Appendix A MPEG-1 Part 2 Notes This appendix contains comments and errata pertaining to ISO 11172 Part 2: Video. To the best of our knowledge there are no technical corrigenda for MPEG-1 video. These notes assume that the reader has a copy of the standard available. We have arranged suspected errors and our comments under the respec- tive sections of the video standard. Typographical errors are expressed as “change” lists. We used ISO/IEC 11172-2 First edition 1993-08-01 Part 2: Video, purchased from ANSI in February 1994. Please remember that this appendix has no official significance. A . 1 Section 1: General 1.2: Identical to subclause 1.2 in Part 1 except for the reference to Part 1 instead of Part 2 in the first normative reference. 1.2: Change “IEEE Draft Standard P1180/D2 1990” to “IEEE Standard 1180-1990”. Change “Specification” to “ IEEE Standard Specifica- tions” . Change “implementation” to “implementations” . A.2 Section 2: Technical elements 2.1: Identically the same phrases are defined in subclause 2.1 in Part 1. The definitions are essentially the same except for nomenclature that refers to parts of the standard. 2.2: Identical to subclause 2.2 in Part 1. 2.4.3.4: In vbv_delay 90 kHz was chosen as the greatest common multiple of various video and audio sample rates. Note that the R used in the 441
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Appendix A
MPEG-1 Part 2 Notes
This appendix contains comments and errata pertaining to ISO 11172 Part2: Video. To the best of our knowledge there are no technical corrigendafor MPEG-1 video.
These notes assume that the reader has a copy of the standard available.We have arranged suspected errors and our comments under the respec-tive sections of the video standard. Typographical errors are expressed as“change” lists. We used ISO/IEC 11172-2 First edition 1993-08-01 Part 2:Video, purchased from ANSI in February 1994. Please remember that thisappendix has no official significance.
A . 1 Section 1: General
1.2: Identical to subclause 1.2 in Part 1 except for the reference to Part1 instead of Part 2 in the first normative reference.
1.2: Change “IEEE Draft Standard P1180/D2 1990” to “IEEE Standard1180-1990”. Change “Specification” to “IEEE Standard Specifica-tions” . Change “implementation” to “implementations” .
A.2 Section 2: Technical elements
2.1: Identically the same phrases are defined in subclause 2.1 in Part 1.The definitions are essentially the same except for nomenclature thatrefers to parts of the standard.
2.2: Identical to subclause 2.2 in Part 1.
2.4.3.4: In vbv_delay 90 kHz was chosen as the greatest common multipleof various video and audio sample rates. Note that the R used in the
441
442 MPEG VIDEO COMPRESSION STANDARD
equation is the full precision bit rate. Note also that the 90 kHzmeans 90,000 and not 90 × 1024.
2.4.3.6: Change (under coded_block_pattern) “If macroblock_intra iszero, cbp =0.” to “If macroblock_pattern is zero, cbp=0.” Thissentence did not appear in the DIS or the balloted IS.
2.4.4.2: Change “pattern[i]” to “pattern_code[i]” .
2.4.4.3: Change “pattern[i]” to “pattern_code[i]”.
A.3 Annex A: 8 by 8 Inverse discrete cosine trans-form
The IEEE Std 1180-1990 “IEEE Standard Specifications for the Implemen-tations of 8 × 8 Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform” was approved December6, 1990. It can be obtained from the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers, Inc., 345 East 74th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA.
A.4 Annex B: Variable length code tables
Table B.4: Change column label “motion VLC code” to “VLC code”.Change column label “code” to “motion value”.
Table B.5a: Change the column label “dct_dc_size_luminance” to “dc_size_luminance” . Otherwise, dc_size_luminance is never defined.Subclause 2.4.3.7 explicitly states that dc_size_luminance is thenumber of bits, whereas the data element dct_dc_size_luminanceis the variable length code.
Table B.5b: Change column label from “dct_dc_size_chrominance” to“dc_size_chrominance” . (See note on Table B.5a.)
A.5 Annex C: Video buffering verifier
C.1.4 4th paragraph: Be aware that “the entire video bitstream” refersonly to the video data from the first sequence_start_code and thesequence_end_codeinclusive. It does not cross sequence boundaries.
C.1.4 equations: MPEG-1 assumes constant picture rate. These equa-tions only work for the case where the pictures are removed at con-stant time intervals between picture extractions.
CHAPTER A. MPEG-1 PART 2 NOTES 443
Figure C.1: The horizontal axis should have the lined up under theand the lined up under the . The occupancy line shouldhave had a jog at
A.6 Annex D: Guide to encoding video
Annex D is the first informative annex in Part 2. Informative annexes canriot contain any requirements and are present for informational purposesonly; consequently, errors in this annex are not catastrophic. In those caseswhere the informative annexes are in conflict or inconsistent with the “nor-mative” portions of the document, the standards conventions are clear thatthe normative portions govern. Annex D is known to contain technical er-rors, even in the IS publication.
D.5.1.9 second paragraph: Change “3 712” to “4 640”. 1.856 Mbits/sdivided by 400 equals 4,640. 3,712 times 400 equals 1.4848 Mbits/s.At one time, approximately 1.5 Mbits/s was going to be the con-strained parameter limit.
Table D.9: Change “0000 11 -4” to “0000 111 -4”. (See Table B.4.)
Table D.13: Change “3 to -2” to “-3 to -2”.
Figure D.30: The numbers in the figure and explanation for the zigzagscanning order run from 1 to 64. Do not confuse this figure withthe zigzag scanning matrix given in subclause 2.4.4.1 in which thenumbers run from 0 to 63. Coefficient 1 refers to the DC term andnot the first AC coefficient in this subclause.
A.7 Annex E: Bibliography
Note that the references are all prior to 1992,
Reference 1: The 1995 second edition is available and includes significantdiscussion of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 [NH95].
Reference 6: This reference is available as an appendix in [PM93]. Thefinal ISO 10918-1 International Standard was published February 15,1994, and the CCITT version was official more than a year earlier.
A.8 Annex F: List of patent holders
The Committee Draft version of Part 2 did not mention patents. The DraftInternational Standard version of Part 2 had a table of company names
444 MPEG VIDEO COMPRESSION STANDARD
with “X”s under columns for Systems, Audio, and Video indicating thatthe patent holders claimed patents. That format was dropped in the finalInternational Standard. It included names not listed in the final version ofAnnex F.
Chapter 15 describes the Cable Laboratory consortium efforts to answerquestions about licensing MPEG video patents.
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Index
1-D cosine transform, 331-D sine transform, 332-D DCT, 42
AC, 38, 91code table, 95coding, 137coding in I-pictures, 94coding in P- and B-pictures,
99access unit, 8, 19activity masking, 70additive color system, 52Advanced Television Systems Com-
mitteeATSC, 397
aliasing, 37alphabet, 84alychne, 63American National Standards In-
stituteANSI, 14
analog video formats, 5ANSI, 14, 16applications, 12arithmetic coding, 86asynchronous transmission mode