Comparative Analysis of Energy Storage Methods in Smart Grids with Distributed Energy Production. An Approach for Micro Grids to Medium Size Grids. Student: Kokkotis Panagiotis – H00177171 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Psomopoulos Constantinos September 2015 1
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Comparative Analysis of Energy Storage Methods in Smart Grids with Distributed Energy Production. An Approach for Micro Grids to Medium Size
Grids.
Student: Kokkotis Panagiotis – H00177171Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Psomopoulos Constantinos
September 2015
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Introduction
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Introduction
Makansi et al., 2002
4
Introduction
5
OutlineAnalysis of
ESSESS
ParametersElectric Power
Systems
ESS Comparison
Implementation on Tilos Island
Faults Issues
Discussion Conclusions
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Electric Power Systems (1/3)Generation• Lignite fired power plants• Natural gas power plants• Hydro plants• Nuclear plants• Diesel oil plants• RES
Transmission• Includes
• High Voltage Network• Couplings• Step Down Transformers
Electric Power Systems (2/3)Faults in Networks• Short Circuits• On Motors• On Generators• Phase opposition• Over voltage due to lighting strike• Switching surges• Overloads• Reversal of flow• Voltage Variation
Switchgear• Oil• Air• Gas (SF6)• Hybrid• Vacuum• Carbon Dioxide
Source: www.flir.com
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Electric Power Systems (3/3)Connection to MV must strictly follow these guidelines:• Voltage difference must be between ±10%
of the nominal• Frequency difference must be between
±0.5Hz of the nominal• Polar angle must be between ±10 o
Installations must be equipped with local or remote decouplers and switches
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Energy Storage Systems (1/5)
• Battery Energy Storage• Lead-Acid• Nickel• Sodium-sulfur• Lithium• Metal-air
• Flow Battery• Superconducting
Magnetic • Super Capacitor
Electrochemical energy
• Compressed Air• Liquid Air or Cryogenic• Hydro and Pumped Hydro• Flywheel
Mechanical energy
• HydrogenChemical energy
• Sensible Heat• Latent Heat• Thermochemical
Thermal energy
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Energy Storage Systems (2/5)
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Energy Storage Systems (3/5)
Source: ESA
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Energy Storage Systems (4/5) Power Rating (MW) Discharge
lostPower before blackout+Power after blackoutE *Time
2
Therefore, for M1 we have:
M1 M1 M1lost lost lost
213.246 307.522 1198secE * E 260.384kW*0.33h E 85.93kWh2 3600sec/ h
And for M2, accordingly:
M2 M2lost lost
86.343 115.494 1198secE * E 33.3kWh2 3600sec/ h
Time kVAkW
kVAkW
87% 87%
11:50
M1
245.11 213.25
M2
99.25 86.34
12:00 0 0 0 0
12:10 353.47 307.52 132.75 115.49
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Case Study; Tilos Island (9/14)Load Needs during Measured Period
M1 (kWh) M2 (kWh)
16.04.2015 85.93 33.3
25-26.04.2015 245.55 66.7
30.04.15 (1) 68.69 27.69
30.04.15 (2) 88.06 31.67
12.05.15 171.35 70.02
24.05.15 479.62 184.83
29.05.15 1522.64 631.82
Maximum 1522.64 631.82
Average 380.26 149.43
Minimum 68.69 27.69
Average Time w/o Power: 80 min
Average Power Provided:• M1: 276.89 kW• M2: 110.52 kW• M1-M2: 166.37 kW
Energy that must be provided: 276.89 kW*1.33 h ≈ 370 kWh
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Case Study; Tilos Island (10/14)
Can provide 50kW for
35 min (30 kWh),
configurable to
160kW for 5 min
(13 kWh)
Source: Beacon Power, 2015
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Case Study; Tilos Island (11/14)
Can provide
60kW/300kWh
Source: Prudent Energy, 2015
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Case Study; Tilos Island (12/14)
Transformers 1 & 2 have the following characteristics:• One of 250kVA (1) and one of 160kVA (2)• 20kV Primary Voltage• 230V/400V Secondary Voltage• 24kV HV insulation level• No load losses of 300W and 210W respectively• Load losses of 2350W and 1700W respectively
Tran
sfor
mer
s
Source: Schneider Electric
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Case Study; Tilos Island (13/14)
Switchgear has the following characteristics:• Rated Voltage: 24 kV• Power Frequency withstand voltage 50Hz-1 min: 50 kV rms• Lightning impulse withstand voltage 1.2/50 μs: 125 kV peak• Short circuit breaking current (Peak/Ik max): 63-80/25-31.5 (kA)• Busbar rated current: 1600 A• Incoming/Outgoing rated current: 1600 A• Internal Arc Classification: 31.5 kA/1s
Switc
hgea
r
Source: Schneider Electric
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Case Study; Tilos Island (14/14)Ci
rcui
t Bre
aker
s
Circuit Breakers have the following characteristics:• Rated Voltage: 24 kV• Power Frequency withstand voltage 50 Hz - 1 min: 50 kV rms• Lightning impulse withstand voltage 1.2/50 μs: 125 kV peak• Rated Current: 2500 A• Short-time withstand Current: 31.5 kA/3s
Source: Schneider Electric
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Discussion• A smart grid is an intelligent electricity network that is balancing
all the variables associated with dynamic load control powered by an ever increasing variable of RES
• A bidirectional communication between the consumer and the producer makes the T&D network an active component
• For the balancing act to take place, small amounts of energy should be introduced throughout the network
• This energy may come from a variety of Energy Storage Systems, as analyzed in this dissertation
• A smart grid has to be versatile and fully support the weak and fragile network, that is why a Hybrid Energy Storage System is proposed for Tilos
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Conclusions• Each and every Energy Storage System has unique characteristics• One should follow a step-by-step guide when selecting an Energy
Storage System• Current infrastructure is a major issue and studying it before
implementing a HESS is a must• Load profiling the area in which the smart grid is about to be
installed is a major step towards reading the needs of the grid• Transformers, circuit breakers, switchgear and other electronic
devices play a vital role in the grid
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Future Work• Further studying of the core electronics• Electric Power Networks and HESS profile must be intertwined in
order to make a full report on ESS• Further studying of the current infrastructure in order to define
the ageing of the network in junction points• Current flow analysis and simulations might take place• Public attitude study towards implementation of smart metering