives

labor unions the right to organize.

– Collective Bargaining

● Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)- watchdog over stock markets

● Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)- built dams and other projects along Tenn. River to control flooding & created hydro-electric power.

Works Progress Administration

• WPA employed 8.5 million Americans in variety of public-works projects• Built roads, subways,

airports, zoos• Worked in offices,

schools• Funded artists, actors,

composers

“You worked, you got a paycheck and you had some dignity.”

Social Security

• The centerpiece of the second New Deal was the Social Security Act (1938)• It created Social Security• Provided a pension for many people 65 or older

• Retired workers no longer needed to fear hunger and homelessness once they were too old to work.

• Also included system of unemployment insurance.

Reviving Organized Labor

• Passage of NIRA in first New Deal was major step forward.• Workers guaranteed rights to

form unions• Many businesses ignore rules

• Wagner Act • Outlaws anti-Union practices• Establishes National Labor

Relations Board

• Organized labor membership surges

New Deal Troubles● New Deal marks

landmark change in relationship between people and government.

● Government takes a leading role in people’s personal lives.

● Some felt the New Deal didn’t go far enough.

● Conservatives felt it went too far, fearing it would ruin America.

Huey Long“The Kingfish”

● Critic of New Deal● Felt FDR was too friendly to banks & businesses.● Share Our Wealth proposal● Would provide $ for home and minimum income for each

American family● Assassinated

“Communism? Hell no. This plan is the only defense this country's got against communism.”

Father Charles Coughlin● Former FDR

supporter used radio program to criticize nations banking & financial leaders.

● Felt FDR was “double-crossing”

● Anti-Semitic remarks cause influence to decline.

Dr. Francis Townsend● Felt older

Americans were left out of New Deal.

● Proposed plan to provide pensions to people over 60

● His ideas influenced FDR to create Social Security.

OR?

Election of 1936

• FDR campaigns on record of solid achievement

• Kansas Governor Alf Landon is Republican opponent.

• FDR ignores him.

• FDR wins easily & Democrats gain seats in both houses of Congress.

• *** African-Americans shift in vote (REP to DEM)

A Troubled Year-1936Court -Packing Plan

•Determined to overcome obstacles to his programs, FDR makes serious missteps.• The Supreme Court had ruled some parts of the New

Deal unconstitutional■ This angered FDR

• FDR comes up with plan to reorganize court system.•Includes plan for increasing size of Supreme Court (allowing FDR to appoint favorable justices)

Court Plan Fails

• Many, including FDR supporters see it as a scheme to upset balance of power.• Checks &

balances

• Many supporters desert FDR and plan fails.

Recovery in Doubt

• Economy suffers another setback in fall of 1937.

• Stock Market drop leads to 2 million job cuts.

• FDR looks for money to help unemployment but fears growing deficit

• Economy rebounds in summer of 1938

New Roles for Women & African-Americans

▣ New Deal brings great changes in American life & society.◼ Old ways give way to new

▣ Brings hope to blacks and woman for expanded role in society.

▣ “Black Cabinet”- unofficial advisors to FDR▣ Eleanor Roosevelt champions civil rights.▣ New Deal did not address civil rights within

society.

Women in the New Deal▣ Frances Perkins- 1st female

cabinet member (Labor Secretary)

▣ Eleanor Roosevelt plays big role

in administration▣ Problems still to overcome:

unequal pay for same jobs, fewer opportunities.

Roosevelt Perkins

Popular Entertainment in the 1930’s

▣ Despite hard times, Americans still found the means to attend movies

▣ Radio also continued to grow in popularity in 1930’s

▣ Sports attendance suffers in 30’s but not interest.

Both are seen as an escape from the hard times.

Movies/ Radio

▣ Most movies of 1930’s steer clear of reminders of hard times

▣ Musicals, comedy▣ 1st animation (Snow

White), color (Wizard of Oz) and blockbuster (Gone With the Wind)

▣ Plays an important role in American politics.

▣ The War of the Worlds▣ Growth of Jazz▣ Swing music sweeps

country in 30’s

Relief, Recovery, Reform

• Were these promises met with the New Deal?– Millions got aid– Social Security &

unemployment became a part of U.S. government

– Early recovery nearly wiped out by downturn in 1937

Changing Relationships

• New Deal changes relationships in American society– Link between people & government– FDR saw government as a way to help

business and individuals achieve greater economic security

– New government role means a much bigger government

• Move away from laissez-faire

The End of the New Deal

• Court-packing scheme and economic downturn in 1937 hurt FDR support.

• By 1938, New Deal era of reform is basically over.

• Only 1938 legislation- Fair Labor Standards Act- establishes minimum wage and maximum hour week.– Ends child labor– Last major New Deal law– Major victory for labor

After the New Deal

• Opposition to more New Deal reforms is too strong to overcome after 1938.

• American attention begins shifting to events happening abroad.

• Europe appears headed toward war.• International conflict will do what

political struggle couldn’t - End the Great Depression.