Mr. Makal US History 10/27/09. Eyewitness Account: Count von Harrach was in the car when the Archduke and Duchess were killed "As I was drawing.

WORLD WAR IMr. MakalUS History10/27/09

War Breaks Out in Europe

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Eyewitness Account: Count von Harrach was in the car when the Archduke and Duchess were killed

"As I was drawing out my handkerchief to wipe away the blood from the Archduke's lips, her Highness cried out: "For God's sake! What happened to you?" Then she sank down from her seat with her face between the Archduke's knees. I had no idea that she had been hit and thought that she had fainted from shock. His Royal Highness said "Sophie, Sophie, don't die. Live for my children." I seized the Archduke by the coat collar to prevent his head from sinking forward and asking him: "Is your highness in great pain?" To which he clearly answered: "It is nothing." His face was slightly distorted, and he repeated six or seven times, every time losing more consciousness and with a fading voice: "It is nothing." Then came a brief pause followed by a convulsive rattle in his throat, caused by a loss of blood. This ceased on arrival at the governor's residence. The two unconscious bodies were carried into the building where their death was soon established."

Causes of WWI

1. ImperialismBritain, France, Germany, and Italy all competed for colonies in Africa. Because it had fewer colonies, Germany thought that it deserved more.

Causes of WWI

2. Nationalism

Full of pride and loyalty to country. Wanted to be the best. Stemmed to ethnicity as well - better than others

Causes of WWI

3. Militarism

The need for a large military to show strength and ability/willingness to fight.

Causes of WWI

4. Alliances

Nations tied together for economic and political gain. One small skirmish could lead to all out war between groups of allies.

Central Powers and Allies

Central Powers - Austria-Hungary, Germany and Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria

Allies – Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy and 7 other countries.

Stalemate in the Trenches

Thought the war would be over shortly – maybe a few __________

Germany invades Belgium to get to France._______________.

Stalemate in the Trenches

First battle came as Germans broke into France – Battle of the _______

Continued for 3 years

Trench Warfare

New style of War – Trench Warfare1. Stretched from English Channel

through France and onto Switzerland.

2. Sat in mud and rat infested trenches firing machine guns at the opposing side.

3. Sniper fire4. Artillery shelling5. Poison gas

Actual fighting would cost thousands of lives, usually without gaining an inch of ground.

In the Trenches

Death in the Trenches

Trenchfoot

Trench Layout

Trench Diagram

“All Quiet on the Western Front”

"I am young, I am twenty years old; yet I know nothing of life but despair, death, fear, and fatuous superficiality cast over an abyss of sorrow. I see how peoples are set against one another, and in silence, unknowingly, foolishly, obediently, innocently slay one another." - Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet On The Western Front, Ch. 10

“All Quiet on the Western Front”

"But now, for the first time, I see you are a man like me. I thought of your hand-grenades, of your bayonet, of your rifle; now I see your wife and your face and our fellowship. Forgive me, comrade. We always see it too late. Why do they never tell us that you are poor devils like us, that your mothers are just as anxious as ours, and that we have the same fear of death, and the same dying and the same agony--Forgive me, comrade; how could you be my enemy?" - Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet On The Western Front, Ch. 9

Time to Write

Describe how you feel having read and listened to this man’s words. What does this tell you about the war?

Battle of Somme

Battle of SommeJuly and November 19161.2 million casualties______________– 400,000 dead or wounded

German – __________________French – 200,000Despite this, the allies gained about ____________miles.

A War of New Technology

New Technology = Higher death tollThe Tank – BritishMachine Guns – 600 bullets a minute

Poison gas – burned and blinded soldiers

Airplanes

Manfred von Richthofen

“The Red Baron”Germany’s Ace – downed 5 or more planesRed Baron downed more than 80 planes

U-Boats and Submarines

Used to block tradeEquipped with both guns and _______________

German U-Boats downed over _______ million tons of Allied Shipping

America’s Path to War

President Woodrow Wilson announced the neutrality of the US in 1914.

In May 1915, German U-Boat torpedoed the British Lusitania, killing 1,198 people, 128 Americans. The sinking turned many Americans against Germany.

America’s Path to War

The Zimmerman Telegram – a telegram that the British intercepted that was created by Arthur Zimmerman, German foreign minister, told the German ambassador in Mexico to propose to Mexico that they join the Germans. In return, the Germans would help Mexico get back its lost territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. This made the Americans really mad

Cont.

In March, German subs sank 3 US ships. Wilson declared war

Revolution in Russia

Bolsheviks take over in RussiaLed by ______________Communist party and the start of communism in Russia

Russia worked with __________ for a peace treaty.

Allies desperately need help form the Americans

America Joins the FightSection 2

US not ready for war US instituted a draft to “beef-up” the armed

forces Selective Service Act – May, 1917

All men 21-30 had to sign for military action Less than 200,000 men

By the end of 1918, 3 million men had been drafted

Minorities Serve in the War

50,000 women served during WWI as well Red Cross Military

Naval clerical workers – 12,000 Nurses

400,000 African Americans go to war Still face discrimination

Came from their own soldiers; not the foreign enemy

2 African American combat divisions were created

Oh SHIP…

Use of a convoy system Protects/guards merchant ships across the

Atlantic Uses destroyers and cruisers to guard the

merchant ships Use of mines

70,000 mines in the North Sea 180 miles of minefield Almost impossible for U-Boats to enter

Battleships

American Troops Enter

America enters in June of 1917 France

Europe already at war for 3 years when the US enters

Germans and other Central Powers tried to end the war before the US got involved. Within 2 months, the Central Powers

destroyed lines in France and made way to the Marne River – 50 miles from Paris.

Here come the Americans – 1 million strong

American Troops

Continued

May 28th – American soldiers attacked the town of Cantigny which was occupied by the Germans. Within 2 hours, the US had pushed back and

beat the Germans, giving the Allies morale and hope.

Americans continue to push the Germans back and with the help of the French and other Allies, push the Germans back into Belgium and Germany.

2nd Battle of Marne

The Second Battle of Marne

Summer of 1918 – Turning point of the War 3 days of fighting

85,000 Americans helped the Allies push the Germans back, cutting off supply lines and forcing the Central Powers to retreat.

By September, Germans lost all of the land that they had gained in the spring

Meuse-Argonne offensive - Victory Alvin York Eddie Rickenbacker

Germany Stops Fighting

Germany Stops Fighting

After the defeat at Meuse-Argonne, the German navy mutinied and its allies dropped out…uh oh… General Ludendorff advised the German

Government to seek out a peace process November 9th, the German Kaiser stepped

down 2 days later, November 11th, the Germans

agreed to an Armistice. Armistice – an end to fighting

11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month – fighting ended

Aftermath

8.5 million dead 21 million wounded Millions of civilians died from mass

starvation and disease Families were torn apart

Section 3Life on the Home Front

Preparations for War Jobs open up for Women in the absence of

men Many would lose these jobs upon the return of

the soldiers

Mobilizing for War

WWI cost the United States $35.5 Billion War Bonds – paid for 2/3 of America’s

war debt Low interest loans Americans sold to the US

government that would be repaid over a period of time

Citizens needed to buy war bonds to help support the US military

War Bonds Posters

American Resourcefullness

Collecting tin cans, bandages, apricot pits

“Victory Gardens” Women’s groups knit

sweaters, socks, and hospital gowns for soldiers

Cont

Preserved food on specific days of the week

Meatless days of the week Drove less

No “Sunday drives” Almost anything that could be saved and

used by the troops was.

War Propoganda

President Wilson creates a Committee on Public Information Job was to create

propaganda Committee sold the war

through visual and written messages

More Propoganda

Intolerance and Suspicion

Propaganda also stirred prejudice and anti-German feelings

Words change Hamburger becomes “Salisbury Steak” Berlin becomes Brunswick

Espionage Act Sedition Act

Laws made war protest illegal and carried long prison sentences and fines

Backlash

Anti-war supporters received harsh treatment

Eugene Debs spent 10 years in jail for his socialist views and remarks What about our rights?

New Jobs and the Great Migration

Between 1910 and 1920, 500,000 African Americans moved North to take jobs in the factories, vacated by white men going off to war. Called “Great Migration”

Hoped for a better life in the North New jobs for women

Ammunition factories, steel mills, streetcar conductors

Flu Epidemic

Killed more than 20 million people Spread by soldiers 500,000 Americans killed