Mr Powell 2012 Index Connection Connect your learning to the content of the lesson Share the process by which the learning will actually take place Explore.

Mr Powell 2012Index

Connection

• Connect your learning to the content of the lesson

• Share the process by which the learning will actually take place

• Explore the outcomes of the learning, emphasising why this will be beneficial for the learner

Demonstration

• Use formative feedback – Assessment for Learning

• Vary the groupings within the classroom for the purpose of learning – individual; pair; group/team; friendship; teacher selected; single sex; mixed sex

• Offer different ways for the students to demonstrate their understanding

• Allow the students to “show off” their learning

Activation

• Construct problem-solving challenges for the students

• Use a multi-sensory approach – VAK• Promote a language of learning to

enable the students to talk about their progress or obstacles to it

• Learning as an active process, so the students aren’t passive receptors

Consolidation

• Structure active reflection on the lesson content and the process of learning

• Seek transfer between “subjects”• Review the learning from this lesson and

preview the learning for the next• Promote ways in which the students will

remember• A “news broadcast” approach to learning

Mr Powell 2012Index

What does this stand for?

“C1.2 Limestone and Building”

KS3 SCIENCEMr Powell 2012

Mr Powell 2012Index

C1.2 Limestone and Buildinga) Limestone, mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is quarried and can be used as a building material.

b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition) to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on heating in a similar way.

d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide, which is an alkali that can be used in the neutralisation of acids.

e) A solution of calcium hydroxide in water (limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to produce calcium carbonate. Limewater is used as a test for carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy.

f) Carbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water. Limestone is damaged by acid rain.

g) Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar and with sand and aggregate to make concrete.

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Compounds.... AThe formula of a compound shows the number and type of atoms that are joined together to make the compound i.e.

Calcium carbonate

Calcium Oxide

Carbon dioxide

The names you see translate to atoms and chemicals.

OO C

O

OC

OCa

TASK: Construct / Translate the information you see to match up the compounds, then draw them out.

C/D

Ca O

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a) Limestone, mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is quarried and can be used as a building material. A

Limestone, containing the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is quarried and can be used as a building material.

Limestone and its products have many uses, including slaked lime, mortar, cement, concrete and glass. (Video Glass blowing!)

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Making Glass….

Limestone, or calcium, is one of the three main ingredients in almost all glass sold commercially; the so called soda-lime-silicates.

In the soda-lime-silicate family, silica (SiO2) the calcium makes the glass more chemically durable.

Without the calcium the glass would be susceptible to chemical attack by water (weathering).

Without the Calcium the alkali at the surface would react to the atmosphere (namely water) and the surface would become hazy and degraded.

Adding Calcium, which is a much less mobile ion than Sodium greatly reduces this surface interaction.

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What is this concept... A

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b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition) to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. D

Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO3. When it is heated, itbreaks down to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. This is called “Thermal decomposition”. Limestone and its products have many uses, including being used to make mortar, cement, concrete and glass

Calcium carbonate -> Calcium Oxide + Carbon dioxide

CaCO3(s) -> CaO(s) + CO2(g)

TASK: Watch out for heating CuCO3 too strongly or it will spit!

1. Draw a diagram to show what happens?

2. Also take a note of the formulae in words and symbols.

Book page 36

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Carbonates Decomposition Summary

Carbonate Colour before heating

Colour after heating

Gas evolved

Ease of decomposition

Potassium carbonate white white none very difficult

Sodium carbonate white white none very difficult

Zinc carbonate whiteyellow when

hot, white when cool

carbon dioxide fairly easy

Lead carbonate white

some melting /

yellowcarbon dioxide fairly easy

Copper carbonate Green/blue black carbon

dioxide easy

Strongbonds

Weakbonds

Mr Powell 2012Index

Carbonates Decomposition Summary



Gas evolved








some melting /



dioxide easy

Strongbonds

Weakbonds

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TASK: Using the diagram and formulae explain how it works. Use a diagram, bullet points and formulae as required.

b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition) to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. D

On an industrial scale the process can be achieved using a large rotary kiln.

The whole kiln turns as it “cooks” limestone which has a supply of hot air. Calcium oxide (Lime) comes of the bottom of the kiln. Waste gases leave through the top.

Air + carbon dioxide

CaCO3

Whole kiln rotates

Hot air

Lime out

B/C

Calcium carbonate -> Calcium Oxide + Carbon dioxide CaCO3(s) -> CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Book page 37

CaO(s)

CO2(g)

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a) In the Quarry....

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Exploiting Limestone DWrite an article considering and evaluating the environmental, social and economic effects of exploiting limestone and producing building materials from it. (i.e. Concrete, road building, agriculture)

You will need to research the topic by reading about on the internet or from books in the local library.

Use search terms like;

“limestone pavements” or “limestone and its uses”

As an alternative answer the questions on page 44 in the book.

Book page 44

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c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on heating in a similar way. – self study A

How easy it is to extract metals from their carbonate ores depends on how easily metal carbonates decompose.

In order to decide which metals can be obtained in this way, a student has planned the following experiment to compare how easily some metal carbonates decomposed.

From this he could work out an order for the carbonates, from least stable to most stable. He used carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium.

He was told that most metal carbonates decompose on heating, releasing carbon dioxide and that carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy. The carbonate that takes the least time to turn the limewater cloudy is the least stable.

Complete your worksheet...

Book page 38

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Work out the sentences... A

edS

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A

TASK: Conduct the exp, then draw a story board for what you did to describe your method.

Book page 40

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Answers….

1) 2)3)4)5)6)

Mini –Test – match them up

Common Name Chemical Name Symbol Name Use

limestone a) b) c)

Quick lime Calcium Oxide CaO Lime water (Roman times)

d) Calcium Hydroxide (Alkali) e) f)

2) Calcium Carbonate

3) limewater

6) Ca(OH)2

1) CaCO3

5) Paving and decoration (cement when added to

clay)

4) Cleaning products or

detection of CO2 gas

Answers….

1) b 2) a3) d4) f5) c6) e

Self Assess

X/6

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Mini –Test - Answers

Common Name Chemical Name Symbol Name Use

limestone Calcium Carbonate CaCO3Paving and decoration

(cement when added to clay)

Quick lime Calcium Oxide CaO Lime water (Roman times)

limewater Calcium Hydroxide (Alkali) Ca(OH)2

Cleaning products or detection of CO2 gas

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e) Reactions....

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• Calcium Carbonate

• CaCO3

• Loses CO2

Heating limestone chip

• White powder• CaO• Quicklime

Calcium Oxide• Ca(OH)2• Slacked Lime• Alkali formed in

water

Adding Water

d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide, which is an alkali that can be used in the neutralisation of acids. D

This idea is more simple than it seems. If you heat a limestone chip (calcium carbonate) it loses CO2 from its structure so becomes CaO (calcium oxide) or quicklime

Then you add water H2O and it forms calcium hydroxide. We call this slaked lime.

TASK: Draw out the flow chart in your own form...

C/D

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g) Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar and with sand and aggregate to make concrete. A

TASK: Use the flowchart to tell another person about how we get from one chemical to another.

Write a sequence for how...1. Limestone forms mortar2. Quicklime forms lime mortar3. Limestone makes concrete

Book page 42

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Cycle... TThis process can in fact be turned into a simple cycle.

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or from industrial combustion processes react with hydrated lime to convert it back to limestone.

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Fill in the blanks PLimestone

CaCO3

Slacked LimeCa(OH)2

Quicklime / Calcium Oxide

CaCO

Limestone CaCO3

Quicklime / Calcium Oxide

CaCO

Slacked LimeCa(OH)2

Book page 36

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f) Carbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water. Limestone is damaged by acid rain. A

Carbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water. For example:

Since limestone is mostly calcium carbonate, it is damaged by acid rain.

Sodium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, zinc carbonate and copper carbonate also react with acids.

They fizz when in contact with acids, and the carbon dioxide released can be detected using limewater.

calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → carbon dioxide + calcium chloride + water

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O

TASK: Use the information here to explain why acid rain is an issue for limestone statues, include the equations in your answer.

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Making Concrete Blocks MHere are some examples of types of brick or blocks that can now be cast in concrete rather than pressed in clay.

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More on Concrete Blocks MThe most common size of solid concrete blocks is 300x200x150mm. The basic raw material is cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.

Very little water is used. This is possible only with mechanised compaction and vibration and gives the block high quality in spite of the lean mix, which uses very little cement. Weight of a concrete block is about 18-19 kg.

Concrete blocks can be surface engineered by using pieces of stone or ceramic waste on their face. Another common type is hollow concrete blocks. They are made with a richer mix, but offer a number of advantages, such as lighter weight, easier handling and facility for conducting or reinforcement through the hollows.

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Quick Summary….

Cement can also be made into concrete by adding water, sand and small stones or gravel. Concrete is used for all kinds of building work, including paths, walls and large buildings.

When limestone is heated with clay it forms cement, a substance that sets gradually when it reacts with water. Cement can be made into mortar by adding sand and water.

Mortar is used to set the bricks in walls, as when it dries it acts as an adhesive between the bricks.

Limestone is made up of the shells of millennia old dead sea creatures.

Layers of these built up over millions of years, and were squashed together until they formed limestone.This means it is a sedimentary rock

Learn this flowchart of information

Copy and colour code!

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Carbon Steel Reinforcing...

Steel with a low carbon content has properties similar to iron.

As the carbon content rises, the metal becomes harder and stronger but less ductile and more difficult to weld.

In general, higher carbon content lowers the melting point and its temperature resistance.

The carbon content influences the yield strength of steel because carbon atoms fit into the crystal lattice of the metal (BCC) and it turn hardens the iron. We call the carbon mixture a “carbon steel alloy”.

TASK: Interpret and make a note of this key point in your book.

D-E

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Exam Question E

HT Nov 07

The diagram shows some reinforced concrete. Which one of the following is the best material to use to reinforce concrete?

1. cast iron

2. low carbon steel

3. high carbon steel

4. stainless steel

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True or False

1. Lime mortar can set under water.

2. The Roman method for making underwater mortar was used in the seventeenth century.

3. Portland cement is a mixture.

4. Concrete is poor at resisting compressive forces.

5. Concrete is poor at resisting tension.

6. Slacked lime is Ca(OH)2.

7. Marble is a form of limestone.

8. CaO is the formula for calcium oxide

P1. F2. T3. T4. F5. T6. T7. T8. T

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/limestone/


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Fill in the blanks PLimestone is mostly made of ……………… carbonate ( whose chemical formula is …………..)

As well as being used to produce blocks of building material, limestone can be used to produce ……………, ……………….. and…………….. that can also be used in building.

The process of converting calcium carbonate to calcium oxide is called ......... ......................

thermal CaCO3 calcium decomposition cement concrete glass

TASK: Copy & Complete

D/E

calciumCaCO3

concretecement

thermal decomposition

glass

Mr Powell 2012Index

Exam Question E

FT Nov 07

The flow diagram shows what happens when a sample of limestone is strongly heated, and water is then added to the solid product.

Match substances;

A. calcium carbonate

B. calcium hydroxide

C. calcium oxide

D. carbon dioxide

Limestone is mostly made of ……………… carbonate ( whose chemical formula is …………..)



Thermal CaCO3 calcium Decomposition cement concrete glass

C1.2 Limestone and Building Sheet 1 Exam Question (FT)…


Match substances;



C. calcium oxide

D. carbon dioxide

Limestone is mostly made of ……………… carbonate ( whose chemical formula is …………..)



Thermal CaCO3 calcium Decomposition cement concrete glass

C1.2 Limestone and Building Sheet 1 Exam Question (FT)…


Match substances;



C. calcium oxide

D. carbon dioxide

C1.2 Limestone and Building Sheet 2 - Homework

Complete and explain these two equations, the information is on the web link below....




C1.2 Limestone and Building Sheet 2 - Homework

Complete and explain these two equations the information is on the web link below....




Mr Powell 2012Index

Ideal Revision Notes...

C1.2 Limestone and Building

a) Limestone, mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is quarried and can be used as a building material.























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Page 47 Exam Style Questions…

1 calcium carbonate, carbon dioxide, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide (4 marks)

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2 a sodium carbonate (1 mark) b zinc carbonate (1 mark) c copper carbonate (1 mark) d calcium carbonate (1 mark)



Gas evolved








some melting /



dioxide easy

Strongbonds

Weakbonds

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3 reacts, produces, escapes, dissolves (4 marks)

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b i calcium hydroxide (1 mark) ii Calcium hydroxide is made when calcium oxide reacts with water and this is alkaline/turns UI purple OR calcium carbonate/limestone does not react with water/is neutral and would give a green colour with UI. (2 marks)

c i It is or contains calcium carbonate. (1 mark) ii No – because some limestone/calcium carbonate remained OR not all of the limestone/calcium carbonate decomposed on heating. (1 mark)

d CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl → CaCl2+ 2H2O (3 marks)

4 a carbon dioxide (1 mark)

Mr Powell 2012 Index Connection Connect your learning to the content of the lesson Share the process by which the learning will actually take place Explore.

Documents

learning slide

process of learning

learning demonstration

language of learning

b calcium carbonate

d calcium oxide

ca o o slide

solution of calcium