Movement in Animal

8/2/2019 Movement in Animal

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Why do animals need to move anyway?


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Movement

Movement from one place to another is called locomotion

It involves the expenditure of energy

Animals need to move to

Find food

Escape predators

Find a mate

Disperse offspring

Reduce competition

Avoid danger

Avoid waste products

Avoid extreme environmental conditions


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Exoskeletons

Some invertebrates also have endoskeletons

such as squid and octopi

However, most invertebrates have

exoskeletons

Exoskeletons are on the outside

Insects have exoskeletons made of chitin, astructural polysaccharide containing nitrogen


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Exoskeletons

Molluscs like clams have a hard calcified shell

Exoskeletons have an advantage in that they

can protect the whole of the body

But they limit the size to which an organism

can grow


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Endoskeletons

The skeletons of humans is an endoskeleton, it

is inside of the body

All vertebrates have the same basic

arrangement of the skeleton (vertebrates

include fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and

mammals)

The bones are inside and the muscles and

other body tissues surround it


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THE HUMAN SKELETON


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The human skeleton can bedivided into two main parts:

an axial skeleton

an appendicular skeleton

The axial skeleton consistsof:

the skull

vertebral column

the rib cage

The appendicular skeletonconsists of all other bones:

the fore and hind limbs

the pelvic girdles

pectoral girdles


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Functions of the human skeleton

Movement

the skeleton is made up of a number of bones

joined together. Muscles and other tissues such as

tendons can cause movement of a single bone.

Manufacture of red and white blood cells

These are made in the bone marrow of the pelvis,

ribs, sternum and leg bones


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Structure of a long bone

The long bones are:

the hind limbs:

Femur

Tibia

Fibula

the fore limbs:

Humerus Radius

Ulna


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Structure of a long bone


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The vertebral column

In humans, this extends from the neck to the

tailbone

It is made up of 33 bones called vertebrae

All vertebrae have the same basic structure

The first two bones of the vertebral column

are called the atlas and the axis


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Vertebrae

The atlas and axis are the first two bones of the neck,

or cervical vertebrae

There are 7 cervical vertebrae, followed by 12

thoracic vertebrae, followed by 5 lumbar vertebrae The sacrum is made of several vertebrae fused

together, it follows the lumbar vertebrae

The last bone is the coccyx, which is also composedof several vertebrae fused together


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Human vertebral

column


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Diagrams of

cervical,thoracic and

lumbar

vertebrae


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Cervical vertebrae

These possess:

A large neural canal

For large spinal cord in neck region

Vertebrarterial canals to allows arteries to pass through towards the brain

A short neural spine

to which neck muscles are attached

Short transverse processes

Small centrum

which makes the neck light and mobile


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Thoracic vertebrae

These possess:

A neural canal that is smaller than cervical as

these are further from the brain

A very long neural spine for attachment of back

muscles

Short transverse processes to accommodate rib

bones on either side


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Lumbar vertebrae

These possess:

A centrum that is big and well developed to

support the weight of the body

A small neural canal

A long, wide neural spine

Long transverse processes for muscle attachment


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Functions of various parts of the vertebra

Part of vertebra Function

Neural canal Protects spinal cord

Neural spine Muscle attachment

Transverse process Muscle attachment

Facet Articulates with facets ofadjacent vertebrae and allows

slight movementCentrum Central rigid body of vertebra,

that gives strength andsupport. The discs of cartilage

separate adjacent vertebrae


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Functionsof different parts of a human vertebrae

Vertebrae Specialized structure Structural Features Function (in related tostructure)

Cervical

Neural spine

Very short Attachment ofmuscles

ThoracicVery long Attachment of

muscles

LumbarIntermediate height Attachment of

musclesCervical

Neural canal

Large For large spinal cord

in neck region

Thoracic Intermediate in diameter Protects the spinal

cordLumbar small

Cervical

Transverse process

Short with vertebraterialcanal in either side

neck muscles areattached.

Thoracic short Allows for articulation

of rib

Lumbar long Muscle attachment of

powerful muscles andligaments responsible


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Movement of a limb in humans

Movement is brought about by the combined

action of many tissues such as muscles,

tendons, ligaments and bones

Bones are able to move because of the

presence of joints

Bones are attached to each other by ligaments

They cannot move on their own


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Movement in humans

Muscles move bones when they shorten

(contract) or lengthen (relax)

Bones are attached to each other by ligaments

and attached to muscles by tendons

Muscles have special names and contract or

relax to move bones


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Movement in humans

Movement is brought about by thecontraction and relaxation of antagonisticmuscles

Antagonistic muscles are pairs of muscles thatalways work together

When one is contracting, the other is relaxing


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Movement in humans

When the biceps contracts and triceps relaxes,

it pulls the bones of the lower arm upwards so

the arm bends or flexes.

Then the triceps contracts and the biceps

relaxes, the arm is extended

The biceps is called a flexor muscle

The triceps is called an extensor muscle


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Points of attachment

At the points of attachment between a muscle and abone is a fibrous connective tissue called tendon.

Tendons consist of very strong inelastic fibres whichbegin inside the bone and penetrate deep into themuscle tissue attaching it firmly to the bone.

When muscles contracts it exerts tension between itstwo points of attachment.

One of these points remains fixed, this is theanchorage point or origin of the muscle

The other end moves as a result of this tension can iscalled insertion of the muscle.


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Origin and Insertion of muscle

Muscle shortens toward

the ORIGIN. The origin iswhere muscle is attached

to immovable bone.

Muscle INSERTION is at

movable bone.


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Joints

Wherever two bones meet each other , ajoint

is formed.

There are three types of joints:

Immovable joints

Partially movable joints

Movable joints


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Immovable joints


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Partially Movable Joint

Gliding Joint

Pivot Joint


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Partially movable joints

Gliding joint

Although these joints appear to offer a lot of flexibility

in movement direction, they do not offer a great

distance in movement. But they can move in manydirections and they can rotate

There are gliding joints in your

ankles wrists

spine


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Pivot Joint

This type of joint allows bones to spin and

twist around other bones.

There are pivot joints in

the neck between our first two cervical vertebrae

(for swing head from side to side)

the radius and ulna part of the elbow (for the

twisting motion)


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Moveable joints (Synovial joints)

These are freely movable joints.

The bones are separated by a small amount of thick

liquid called synovial fluid. This lubricates the joint

when the bones move: so it moves smoothly. The two bones are held together by ligaments.

At the end of the bones are covered in a layer of

slippery cartilage which reduce the friction on thesurface of the bones.

Most of the joints in the body are of the synovial

type.


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A typical joint


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There two types of moveable

joints:

Hinge joint

Ball and socket joint


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Hinge Joint

Found in the elbows, knees and the joints of

the fingers and toes.

Hinge joints allow movement in only one

direction.


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Ball and socket

The round head of one bone fits into a cup-

shaped socket in another.

These joints allow movement in all planes.


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Levers

During movement bones act as levers.

A lever comprises of three components -

Fulcrum or pivot - the point about which the lever

rotates Load - the force applied by the lever system

Effort - the force applied by the user of the leversystem

Where each joint acts as a pivot or fulcrum(where movement actually take place)

The muscle produces the effort


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Read page 126 Kirby


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Movement in Animals and Plants

Some important differences to note:animals plants

Entire body can change position

(entire organism)

This rarely occurs (part of the

organism)

Involves muscle contractions Growth

Controlled by nervous system Controlled by hormones

Generally faster Generally slower

Is reversible not reversible


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END


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Achilles tendon


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Types of muscles

Movement in Animal

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