-
Warm-upRead each statement about learning English grammar.Circle
the number that describs your best
l:never 2: rurely 3 : sometimes 4 : often1. I study grammar
books and memorize the rules.
2. I read newspapers, watch TV and movies, and listen to
songs.3. I use English as much as possible to practice the grammar
I
know4. I observe native speakers in different sih-rations and
notice
what they say and do.5. When I don't know how to say something
perfectly, I don't
say anything at all.6. I don't worry about making mistakes
because I learn from
them.7. I leam better when I work in groups with my
classmates.
8. When a teacher uses words I don't understand, I ask for
help.9. When I don't know how to say something, I try to say it
another way.10. I think of grammar rules when I speak.
5 : always
12341,23412341234't234123412341234t2341234
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Now compare your answers with another student. Do you like to
leam English grammar in the same way? In whatare you similar, and
in what ways are you different?Use the chart below to write down
your similarities and differences.
Use the chart to tell the rest ofthe class how you and your
partner learn English grammar.
98 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC
-
sv(a) Birds Jly(noun) (verb)
sv(b) Thebaby oied.(noun) (verb)
svo(c) The student needs a pen.(noun) (verb) (noun)
svo(d) My friend enjoyed the Party.(noun) (verb) (noun)
Atmost all English sentences contain a subject (s) and a verb
(v)The verb may or may not be followed by an object (o).
Verbs: verbs that are not followed by an object, as in (a) and
(b),are called intrdnsitive verbs. Common inhansitive verbs:agree,
arrive, come, cry, exist, go, happen, live, occur, rain,rise,
sleep, staY, walk.
Verbs that are followed by an object, as in @ and (d), are
calledtransitive verbs. Common trdnsitive verbsr build, cut, find,
1ike,male, need, send, use, wan.
Some verbs can be either intransitive or
fiansitiYe.intransitive'. a student studies.lransitive. a student
studies books.
(or pronouns). Examples of nouns: person, place, thing, John,
Asia,pen, information, appeqrance, amusement, failure
REVIEWING BASIC GRAMMAR
Subjects, verbs, and obiects
', Find the subject (S), verbs (V) and objec* (O) in the
following sentences'
1. Scientists use logics in their works.2. Scientific use of
logics works well here.3. She managed to surprise me by her sharp
remark.4. To my surprise, she managed to remark sharply.5. Chinese
products have swarmed Indonesian mobile phone market'6. A Chinese
products the best antlvirus program recently.
The verb 'be'
9!
A sentence with 6e as the main verb has three basic pattems:
In (a)...be + a nounIn (b)...be + an adiectiveIn (c)...b2 + a
prepositional phnse
i 0e) {noun)I
I @e) (adjective)I
was at the library.
b, i. "t* "*d as ", auxiliary verb in progressive verb
tenses and
In (d) is = auxiliarv: writing : main verbis wdting a
letter.
were listening to some music.letter was written bv Alice.
Tense forms of De
Ihave beenYouhave beenHe, she, it has been
I wqsYortwereHe, she, it was
lamYoro qreHe, she, it
ACADEMIC PURPOSES
-
III. Adjectives
IV. Adverbs
Exercise 2: Choose the correct word (adjective or adverb) in
parentheses.
1. George is a (careless, carelessl) witer. He writes (careless,
carelessl).2. Frank asked me an (easy, easfly) question. I atswercd
it (easy, easil).3. Sally speaks (soft, softl). She has a (sol,
softly) ,toice.4. I entered the classroom (quiet, quietly) because
I was late.5 . Ali speaks English very (good, well) . He has very
(good, wel[) prontnciation.
(a)o)
Mary is an intelligent shrdentThe hungry children ate fruit.
Adjectives describe nouns. I4 grammar, we say that
adjectivesmodi$ nouns. The word modiff means "charge a
little."Adjectives give a llitle different meaning to a non:
intelligen,student, lazy sndent, good student. Examples of
adjectives: young,old, ich, poor, beautiful, red, French,
modern).
(c) I was some beautiful pictures.INC O RECT : beautifu ls
pictures
An adjective is neither singular nor plural. A final -s is
never
added to an adjective.
(a) He walks guiclr/y.(ADVERB)
(b) She opened the door quietly.(ADVERB)
Adverbs modi$r verbs. Often they answer the question "How?"ln
(a): How does he walk? Answer Quickly.Adverbs are often formed by
adding
-Iy to an adjective.adjective: qafukadverb: quickly
(c) I arn extremely happy(ADVERB) (ADJECTTVE)
Adverbs are also used to modiry adjectives, i.e., to
giveinfonnation about adjectives, as in (c).
(d) Am will com tomorrow.(ADVERB)
Adverbs are also used to express time or frequency.
Examples:tomorrow, today, yesterday, soon, neyer, usually, always,
yet.
MIDSENTENCE ADYERBS(e\ Ann always comes on time.(f) Ann rs
a/ruays on time.(g) Arn has always come on time.
(h) Does she always corne on time?
Some adverbs may occur in the middle of a sentence.
Midsentenceadverbs bave usual positions; they(1) come in front of
simple present and simple past verbs
(except ,z), as in (e)'(2) follow De (simple present and simple
past), as in (f);(3) come between a helping verb and a main verb,
as in (g).In a question, a midsentence adverb comes directly after
thesubject, as in (h).
COMMON MIDSENTENCE ADYERBSEver, always, usually, often,
frequently, generally, sometimes, occasiondlly, seldom,
rarely,Hardly ever, neyer, not ever, already, finally, just,
probably
100 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PU
-
TENSE ETAJTTPI.BS ,II{EANINGSIMPLE PRESENT (a) It srca, h
Alaska.(b) I sE cl tetevision evcry day.
In grnenl, &e simple presentexprcsscs cvents or
siruedonsth6t drin d&r,aj6, rnully, ln-'biwdl; fiey sxi* nox,
havccxistcd in the pasr, and prob-ibly wi[ exi$ h rhe fudrc.
(c) It rndr,rd yestcrdey.(d) I tooocld tclevision last night.,4t
one ganbultr titne ifi thc,arr, dds hBppcned. It bcganand cnded in
drc prsr.
SIMTLE FUTURE (c) lt rriu mre bmorrow.(f) t oi,, pr&t
rchvision toriSht. A, oru,qrtifu titne itt t, fu-
a.rr, thh will hrppen.
AN WERWEW OF ENGLISH VERB TAiTSES
THESIMPI.ETENSES
'Tbc progrcsivc tcnscs rrc dio crllcd thc coBtiDuous tqrrcli
Jrtlt rl co*inuotlJ, Fn cntiaww,zrtdlaarzcqqtir$ort.
TIIE PROGBESSIVE TENSESTForm: h + *g @tty;rrtMb)Mcaning: Thc
progrcssivc renxa givc the ider lh$ rr .cthtr ii rt rr1r87r$ during
a panicul0r timc.
fhe icnsis sry thrt en sction begist beforc, t h pttga$ fuiirrg,
and, coatiwts o{ur atothertime or 8c'tion-
PRESEI,IT PROGRESSIVE
o5
(a) He fu rla?ig right now. He went to slcep ar 10:00tonighr. lt
is now ll:00and he iB ftill rsleep. Hisslecp bcgan in the prrt,
irin grogrxs at rte pfisantrirz?, and probably willcontinuc,
PAST PROGRESSIVE (b) He rrdr-rrr?irrr nhcn'I arrived. He $lnt lo
shep rt 10:00lar night. I arrived atI 1 :(D. He was still
aslcep.His slecp began bcforcaad sus i, ptogrust a, dWtkulg tirne h
th. Pdn,llprobably continued.
FUTI,'RE PROGRESSIVE (c) $c w[lh *qhs wben l,c arivc, Hc will go
to sleep ar10:00 tomorrow night. 'l[blvill rrrive at ll:fr).
Theaction of sleepinS lflill be-gin before we arrivc and iruill be
in Fqres at d Par-titulu dma ia thc fuure.Probably his slcep
willcominue.
FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES 101
-
IilN
TTIEPENFECTTENSES
IHE PENTECT PNOGrcSSWE IENSES
Form: tu'c + putpndigtt
-
Meaning: The perfect rcnses a, grvc the ider rhat one thiog
rtalpenr lrc.yhc anothcr dme or event.PRESENIPERFECT (z) I hm
akeady utat. I filnfud cling somc-
tintc bcluc noo. Thc ex.act dmc is not impor.ttnt-
PASTPERFECT (b) I lad alrcady aer when rhcy rrrived. First I
finishcd eadnc.Latcr they arrived. M-yeatlng was comolctelvfuished
bclorc inothirtinu ia fu pulrt.
(c) I orill alrcady lcrr aoar whcn rhey rrive. Firsr I will
linish cedng.L.rcr ticy will rtrive.My cating rvill bc com-plcrcly
farrr;lud kht ott-lrtrr- dn h h. t;onc.
Form: bn + ba +.hg@rceilrcrtisa!)[rlszning: I]c perfc.ct
progresivc rcnscs givc tic id* that one event is hrrogrr$ innediutU
befon,q u, uril adw titu or cocru. fu crrxs.r. used
to.rpr.siii'#rrIn ;iii; l# ffi;;:PRESEMPERFECTPROGRESSryB
(r) I hw fur ffihqfor two houre. Evcnt in progrcss:
studying.Vbct? Belon ,.0u, ui to,tow,How long? For nro hours.
PASTPERTEC-TPROGRESSN'E
O) I lcdb+a $$ert for rwo hoursbeforc my fricnd crmc.
Evenr in progress: srudying.Yhen? Belw anotler wntinh.NtaHon'
long! For mo hours.
FUTUREPERTECTPROGRESSIVE
(c) lwill raucbeatrefirqf for rwohours by rhc rime you
rnive.
Event in progress: srudying.Vltrea? Beloe anotha ma nrtrfuam.How
long? For tno hours.
102 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES
-
-
Exercise
Fill in the blanlrs with the appropiate form ofthe verbs given
in the brackets.
I . A student who (suffer)':
from test anxiety (tend)success in school, especially doing well
on tests.
. 2. Eleckonic engineers (currently, investigate)
The issue of a second raise in the price of oil (fiercely, be
opposed)(officially, be executed)
5. Inflation (cause) commodity prices to rise which (have)
be attacked)usual in their
dimensional television.The Nobel Prize (award) to over 500
scientists.
to worry about
the feasibility. of' three-
before it
intuma
by terrorists,(be trapped)
bad effect on the life ofpeople many of whose income (be) not
likely to cope withthese rising prices.
Center (suddenly,When the U.S World Tradehundreds of people
(work) offices so that they
inside the building.7. The role of blood clots in heart attack
(not, yet, determine)
. But since a clotftlock) ......'..............-......-- blood
flow to a part of the heart muscle, thereby killing it,
researchershope that removing a clot within the first hour will
(resupply) the area withblood.
i' Paleontologists (discover) what they (believe) ....-=._- to
be oldest form
, oflife on earth. Life, in the form of bacterial cells, (exist)
..............--......--_ 3.5 billion years ago,
only one billion years after the earth (form) The fossilized
bacteria(discover) by examining old sedimentary rocks in Australia.
About five1'different forms of bacteria (identifr) tlat are aknost
identical to their modern" day cousins. The discovery Oush)
--.=..- back the origiri of life 1.2 billion years earlier',
than (previously think)
_
ACADEMIC PURPOSES103
-
REVIEW OF TENSES
In the following passage, a journalist describes virtual reality
(VR) and her experience with it at Cyberthon, atwenty-four-hour
marathon computer demonstration.Underline the progressive verbs.
Then discuss why the writer uses'thbm in the first paragraph and
why sheshifts from simple pas tense verbs to past progressive verbs
in the second and third paragraph.
(1) Some architects are using VR (also called "cyberspace", a
term coined by writer William Gibson,who dreamed up VR in his novel
Neuromance) to show clients what structure will look like before
it's built.(2) Doctors are using it to practice surgery without
making a single cut. (3) And of course, NASA and theDefense
Department (which hope to replace jet pilots with \rR screens) have
been following-and funding-VR since its inception.
(a) I waited in line impatient\ for my tum at the Cyberhood,
which focuses your eyes on a corryuter-generated 3-D image; you
manipulate yourself, or "fly", by gripping a ball to the left ofthe
machine. '') Theball, SenseS* President Eric Gullichsen kept
repeating to the users, is like your head; think of it as your
head.(6) The trouble with this notion is that most people don't
yank, twist, twirl, and push their heads, so mostpeople were having
trouble with the image: They were flipping it upside down, pulling
their head back so farthat the image became tiny and distant,
hitting the floor with their wide-open eyeballs.(1 The man in front
of me, a shortish, plump guy in a blue shirt and jeans, was
muttering to himselfas he yanked his "head". Finally he gave in ind
siraightened up. (8) He turned out to be Robin Williams,t*but no
one paid much attention in this crowd-the machine were the
celebrities.
*SenseS is a virtual rcality company.**A well-known American
comedian add actor.
Exercise IDecide whether a simple tense or progressive tense is
appropriate for each blank and give the correct.form of the verb in
parentheses. The f.rst one has been done for you.
1. Andre (a) (come) comes formBrazil and (b) (be) a native
speaker of Portuguese.Cunently he (c) (study) English at the
University of Colorado. He (d) (take)
tow courses: composition and American culture.
2. One of my most impofiant in-groups (a) (be) my church group.
Right now we (b)(provide) lunches for homeless people in the cily
park. Also, some of us (c(tutor) junior high students in math and
English for the summer. Others ingroup (d) (spend)We all (e)
(feel)
part of the summer doing volunteer work at senior citizen
that we (f) (gain) a great deal ourselves
-1-
participating in these activities.
Next summer our familY (a) (have) a reunion during the July 4m
holidayto come, but he (c) (start)
(spend)
My uncle from Finland (b) (try)business this year so it (d) (be)
difficult fot him to get awaY.
the whole summer with us' I{e (f) (wotk)
104
mother's travel agency ftom June tkough August'
ENGLISH
-
4. For many immigrants to the United States, their ethic
associations (a) (remain)important in-groups long after they have
left their home countries. Even while they (b) (learn)o,&
she
son,,uilt.
utet-The
read.mostio fat
a new language, many (c) (look to)language as an in-group that
(d) (understand)oflife-
their struggles to adapt to a new way
(a) By 1851, in a matter ofthree years, there were 25,000
Chinese in Califomia. (b) Fatt Hing was one ofthese25'000. (c) His
story is tlpical of the pioneer Chinese, many who came with him ard
many who came afterhim (d) As a lad of nineteen, Fatt Hing had
already seen and heard and leamed more about the world thanmost
ofthe men in his village, who had seldom set foot beyond the
nearest towr square. (e) For Fatt Hing wasa fish peddler who went
frequently from Toishan to Kwanghai on the coast to buy his fish to
sell at the market.(f) Down by the whavers, where the fishing boats
came in, Fatt Hing had often seen foreign ships with theirsails
fluttering in the wind. (g) He had seen hairy white men on the
decks, and he had often wondered anddreamed about the land they
came from.(a) The dog has gout more fun out of Man than Man has got
out ofthe dog, for the clearly demonstrable reasonthat Man is more
laughable ofthe two animals. (b) The dog has long been bemused by
the singular activitiesand the curious practices of men, cooking
his head inquiringly to one side, intentty watching and listening
tothe strangest goings-on in the world. (c) He has seen men sing
together and fight one another in the sarneevening. (d) He has
watched them go to bed when it is time to get up, and get up when
it is time to go bed. (e)He has observed them destroying the so
areas, ard nurhring it in smarl patches. (f) He has stood by
whilemen built strong and solid houses for rest and quiet, and then
filled them with lights and be[s and machinery.s Thurber, Thurber's
Dogr
, A co ectiotl of the Masrer's Dogs, wrtfieh and Dlawn, Real
atld Imaginary, Living ahd Long Ago, New york,Schuster, 1955.
blank below, choose a simpre present, present perfect, or
present perfect progressive verb.one has been done for you.
Alftedo (oin) joined the Friends of the Theatre in his community
five years
speakers of their native
ago and (be)one of
underline the prese,tt perfect and past p^erfect verbs in the
fotlowing passages. Explain what informationis Trresse! by the
perceptive asped fo; these verbs. wilat ur"r-rit"d in Fo"i, 3 are
i)pressed? (Aperfect verb can convqt more than one kind of
information). The Jirsr has been done as a, eimpt".Example: 1.
(dlhad seen. heard. leamed _ past perfect
lnforrnation: descibe even_ts that happen before the moment
offocus (Fa Hing atthe age of nineteen) qnd that are relevant to
the moment of focus.
an active participant in this group ever since. (2) It
(remain)favourite spare time activities even though he (stop trying
out for roles in the plays last
because he (be) too busy. (3) As a member, he (help)lhe plays.
(4) At times. he llook [or) costumes for the actors. (5) For
's play, he (work)
ACADEMIC PURPOSES
with the props crew to get fumiture and other props for
105
-
Ix
r
Hfrilii
Exercise 4
choose simple present, present progrcssive, prusent perfect, or
present perfect prugressive for eachblank. More than one answer
could be cotect; be prepared to explain yourihoiies.-The firsi one
hasbeen done for you.
(1) Ines (consider) considefs her neighborhood in East Lost
Angeles to be one of her most imporrant
the stage sets. (6) He (find)(make) a fueplace.business to
advertise in the playbills.
in-groups. (2) She (live)
(4) Mr. Hemandez, who (live)that he (tive)everyone (call)(6)
Mrs. Chavez (claim)Ines (watch)
ar antique desk to use for one of the sets, and he also(7) Most
rccently, he (try)
_
to get more
almost everyone in it. (3)this neighborhood since birth, and she
(know)
Most of the people in the neighborhood fte)from Mexico, but some
(be) ftom Central American countries.
next door to Ines, always (insist)the longest time in the
neighborhood. (5) However, Mrs. Chavez, whom
"Tia," usually (tell) him to stop spreading tales.that sle (be)
around longer than anyone. (7)
many of the childrcn younger than herself grow up, an she often
(think)that is. (8) Just as her older neighbors (do)
_
for her, she now (help)her younger neighbors keep out oftrouble
and (give) them advice.
106 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES
-
T,3IilGTIIE PIIS!ilI'E
ACT^.E: (e) "L .i" *L.
nrsrvr: GtrtcL -i+, ,r*ry.
Foro ottlc porirt: !r + ,{g,n,,ri,ic,.Il rb gcsir:, ft olf,rr of
ea ectirc vcrb 6c.or6frdicof rtcfEi,rc rcrt: ,.rbc boy,'in (r)
b+:99.r. lbc obiccr of rhc persiw icrt iir'Oj.(r)anlG)t.t36.
remiq.
AGTIVE: (c) l, rtidGdft-d.D$SPE: (O (ri) Olbrruddr rtrbr (rt b.
ttrr uc folloy,.d b,
.! d*xr) c ud b te perdw. ft b mr pmUiro E_ lrqt
-EGh rr 1414 rrrit, o;., rldr.EE!-uddr! wrt!) ia rhc pr:rivc.
(Src ApFrdix I, Cbrn Al.)
nsllvEhit it
far Daet!!at
mhirhdb.isiBD.
irfoirr ro D,lrlr?b.b
t 4lr
ptwgt','lialrolr,si0FrsiltdfutWWpatpogr.,Jli*Ftieafrdrteblletheirybfravr.?afn
ACIIYIMrry r4FMlry &&Mrry f.! f.t dMery f.btdMery m
lcpil3Merv ldtrrbdMrry zraOlcbMtry nfDfo,b A..t
rry sdf &uc tclfd
,ohtrJohnJonD,otaJohtr,ohtrlohnJohn,ohn
htn.Joh.John.John.John.Iohr.lsln.Io,hrr.John.
by MerV.by Men:h,Irkn.bt'jlhr!.b1'lflrrl'.by ilarl:b.\'Itar-y.by
Irle4'.h'Itarv.
ThePosstve
ftf*-ta ,-.. of rtc arrcar pcrfc
-
:'(
III{DITEGT OB'EGTS AS PASSIVE SI.]E'ECTS
u). D.o.(a) Somconcgrvc ilir.Ia rn rwrrd.(b) l&r. L., s.s
giY.n rn tst'd.(c) Somcone grvc cr esd to Mrs. Lcc.(d) ft cead was
givcn ro Mn, Lec,
I.O, . indireq obicct, D.O. - dirtcr obiccr.Either rn indiiccr
obicct or i dircc obiccr may be.comc thc subiecr of a parsivc
scnr.occ.(r), (b), (c), ind (d) hrve thc same meaning.Noac in (d):
\FlBn Ui direcr obiccr bccomts rhc sub-icr, b is usurlly u!.d in
fronr of the indirect obiccr.r
fic omisrioa of r ic Ulorc coonon ia Eritirh Englith rtt!
Arrcricrr Eo Blhht A, or,,{f {.uq tiq,, Nn. t2..
Exercise
Change the following sentences from active to passive.
Beavers use trees to build dams.1.
2. The supervisor ignored the employees' request for a raise in
salary.
3 . The students have taken two quizzes since the beginning of
this term.
4. The oflice manager will make an announcement about sick leave
next week.
5. The patient must send the medical insurance forms to the
insurance company.
6. People check the machinery five times before they put it in a
box for shipping.
7. The school gave scholarships to many students from low-income
families.
8. Hey! The police are towing your car!
9. The museum gave the old book to the university.
10. Someone is going to cut down the weeds on the hill
tomorrow.
108 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES
-
Add the correct form ofthe passive auxiliary De to the following
sentences.l.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
AluminumThe first locomotivesHundreds ofpeopleA lot ofcoffeeThe
solar system
The brain chemical that regulates growthThe next space moduleThe
pores in a leafMicrocomputersA pound of potatoes
OF ACTIVE-PASSIVE
produced from bauxite.powered by
.stearnkilled because of storms this winter.
grown in South America.formed approximately 4.5 billion years
ago.
recently synthesized.sent to Venus.
called stomata-
used more and more in the futrre.needed for the experiment.
this excerpt from an introductory sociologye constructions that
you frnd. With a partnei,
-textbook. Choose one paragraph, and underline all thedecide wby
the author chose to use passive constructions-
INTRODUCTION(r) In most societies, certain social minorities are
sometimes discriminated against bysociety as a whole. (2)
Discriminat:
c,rtr.rar background, ,;;;';'.#:,'"T"J.:"":Th"J?:[*:fl:ir;uffif
ii'l*;,r;"i:'' Such groups are sometimes denied basic ,icil,
l;c;ffi;,;.;ionr, o, u"".r. ro rhe samefacilities as rhe general
pubric. or rn ,,*i -.o.i"',ilr.''ii'ffiii"i* is stowry
beingeliminated-at least in termi of regal and e;""*""t"I
pir;;'6i'sut these have nor comequick and easilv.
{6) The ilnited States. for example, has made a great deal of
progress in eliminatingdiscrimination against some of its .o"iut
-iro.iti.r. ,a iri"*rv
", the r950s bracks and
.*iit"..u.g.o9l allowed to get ma'ied i, -ury-."*tfr"_';#l
6iil;;;";::Ji;lseparate drinking fountains, rest rooms, and even
schools anJ rit*.i"r.-irl ;;;";;;';result of active protest and
nolitical demonshatr, r""i". airi*"i."t ry laws are changed,and
segregation based on race is no longer permitted.") But other
groups have beenless successful. (u) Women have mdde marry gains
in
H:i:fl,i?;:.;t;::l:r,:::,'11,,0,r0.,:.: *g .;;l r".'ll"',"i""
n.a, orwork. (,2) Gay
CHAPTER 3: SOCIAL MINOR|T|ES aruO O|SCR[vrtNenou
people still face enormoui lesal anin the armv nr inin
^,_.-;--i- ,,j1T:t{ dtu:d.ination.
(ts)They are not allowed toin the army- or join organizattn Lk"
tlr" Bti;";;;;;.n_y;,#J;#:ffi:'.;::Tff
iSTJ:I-lf.:Tt!I"..^l"T of their sexual Lrient;ii;;.',iffiG;not
have the same kindof legal protection for familv relarionrfrip. uoa
p.p.rty ,fr"rri?rlJ, if ,f," society takes
forf,T;:*,(]]",::S::1I^,.*:-"!il&* "i,"y r.6*i",i".",,;lp;;;.,
or deny inheritanceights to,lifelong partners when one partner
iies. -._."-^*^ v."v'ue' vr uvu,,ursrrlduue,,,
,"'"",S""";1j:f-P::1^Tll:Ti:. l, fte united states seem to be
improving although itbe a long time before social attitudes
""t"h;;;th;il;;;;;;ffiffi:#;il-,i',Xprotections.
ACADEMIC PURPOSES109
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Exercise 1
Decide wheth* active or passive forms should be used in these
sentences , and write the conect form in theblank There are more
than one correct choice.
(begih) about 2900 B.C. The GreatThe age of pyramid building in
Eg)"t (l)prramids (2) (intend) to serve as burial places for the
Pharaohs, as tle kings of Egypt(3) (call). Consfuction on the
largest pyramid (4) (start)around 2800 B.C. for Khufu, the King
ofthe Fourth Dynasty, or Cheops, as he(refer to) by Greek
historians. It (6)
_
(be) 482 feet high and 755 feet long. The Pyramids as agroup (7)
(comprise) one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The other
SixWonders no longer (8) (stand), and modem archaeologists
(9)(know) of them only through the descriptions that (10) (write)
at the time they still(11) (exist).
Exercise 2
Change the following active sentences into passive.
1. The World Bank provides easy loans to developing countries in
need of firnds for economic
development.
Producers have to improve the quality ofgoods for exports in
order to penetrate increasingly
competitive world markets.
Bank Prima has to provide a larger parking site for the gtowing
number of customers.
The value oftextile exports dropped significantly last year
because certain buying countries had
implemented quota systems.
5.
6.
7.
The govemment officials are examining the project proposals
before they select a particularcontractor.
We need to manage companies professionally as poor management
may create big problems.
The Indonesian Hotel Association has developed a new, advance
reservation system to accommodate
the increasing number of tourists, and the hotel will implement
it early next year.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC
3.
4.
110
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8. Our company is intensiffing quality control to meet
increasingly tough competition in the globalmarket.
Some rivers are badly polluted because the governmeit fias not
taken strict measures againstfactories dumping unprocessed wastes
into rivers.
Last year Australia and Indonesia signed a memorandum of
cooperation after they recordqd 59 casesrelated to violations of
air traffic regulation.
The Senior researcher has to make a slight adjusfinent to the
data before the computer can processthem.
The managers are analyzing all of the data before they can
submit a proposal for business expansion.
10.
11.
12.
FORACADEMIC PURPOSES 111