Mr. Buttell APUSH WBHS KC 8.1 II, 8.2 I & 8.3 I THE 1950s: “ “ Anxiety, Alienation, and Anxiety, Alienation, and Social Unrest Social Unrest ” ” ?? ?? “ “ Conservatism, Conservatism, Complacency, and Complacency, and Contentment Contentment ” ” OR OR
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Mr. ButtellAPUSH WBHS KC 8.1 II, 8.2 I & 8.3 I Mr. ButtellAPUSH WBHS KC 8.1 II, 8.2 I & 8.3 I THE 1950s: “Anxiety, Alienation, and Social Unrest” ?? “Conservatism,
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Mr. Buttell APUSHWBHS KC 8.1 II, 8.2 I & 8.3 I
Mr. Buttell APUSHWBHS KC 8.1 II, 8.2 I & 8.3 I
THE 1950s:
THE 1950s:
““Anxiety, Alienation, and Anxiety, Alienation, and Social UnrestSocial Unrest”” ????
““Conservatism, Conservatism, Complacency, and Complacency, and
ContentmentContentment””OROROROR
1A. Baby Boom1A. Baby BoomIt seems to me that every other It seems to me that every other young housewife I see is pregnant.young housewife I see is pregnant.
-- British visitor to America, -- British visitor to America, 19581958
1957 1957 1 baby born every 7 1 baby born every 7 secondsseconds
1B. Baby Boom1B. Baby Boom
Dr. Benjamin Dr. Benjamin SpockSpock
and the Anderson and the Anderson QuintupletsQuintuplets
2A. Suburban Living2A. Suburban Living
$7,990 or $60/month$7,990 or $60/month
FHA Loan 5% down, & VA Loans $1 downFHA Loan 5% down, & VA Loans $1 down
Levittown, L. I.: Levittown, L. I.: ““The American The American DreamDream””
1949 1949 William LevittWilliam Levitt produced produced 150 houses per week. 150 houses per week.
2B. Suburban Living2B. Suburban Living
SHIFTS IN POPULATION SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, DISTRIBUTION,
U. S. Bureau of the Census.U. S. Bureau of the Census.
2c. Suburban Living:The Typical TV Suburban Families
2c. Suburban Living:The Typical TV Suburban Families
The The Donna Donna Reed Reed ShowShow1958-1958-19661966
Leave It Leave It to Beaverto Beaver1957-19631957-1963
FatherFather Knows Knows BestBest
1954-19581954-1958
The Ozzie & Harriet The Ozzie & Harriet ShowShow
1952-19661952-1966
3. Consumerism3. Consumerism
1950 1950 Introduction of the Diner Introduction of the Diner’’s s CardCard
All babies were potential consumers All babies were potential consumers who spearheaded a brand-new market who spearheaded a brand-new market for food, clothing, and shelter.for food, clothing, and shelter. -- Life -- Life Magazine (May, 1958) Magazine (May, 1958)
4. A Changing Workplace
4. A Changing Workplace
Automation:
1947-1957 factory workers decreased by 4.3%, eliminating 1.5 million blue-collar jobs.
By 1956 more white-collar than blue-collar
jobs in the U. S.
Computers Mark I (1944). First IBM mainframe computer (1951).Corporate Consolidation:
By 1960 600 corporations (1/2% of all U. S. companies) accounted for 53% of total corporate income.
WHY?? Cold War military buildup.
5A. The Culture of the Car
5A. The Culture of the Car
Car registrations: 1945 Car registrations: 1945 25,000,00025,000,000 1960 1960 60,000,000 60,000,000
2-family cars doubles from 1951-19582-family cars doubles from 1951-1958
1956 1956 Interstate Highway ActInterstate Highway Act largest largest public works project in American public works project in American history! (Bigger than any New history! (Bigger than any New Deal Deal program) program)
Å Cost $26 billion over 10 years.Cost $26 billion over 10 years.
Å 42,500 miles of new highways 42,500 miles of new highways built.built.
1959 Chevy 1959 Chevy CorvetteCorvette
1958 Pink 1958 Pink CadillacCadillac
5B. The Culture of the Car
5B. The Culture of the Car
First McDonaldFirst McDonald’’s s (1955)(1955)
America became a more America became a more homogeneous nation because homogeneous nation because of the automobile.of the automobile.
Drive-In Drive-In MoviesMovies
Howard Howard JohnsonJohnson’’ss
5C. The Culture of the Car
5C. The Culture of the Car
The U. S. population was on the move in the The U. S. population was on the move in the 1950s.1950s.
NE & Mid-W NE & Mid-W S & SW S & SW (( ““SunbeltSunbelt”” states) states)
1955 1955 Disneyland opened in Southern Disneyland opened in Southern California.California. (40% of the guests came from (40% of the guests came from outsideoutside California, most by car.) California, most by car.)
Frontier Frontier LandLand
Main StreetMain Street Tomorrow LandTomorrow Land
6A. Television6A. Television 1947 1947 7,000 TV sets in the U. S. 7,000 TV sets in the U. S.
1960 1960 50,000,000 TV sets in the U. 50,000,000 TV sets in the U. S.S.
Mass Audience Mass Audience TV celebrated TV celebrated traditionaltraditional
American values. American values.
Television is a vast wasteland.Television is a vast wasteland. Newton Minnow, Chairman of the Newton Minnow, Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, Federal Communications Commission, 19611961
Truth, Justice, and the American way!Truth, Justice, and the American way!
6B. Television - Family Shows
6B. Television - Family Shows
I Love I Love LucyLucy
The The HoneymoonersHoneymooners
Glossy view of mostly Glossy view of mostly middle-class suburban life.middle-class suburban life.
But...But...
Social Winners?... AND… Social Winners?... AND… Loosers?Loosers?
7A. Teen Culture
7A. Teen CultureIn the 1950s In the 1950s the word the word ““teenagerteenager”” entered entered
the American language. the American language.
By 1956 By 1956 13 mil. teens with $7 bil. to spend 13 mil. teens with $7 bil. to spend a year. a year.
1951 1951 ““race musicrace music”” ““ROCK ROCK ‘‘N ROLLN ROLL””
Elvis PresleyElvis Presley ““The KingThe King””
7B. Teen Culture
7B. Teen Culture““Juvenile Juvenile
DelinquencyDelinquency”” ??????
Marlon BrandoMarlon Brando inin
The Wild OneThe Wild One (1953)(1953)
James DeanJames Dean in inRRebel Without a ebel Without a
CauseCause (1955) (1955)
1951 1951 J. D. SalingerJ. D. Salinger’’ss The Catcher in the RyeThe Catcher in the Rye
7C. Teen Culture
7C. Teen Culture
Behavioral Rules of the Behavioral Rules of the 1950s:1950s:U Obey Authority.Obey Authority.
U Control Your Emotions.Control Your Emotions.
U DonDon’’t Make Waves t Make Waves Fit Fit in in with the Group.with the Group.
U DonDon’’t Even Think About t Even Think About Sex!!!Sex!!!
8A. Religious Revival
8A. Religious Revival
Today in the U. S., the Christian faith is back in Today in the U. S., the Christian faith is back in the center of things.the center of things. -- -- TimeTime magazine, 1954 magazine, 1954
1. Catholic 1. Catholic Bishop Fulton J. SheenBishop Fulton J. Sheen ““Life is Life is Worth Living Worth Living””
2. Methodist Minister 2. Methodist Minister Norman Vincent PealeNorman Vincent Peale The Power of Positive ThinkingThe Power of Positive Thinking
3. 3. Reverend Billy GrahamReverend Billy Graham ecumenical ecumenical message;message; warned against the evils of Communism. warned against the evils of Communism.
8B. Religious Revival
8B. Religious RevivalHollywoodHollywood: apex of the biblical : apex of the biblical
epics.epics.
ItIt’’s un-American to be un-religious!s un-American to be un-religious! -- -- The Christian CenturyThe Christian Century, 1954, 1954
The Robe The Ten Commandments Ben The Robe The Ten Commandments Ben HurHur 1953 1956 19591953 1956 1959
9A. Well-Defined Gender Roles
9A. Well-Defined Gender Roles
The The ideal modern womanideal modern woman married, cooked married, cooked and and cared for her family, and kept herself cared for her family, and kept herself busy by joining the local PTA and leading busy by joining the local PTA and leading a troop of Campfire Girls. She a troop of Campfire Girls. She entertained guests in her familyentertained guests in her family’’s s suburban house and worked out on the suburban house and worked out on the trampoline to keep her size 12 figure.trampoline to keep her size 12 figure. -- -- LifeLife magazine, 1956 magazine, 1956
MarilynMarilynMonroeMonroe
The The ideal 1950s manideal 1950s man was the provider, protector, was the provider, protector, and the boss of the house. -and the boss of the house. -- - LifeLife magazine, 1955 magazine, 1955
1956 1956 William H. Whyte, Jr. William H. Whyte, Jr. The The Organization Man Organization Man
A a middle-class, white a middle-class, white suburban suburban male is the ideal.male is the ideal.
9B. Well-Defined Gender Roles
9B. Well-Defined Gender Roles
Changing Sexual BehaviorChanging Sexual Behavior:: Alfred Kinsey:Alfred Kinsey: 1948 1948 Sexual Behavior in the Sexual Behavior in the HumanHuman Male Male 1953 1953 Sexual Behavior in the Sexual Behavior in the Human Human Female Female
v Premarital sex was common.Premarital sex was common.
v Extramarital affairs were Extramarital affairs were frequent frequent among married couples.among married couples.
KinseyKinsey’’s results are an assault on the s results are an assault on the family family as a basic unit of society, a negation of as a basic unit of society, a negation of moral law, and a celebration of moral law, and a celebration of licentiousness.licentiousness. -- -- LifeLife magazine, early 1950s magazine, early 1950s
10A. Progress Through Science10A. Progress Through Science
1951 -- 1951 -- First IBM Mainframe First IBM Mainframe ComputerComputer
1952 -- 1952 -- Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb Test Test
1946-1962 1946-1962 U. S. exploded 217 U. S. exploded 217 nuclear weapons over nuclear weapons over thethe Pacific and in Nevada. Pacific and in Nevada.
Civil Rights in the 1950’s & Early 1960’s
“Biggest Damn Fool Mistake”
Chief Justice Earl Warren
NAACP Legal Defense Fund, INC Chief Counsel
• Argued successfully that white primaries unconstitutional
• Defends Brown v. Board of Education
• Johnson appoints to S.C. in late 60s, 1st A.A. to high court
Brown v. Board of Education(1954)
• Linda Brown denied equal protection of laws under 14th amendment
• May 17, 1954, case overturns Plessy
• 1955, proceed “with all deliberate speed”
Emmett Till Lynching, summer of 1955 in MS
Rosa Parks
Montgomery Bus Boycott
• 381 day boycott• Nov. 1956 bus
segregation declared illegal
Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC)
• Boycott elevates King to prominence
• SCLC and NAACP team up to tackle racial injustice
Massive Resistance• KKK membership
increases• White Citizen Councils
form• “Southern Manifesto”
signed by 101 members of Congress
• Pres. Eisenhower says nothing
Little Rock, 1957
Little Rock Nine
Blocked by Arkansas National Guard
101st Airborne
Greensboro, N.C.February 1, 1960
Nashville Sit-Ins
A Long Wait?
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
• Ella Baker starts grassroots organization of students
• 50,000 participate, 3,600 jailed
• Promotes “Participatory Democracy”
Non-Violent Resistance
1950s Eisenhower Foreign Policy
Truman v. Eisenhower
• Containment (G. Kennan)– Marshall Plan– Truman Doctrine– Berlin Airlift– NATO– NSC #68– Korean War