8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
1/35
1
Summary of
Basics of Biblical Greek
William D. Mounce
2000 William D. Mounce
All Rights Reserved
printing 10/19/2000
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
2/35
2 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Table of Contents
English Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alphabet, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diphthongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greek Noun Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
English Verb Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greek Verb Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
3/35
English Noun Grammar 3
English Noun Grammar
I ssues effect i ng i nflect i on
S.1 Cases. If a word is the subject of the sentence, it is in the subjective case.
If a word shows possession, it is in the possessive case. You can either put of in front ofthe word, an apostrophe s after the word, or just apostrophe if the word ends in s.
If a word is the direct object, it is in the objective case.
The indirect object is the person/thing that is indirectly affected by the action of theverb.
S.2 Number. Words can be either singular or plural, depending upon whether they refer to one, ormore than one.
S.3 Gender. Some words, mostly pronouns, change their form depending upon whether they arereferring to a masculine,feminine, or neuter object.
Natural gender means that a word takes on the gender of the object it represents.
Part s of Speech
S.4 Noun. A noun is a word that stands for someone or something.
S.5 Adjective. An adjective is a word that modifies a noun (or another adjective).
S.6 Prepositions. A preposition is a word that indicates the relationship between two words. Theword that follows the preposition is called the object of the preposition. The object of the prep-
osition is always in the objective case. The preposition together with its object and modifiers iscalled a prepositional phrase.
General I ssues
S.7 Lexical form. Whereas most people call them dictionaries, scholars call them lexicons. Theform of the word found in the lexicon is called the lexical form.
S.8 Definite article. The definite article is the word the.
S.9 Indefinite article. In English, the indefinite article is the word a. Greek does not have anindefinite article, although in certain circumstances you will be able to add a to your transla-
tion.
S.10 Subject and Predicate. A sentence can be broken down into two parts. The term subjectdescribes the subject of the verb and what modifies it. Predicate describes the rest of the sen-tence, including verb, direct object, etc.
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
4/35
4 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
S.11 An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. They can function adjectivally or sub-stantivally and be in one of three positions.
An attributive adjective gives a qualityan attributeto the word it is modifying. It is nor-mally articular, agreeing with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender.
A substantival adjective has no word to modify but rather stands on its own and performsa function in the sentence. Its gender and number are determined by what it stands for, itscase by its function in the sentence.
An adjective in the predicate position tells uspredicatessomething about the word. Apredicate adjective can function either adjectivally or substantivally and is always anar-throus.
When there is no article with the noun or the adjective, context decides its function.
S.12 A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun.
A personal pronoun is a pronoun that replaces a noun referring to a person.
The word that a pronoun refers back to is the antecedent.
The same word can be either a pronoun (That is mine.) or an adjective (That car is
mine.).
S.13 Personal Pronouns. Pronouns can be first person, second person, or third person.
First person refers to the person speaking (I, we).
Second person refers to the person being spoken to (you).
Third person refers to all others (he, she, it, they).
S.14 Demonstrative Ponouns. Demonstratives in English are this/these and that/those(singular/plural).
S.15 Relative Pronouns. The relative pronouns in English are who, whom, that, which,
and whose.
A relative pronounintroduces a clause that usually modifies a noun.
A relative clause is the relative pronoun and the clause it introduces. The teacher who hasa halo around his head teaches Greek.
S.16 Clauses. Clauses can perform many of the same functions as nouns and adjectives.
Subject (Whoever is with me is not against me.)
Direct object (I eat what is placed before me.)
Object of a preposition (Give the Bible to whomever asks for it.)
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
5/35
Alphabet & diphthongs 5
Al phabet & Di phthongs
Alphabet
Alpha a[lfa a A a a as in father
Beta bh'ta b B b b as in Bible
Gamma gavmma g G g g as in goneDelta devlta d D d d as in dog
Epsilon e] yilovn e E e e as in met
Zeta zh'ta z Z z z as in daze
Eta h\ta e H h e as in obey
Theta qh'ta th Q q th as in thing
Iota ijw'ta i I i i as in intrigue
Kappa kavppa k K k k as in kitchen
Lambda lavmbda l L l l as in law
Mu mu' m M m m as in mother
Nu nu' n N n n as in newXsi (xi) xi xs X x x as in axiom
Omicron o] mikrovn o O o o as in not
Pi pi' p P p p as in peach
Rho rJw' r R r r as inrod
Sigma sivgma s S s/" s as in study
Tau tau' t T t t as in talk
Upsilon u\ yilovn u/y U u u as the German
Phi fi' ph F f ph as in phone
Chi ci' ch C c ch as in loch
Psi yi' ps Y y ps as in lipsOmega w\ mevga o W w o as in tone
Diphthongs
ai as in aisle ai[rw
ei as in eight eij
oi as in oil oijkiva
au as in sauerkraut aujtov"
ou as in soup oujdev
ui as in suite uiJov"
eu, hu as in feud eujquv" / hu[xanen
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
6/35
6 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Greek Noun Grammar
I ssues effect i ng i nflect i on
S.17 Stem. If you take the case ending off a noun you are left with the stem. If it is a third declensionstem, drop the genitive case ending.
S.18 Gender.A noun is either masculine, feminine, or neuter. A noun has only one gender and itnever varies.
S.19 Case endings. The case of a word in Greek is indicated by the case ending. This is a suffixadded to the end of the word.
S.20 Declensions. There are three basic inflectional patterns that a word can follow. Each of thesepatterns is called a declension. Which pattern a word follows has no effect on its meaning,only its form
Nouns that have a stem ending in analphaor eta are first declension, take first declensionendings, and are primarily feminine (e.g., grafhv).
Nouns that have a stem ending in an omicron are second declension, take second declen-sion endings, and are mostly masculine or neuter (e.g.,ajpovstolo";e[rgon).
If the stem of a word ends in a consonant it is third declension (e.g., savrx).
Cases
S.21 Nominative. The nominative case is used to indicate the subject of a verb and the predicatenominative.
S.22 Genitive. The genitive case indicates possession. The word in the genitive usually follows theword it is modifying (novmoi tou' qeou').
S.23 Dative. The dative case is used to indicate an indirect object.
S.24 Accusative. If a word is the direct object of the verb it will be in the accusative case.
S.25 Vocative. The vocative case is the case of direct address.
S.26 Word order. Grammatical function is not determined by word order but by case endings.
As a general rule, try to maintain the same order of the Greek words in your translation ifpossible.
S.27 Lexical form. The lexical form of a noun is its nominative singular form.
S.28 Parse. When asked to parse a word, you are to specify the case, number, gender, lexical form,and meaning of the inflected form.
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
7/35
Greek Noun Grammar 7
Greek Cases
English cases Greek cases and uses Question Key word
1. Subjective (he) 1. NOMINATIVE Who? What?a. Subject of the verb
b. Predicate of is
VOCATIVE (direct address) O
2. Possessive (his) 2. GENITIVE Whose?
a. Possessive of
b. Object of Preposition
c. Direct object
d. Ablative (separation) from
3. Objective (him) 3. DATIVE
a. Indirect object to whom? to /for
to what?
b. Object of Preposition
c. Direct object
d. Instrumental (means) by what? by/withe. Locative (place) where? in
4. Objective (him) 4. ACCUSATIVE
a. Direct object of the verb whom?
what?
b. Object of preposition
Formula for key word usage:
The word has the ____ case ending, so I know that it functions as the _______ in the sentence; thereforeI translate it with the key word _____ .
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
8/35
8 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
M aster Case Ending Char t
A dash means that no case ending is used. An underline means that the final stem vowel changes to theone listed in the chart (rule 5).
first/second declension third declension
The Basi c Rul es Governi ng Case Endings
S.29 Rule 1. Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first declension, stems in omicron are in thesecond, and consonantal stems are in the third.
S.30 Rule 2. Every neuter word has the same form in the nominative and accusative.
S.31 Rule 3. Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the nominative and accusative plural.
In the second declension the alpha is the changed stem vowel; in the third it isthe case ending.
S.32 Rule 4. In the dative singular, the iota subscripts if possible.
Because an iota can subscript only under a vowel (in which case the vowellengthens), it subscripts only in the first and second declensions.
S.33 Rule 5. Vowels often change their length (ablaut).
Contraction occurs when two vowels meet and form a different vowel or diph-thong (logo + i lovgw/).
Compensatory lengthening occurs when a vowel is lengthened to compensatefor the loss of another letter (logo + n" lovgo" lovgou").
S.34 Rule 6. In the genitive and dative, the masculine and neuter will always be identical.
masc fem neut masc/fem neut
nom sg " - n " - -
gen sg u " u o" o"
dat sg i i i i i
acc sg n n n a/n -
nom pl i i a e" a
gen pl wn wn wn wn wn
dat pl i" i" i" si(n) si(n)
acc pl u" " a a" a
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
9/35
Greek Noun Grammar 9
S.35 Rule 7. The Square of Stops (showing what happens when joined with s).
The nt combination drops out when followed by sigma (pant + " pa'").
Whatever happens in the nominative singular third declension also happens inthe dative plural. sark + s sarx. sark + si savrxi.
S.36 Rule 8. A tau cannot stand at the end of a word and will drop off.
When no case ending is used in stems ending in-mat, the tau drops out (ojnomat+ - ojnomat o[noma).
Select Par adi gms
S.37 First and second declension
2 1 2
masc fem neut
nom sg oJ lovgo" hJ grafhv to; e[rgon
hJ w{ra
gen sg tou' lovgou th'" grafh'" tou' e[rgou
th'" w{ra"
dat sg tw'/ lovgw/ th'/ grafh'/ tw'/ e[rgw/
th'/ w{ra/
acc sg to;n lovgon th;n grafhvn to; e[rgon
th;n w{ran
nom pl oiJ lovgoi aiJ grafaiv ta; e[rga
gen pl tw'n lovgwn tw'n grafw'n tw'n e[rgwn
dat pl toi'" lovgoi" tai'" grafai'" toi'" e[rgoi"
acc pl tou;" lovgou" ta;" grafav" ta; e[rga
Labials p b f y
Velars k g c x
Dentals t d q s
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
10/35
10 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
S.38 Third declension forms
*sark *carit *onomat *pisti
nom sg: savrx cavri " o[noma pisti "
gen sg: sark ov" cavrit o" ojnovmat o" piste w"
dat sg: sark i cavrit i ojnovmat i piste i
acc sg: savrk a cavrit a o[noma pisti n
nom pl: savrk e" cavrit e" ojnovmat a piste i"
gen pl: sark w'n carit wn ojnomavt wn piste wn
dat pl: sarx i(n) cavri si(n) ojnovma si(n) piste si(n)
acc pl: savrk a" cavrit a" ojnovmat a piste i"
S.39
3 1 3
masc fem neut
nom sg pa'" pa'sa pa'n
gen sg pantov" pavsh" pantov"dat sg panti pavsh/ panti
acc sg pavnta pa'san pa'n
nom pl pavnte" pa'sai pavnta
gen pl pavntwn pasw'n pavntwn
dat pl pa'si(n) pavsai" pa'si(n)
acc pl pavnta" pavsa" pavnta
S.40 Vocative.
In the plural, the vocative is always identical to the nominative plural (a[nqrwpoi).
In the singular first declension, the vocative is the same as the nominative (ajdelfhv). In the singular second declension, the vocative ending is usually epsilon. If you were
speaking directly to a man you would say,a[nqrwpe.
In the singular third declension, the vocative is usually the bare stem of the word, some-times with the stem vowel being changed due to ablaut. The vocative ofpathvr is pavter.
Definit e Ar t i cle
S.41 Agreement.The article has case, number, and gender. The article always agrees with the nounthat it modifies in case, number, and gender.
S.42 Article. The Greek articleis usually translated the. The general rule is to translate accordingto the presence or absence of the article. If an article is present, translate it. If there is no article,do not use the.
There are times when the meaning of the article seems to shift.oJ dev means, but he.
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
11/35
Greek Noun Grammar 11
Preposition
S.43 The meaning of a preposition depends upon the case of its object. For example,
diav with the genitive means through.
diav with the accusative means on account of if its object is in the accusative.
The object almost always immediately follows the preposition.
S.44 If a word is the object of a preposition, do not use the key word.
S.45 The form of a preposition does not vary depending on the case of its object.
When a preposition ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel, the finalvowel of the preposition may be dropped and marked with an apostrophe (elision).
meta; aujtovn met aujtovn
When a preposition ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel and roughbreathing, the consonant before the vowel in the preposition often changes as well.
meta; w|n meq w|n
Adjectives
S.46 Function. Adjectives can function one of two ways.
When an adjective functions adjectivally, the adjective agrees with the noun it modifies incase, number, and gender.
When an adjective functions substantivally, its case is determined by its function. Its gen-der and number are determined by what it stands for.
S.47 Positions. Adjectives can occur in one of three positions.
An adjective in the attributive position is immediately preceded by the article. An adjective in the predicate position is not immediately preceded by the article. The noun
is modified by the article.
If there is no noun for the adjective to modify, the adjective must be functioning substanti-vally. Adjectives used substantivally are regularly (but not always) preceded by the article.
S.48 When there is no article before the noun or adjective (independent position), check the con-text to determine your translation.
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
12/35
12 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
S.49 Adjectives fall into four basic categories, depending on which declension they follow andwhether the feminine and masculine forms are the same or different. The masculine and neuteralways follow the same declension.
Pronouns
S.50 Form
A pronoun always takes its number and gender from another word, either the word it is
modifying or its antecedent.
A pronoun takes its case from two possible sources. (1) If it is modifying a word (like anadjective), it agrees with that word in case (as well as number and gender). (2) Otherwise,it takes its case from its function in the relative clause.
Pronouns, other than personal pronouns, always introduce a dependent clause.
S.51 Personal pronouns
first second translation
nom sg ejgwv suv I you
gen sg mou (ejmou' ) sou (sou' ) my your
dat sgmoi ( ejmoi ) soi (soi )
to me to youacc sg me (ejmev ) se (sev ) me you
nom pl hJmei'" uJmei'" we you
gen pl hJmw'n uJmw'n our your
dat pl hJmi'n uJmi'n to us to you
acc pl hJma'" uJma'" us you
aujtov" can function as the third person personal pronoun.
S.52 Other uses of
Adjectival intensive .aujtov" can also function intensively when it is used adjectivally. Inthis caseaujtov" normally modifies another word and is usually in the predicate position.Translateaujtov" with the reflexive pronoun (himself, herself, itself, themselves, etc.). In thiscase,aujtov" is usually in the nominative case and modifies the subject.
Identical adjective.aujtov" is sometimes used as the identical adjective meaning same. Itis normally in the attributive position when used this way, but not always.
S.53 Demonstrative pronouns
The demonstratives in Greek areou|to" (this/these) andejkeino" (that/those).
category masculine feminine neuter
2-1-2 2 declension 1 declension 2 declension
3-1-3 3 declension 1 declension 3 declension
2-2 2 declension 2 declension 2 declension
3-3 3 declension 3 declension 3 declension
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
13/35
Greek Noun Grammar 13
When a demonstrative functions as a pronoun, its case is determined by its function in thesentence.
If a demonstrative is functioning as an adjective, it is written in the predicate positionalthough it is translated as an attributive adjective.
A demonstrative can weaken in force and be used as a personal pronoun.
The forms of ou|to"
masc fem neut masc fem neut
nom ou|to" au{th tou'to ou|toi au|tai tau'ta
gen touvtou tauvth" touvtou touvtwn touvtwn touvtwn
dat touvtw/ tauvth/ touvtw/ touvtoi" tauvtai" touvtoi"
acc tou'ton tauvthn tou'to touvtou" tauvta" tau'ta
S.54 Relative pronouns
If the relative clause modifies a word, then the relative pronoun is translated with the sim-ple who, which, or that.
The man who is sitting at the table is my pastor.
Relative clauses can perform almost any function that a noun can. In these cases, it may benecessary to add a pronoun to the clause.
2 1 2
masc fem neut translation
nom sg o{" h{ o{ who/which/that
gen sg ou| h|" ou| of whom/which
dat sg w/| h/| w/| to whom/which
acc sg o{n h{n o{ whom/which/that
nom ploi{ ai{ a{
who/which/thatgen pl w|n w|n w|n of whom/which
dat pl oi|" ai|" oi|" to whom/which
acc pl ou{" a{" a{ whom/which/that
Dependent Clauses
S.55 A dependent clause is a collection of words that cannot stand alone. It has meaning only whenit is part of a complete sentence; it is dependent upon that sentence. A s you are looking for themain subject and verb in a sentence, you will never find them in the dependent clause.
i{na ejavn eij o{pw
o{ti w{ste kaqwv o{, h{, o{
S.56 Personal pronouns in the nominative. When a personal pronoun occurs in the nominative, itis for emphasis or to clarify thegender of the subject. Often the emphasis is by way of contrast.
oujc wJ" ejgw; qevlw ajll wJ" suv(Matt 26:39).Not as Iwill but as you (will).
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
14/35
14 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
English Verbal Grammar
Terms
S.57 Verb.A verb is a word that describes action or state of being. I am studying Greek. Greek isthe heavenly language.
S.58 Agreement. A verb must agree with its subject in person (first, second, or third) and number(singular or plural). A Greek verb accomplishes this by using personal endings.
The Greek sentence does not require an expressed subject.
S.59 Tense. Tense in English refers to the time when the action of the verb takes place. Englishverbs are centered on three different tenses (present, past, past perfect). From these three formsall the variations of the verb are formed.
If you study your Greek right now, then the verb is in the present tense (study).
If you are planning on studying tomorrow, then the verb is in the future tense (willstudy).
If you studied last night, then the verb is in the past tense (studied).
When you use the helping verbs have or has (past perfect), the action described wasdone in the (recent) past and the statement is accurate up to now.
The English present can describe an action with current consequences (It is written). Thisis close to the Greek perfect.
S.60 Formation of English Tenses
Past simple Past progressive Past perfect
regular active I studied I was studying I had studiedirregular active I ate I was eating I had eaten
regular passive I was studied I was being studied I had been studiedirregular passive I was eaten I was being eaten I had been eaten
Present simple Present progressive Present perfect
regular active I study I am studying I have studiedirregular active I eat I am eating I have eaten
regular passive I am studied I am being studied I have been studiedirregular passive I am eaten I am being eaten I have been eaten
Future simple Future progressive Future perfect
regular active I will study I will be studying I will have studiedirregular active I will eat I will be eating I will have eaten
regular passive I will be studied I will be being studied I will have been studiedirregular passive I will be eaten I will be being eaten I will have been eaten
The past tense of an English verb is formed one of two ways. A regular verb forms its pasttense by adding -ed. I study all the time. I studied all last night. An irregular verb
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
15/35
English Verbal Grammar 15
forms its past tense by altering its actual stem. Usually the vowel is changed. I eat break-fast every morning. I ate last night as well.
S.61 Voice. Voice refers to the relationship between the subject and the verb.
If the subject does the action of the verb, then the verb is in the active voice. Bill hit the ball.
If the subject receives the action of the verb, the verb is in the passive voice. Bill was hit bythe ball. Sometimes there will be a prepositional phrase specifying who or what is doingthe action of the verb (e.g., by the ball).
Greek has a third voice called the middle (see below).
S.62 Mood. Mood refers to the relationship between the verb and reality.
A verb is in the indicative if it is describing something that is, as opposed to something thatmay or might be (including statements and questions).
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
16/35
16 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Greek Verbal Grammar
Formation
S.63 Augment. Greek indicates that a verb is in the past time by adding an augment.
If the verb begins with a consonant, the augment is an epsilon, always with smooth breathing(luvw e[luon).
If a word begins with a single vowel, the augment is formed by lengthening that vowel (a h,e h, o w).
If a verb begins with a diphthong, either the first letter of the diphthong lengthens (eujcaristevw hujcaristoun), or the diphthong is not changed at all (euJrivskw eu{riskon).
S.64 Consonantal reduplication. If a verb begins with a single consonant, that consonant is redupli-cated and the two consonants are separated by an epsilon (lu lelu levluka).
If the consonant that was reduplicated is f,c, or q, the reduplicated consonant will change
to p, k, or t, respectively (fanerovw fefanero pefanevrwka).
S.65 Vocalic reduplication. If a verb begins with a vowel or diphthong, the vowel is lengthened.The vocalic reduplication is identical in form to the augment in the imperfect and aorist(ajgapavw hjgavphka).
If the verb begins with two consonants, the verb will usually undergo vocalic reduplicationand not consonantal reduplication (*gno (ginwvskw) e[gnwka).
S.66 Stem. The stem of a verb is the part of the verb that carries its basic meaning. The form luvomenmeans We destroy. The stem is *lu. Lexicons list up to six different tense forms of a verb.
ajgapavw, ajgaphvsw, hjgavphsa, hjgavphka, hjgaphvmai, ajgaphqhvsomai
They are: present; future active middle; aorist active/middle, perfect active; perfect middlepassive; aorist passive (future passive). If the verb occurs in the New Testament in the imper-fect, we have included the imperfect as well, but in parentheses.
e[rcomai, (hjrcovmhn), ejleuvsomai, h\lqon or h\lqa, ejlhvluqa, -, -
If the aorist passive does not occur but the future passive does, then we list the future passiveas the sixth form (e.g.,ajgaphqhvsomai).
S.67 Tense formative.The tense formative is a letter or group of letters added to the end of the tensestem to form a specific tense.
S.68 Connecting vowel. A connecting vowel is added between the tense stem and a suffix (e.g.,tense formative, personal ending) to aid in pronunciation.
In the indicative mood, if the personal ending begins with mu or nu, the connecting vowelis omicron (leg + o + men levgomen); the connecting vowel in every other case is epsilon (leg+ e + te levgete). If no personal ending is used, the connecting vowel can be either omicronor epsilon.
S.69 Lexical form. The lexical form of verbs is the first person singular, present indicative.
Deponent verbs will show a present middle/passive lexical form.
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
17/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 17
S.70 Parse. When you parse verbs, specify the verbs tense, voice, mood, person, number, lexicalform, definition of inflected form.
S.71 Deponent. A deponent verb is middle or passive in form but active in meaning. You can tell ifa verb is deponent in a particular tense by looking at its lexical form.
If a verb is a present middle or passive deponent (and therefore the imperfect), its lexical
form will end inomai.
If a verb is a future middle deponent, its second tense form will end in -omai. If a verb hasa future passive deponent, it will not have a second tense form but it will have a sixth.
If a verb is an aorist middle deponent, its third tense form will end in -hmhn.
If a verb is a perfect middle or passive deponent, it will not have a fourth tense form but itwill have a fifth.
If a verb is an aorist passive deponent, it will not have a third tense form but it will have asixth.
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
18/35
18 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
S.72 Personal endings. Personal endings are suffixes that are added to the end of the verb and indi-cate person and number. Primary personal endings are used in the unaugmented tenses, andthe secondary are used in the augmented tenses.
luvw (-)
luvei" (")
luvei (i)
luvomen (men)
luvete (te)
luvousi(n) (nsi)
secondary tenses
luvomai (mai)
luvh/ (sai)
luvetai (tai)
luovmeqa (meqa)
luvesqe (sqe)
luvontai (ntai)
e[luon (n)
e[lue" (")
e[lue(n) (-)
ejluvomen (men)
ejluvete (te)
e[luon (n)
primary tenses
ejluovmhn (mhn)
ejluvou (so)
ejluveto (to)
ejluovmeqa (meqa)
ejluvesqe (sqe)
ejluvonto (nto)
primary secondary
regular alternate regular alternate
active
1 sg luvw o - mi e[luon o n
2 sg luvei" e " e[lue" e "
3 sg luvei e i si(n) e[lue e -
1pl luvomen o men ejluvomen o men
2 pl luvete e te ejluvete e te
3 pl luvousi(n) o nsi(n) asi(n) e[luon o n san
middle/passive
1 sg luvomai o mai ejluovmhn o mhn
2 sg luvh/ e sai ejluvou e so
3 sg luvetai e tai ejluveto e to
1 pl luovmeqa o meqa ejluovmeqa o meqa
2 pl luvesqe e sqe ejluvesqe e sqe
3 pl luvontai o ntai ejluvonto o nto
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
19/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 19
S.73 The Master Verb Chart summarizes all these issues. It must be learned perfectly.
M ast er Verb Chart
Tense Aug/ Tense Tense Conn. Personal 1st singRedup stem form. vowel endings paradigm
Present act pres o/e prim act luvwPresent mid/pas pres o/e prim mid/pas luvomai
Imperfect act e pres o/e sec act e[luonImperfect mid/pas e pres o/e sec mid/pas ejluovmhn
Future act fut act s o/e prim act luvswLiquid fut act fut act es o/e prim act menw'Future mid fut act s o/e prim mid/pas poreuvsomai1st future pas aor pas qhs o/e prim mid/pas luqhvsomai2nd future pas aor pas hs o/e prim mid/pas ajpostalhvsomai
1st aorist act e aor act sa sec act e[lusa
Liquid aorist act e aor act a sec act e[meina2nd aorist act e aor act o/e sec act e[labon1st aorist mid e aor act sa sec mid/pas ejlusavmhn2nd aorist mid e aor act o/e sec mid/pas ejgenovmhn1st aorist pas e aor pas qh sec act ejluvqhn2nd aorist pas e aor pas h sec act ejgravfhn
1st perfect act le perf act ka prim act levluka2nd perfect act le perf act a prim act gevgonaPerfect mid/pas le perf pas prim mid/pas levlumai
pres act subj pres w/h prim act luvswpres mid/pas subj pres w/h prim mid/pas luvwmai
1 aorist act subj aor act sa w/h prim act luvw1 aorist mid subj aor act sa w/h prim mid/pas luvswmai1 aorist pas subj aor pas qh w/h prim act luqw'
2 aorist act subj aor act w/h prim act lavbw2 aorist mid subj aor act w/h prim mid/pas gevnwmai2 aorist pas subj aor pas w/h prim act grafw'
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
20/35
20 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Other Verbal I ssues
Aspect and Time
S.74 Aspect. The basic genius of the Greek verb is not its ability to indicate when the action of theverb occurs (time), but what type of action it describes, or what we call aspect.
The continuous (imperfective) aspect means that the action of the verb is thought of asan ongoingprocess.
The undefined (perfective) aspect means that the action of the verb is thought of as a sim-ple event, without commenting on whether or not it is a process.
The perfect aspect describes an action that was brought to completion but has effects car-rying into the present. Jesus has died for our sins. It is written. Because it describes acompleted action, by implication the action normally occurred in the past.
S.75 Tense. A Greek tense carries two connotations: aspect and time. We use the term tense torefer only to theform of the verb (e.g., present tense, future tense, aorist tense), and we do notuse the term to designate when the action of a verb occurs. We always use the term time to
describe when the action of that verb occurs.
S.76 Time. The time of a Greek verb is always from the standpoint of the writer, not the reader.
M iddle Voice
S.77 The vast majority of middle forms in the New Testament are deponent.
S.78 Some words, even in the middle, have basically the same meaning as they have in the active.
S.79 A few verbs have one meaning in the active and a totally different meaning in the middle. Themost common example of this isa[rcw, which in the active means I rule but in the middle(a[rcomai) means I begin.
S.80 The classical definition of the middle voice is that the action of a verb in the middle voice insome way affects the subject. We will call this the self-interest nuance of the middle.
This is not necessarily the reflexive idea. If the subject of the verb performs an action toitself, Hellenistic Greek normally requires the reflexive pronoun (eJautou'). Rather, in themiddle the subject does the action of the verb to the direct object, and yet the action of theverb in some way affects the subject.
aijtevw active: I askmiddle: I ask (for myself)
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
21/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 21
Root s and St ems
S.81 The root of a verb is its most basic form. The stem of a verb is the basic form of that verbin a particular tense.
S.82 The verbal root and the present tense stem can be the same, or the root can be altered when
forming the present tense stem. The present tense stem is never altered to form another tense stem; the present tense stem
is often a modified form of the verbal root.
All tenses are formed from the root, never the present tense stem (except for the imperfect).
S.83 Patterns
Pattern 1. Verbal Root and the Present Tense Stem are the same.
roots ending in an iota or upsilon (e.g., *ajkou ajkouvw; *ajkou ajkouvsw);
contract verbs (*poie poiew'; *poie poihvsw);
roots ending in a stop (*blep blevpw; *blep blevyw).
Pattern 2. Roots ending in a stop.
/ verbs. The present tense stems of verbs that end in izw orazw are gener-ally formed from roots that actually end in a dental.
verbs. The present tense stem of verbs that end inassw are generallyformed from roots that actually end in a velar.
Pattern 3. Double consonants. Present tense stems that end in a double consonant are oftenfrom roots with a single consonant.
Pattern 4. Letter(s) added. Some roots add a letter or letters to form the present tense stem.The added letter will not appear in the other tenses.
Iota. Some roots add an iota to form the present tense stem.
*ar + i ai[rw (present)
*ar ajrw' (future)
Some roots add sk (or isk if the stem ends in a consonant) to form thepresent tense stem.
*gno + sk ginwvskw (present)
*gno gnwvsomai (future)
Pattern 5. Different roots altogether. Some verbs have totally different forms in the future.
*oJra oJravw I see
*ojp o[yomai I will see
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
22/35
22 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Tenses
Present
S.84 The present active indicative verb describes an action that usually occurs in the present. It canbe either a continuous (I am studying) or undefined (I study) action.
Greek differentiates the present active from the present middle and passive by using twodifferent sets of personal endings.
Active
1 sg luv w I am loosing o -
2 sg luv ei" You are loosing e "
3 sg luv ei He/she/it is loosing e i
1 pl luv o men We are loosing o men
2 pl luv e te You are loosing e te
3 pl luv ousi(n) They are loosing o nsi
Middle /Passive
1 sg luv o mai I am being loosed o mai
2 sg luv h/ You are being loosed e sai
3 sg luv e tai He, she, it is being loosed e tai
1 pl lu ov meqa We are being loosed o meqa
2 pl luv e sqe You are being loosed e sqe
3 pl luv o ntai They are being loosed o ntai)
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
23/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 23
Future
S.85 Meaning.The future tense describes an action that will occur in the future.
S.86 Form. The future active and middle are the same form. The future passive is formed from theunaugmented aorist passive stem.
S.87 Translation. As a general rule, translate the future with the undefined aspect (I will eat)rather than the continuous (I will be eating).
future active
1 sg luv s w I will loose o - luvw
2 sg luv s ei" You will loose e " luvei"
3 sg luv s ei He/she/it will loose e i luvei
1 pl luv s omen We will loose o men luvomen
2 pl luv s ete You will loose e te luvete
3 pl luv s ousi(n) They will loose o nsi luvousi(n)
future middle
1 sg poreuv s o mai I will go o mai luvomai
2 sg poreuv s h/ You will go e sai luvh/
3 sg poreuv s e tai He/she/it will go e tai luvetai
1 pl poreu s ov meqa We will go o meqa luovmeqa
2 pl poreuv s e sqe You will go e sqe luvesqe
3 pl poreuv s o ntai They will go o ntai luvontai
first future passive
1 sg lu qhvs o mai I will be loosed o mai
2 sg lu qhvs h/ You will be loosed e sai
3 sg lu qhvs e tai He/she/it will be loosed e tai
1 pl lu qhs ov meqa We will be loosed o meqa
2 pl lu qhvs e sqe You will be loosed e sqe
3 pl lu qhvs o ntai They will be loosed o ntai
Second future passive
1 sg ajpostal hvs o mai I will be sent o mai
2 sg ajpostal hvs h/ You will be sent e sai
3 sg ajpostal hvs e tai He/she/it will be sent e tai
1 pl ajpostal hs ov meqa We will be sent o meqa
2 pl ajpostal hvs e sqe You will be sent e sqe
3 pl ajpostal hvs o ntai They will be sent o ntai
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
24/35
24 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Imperfect
S.88 The imperfect tense is generally translated as a past tense, always with continuous aspect.
Imperfect active
1 sg e[ lu o n I was loosing o n luvw
2 sg e[ lu e " You were loosing e " luvei"
3 sg e[ lu e (n) He/she/it was loosing e - (n) luvei
1 pl ej luv o men We were loosing o men luvomen
2 pl ej luv e te You were loosing e te luvete
3 pl e[ lu o n They were loosing o n\ luvousi(n)
Imperfect middle/passive
1 sg ej lu ov mhn I was being loosed o mhn luvomai
2 sg ej luv o u You were being loosed e so luvh/
3 sg ej luv e to He/she/it was being loosed e to luvetai
1 pl ej lu ov meqa We were being loosed o meqa luovmeqa
2 pl ej luv e sqe You were being loosed e sqe luvesqe
3 pl ej luv o nto They were being loosed o nto luvontai
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
25/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 25
Aorist
S.89 The aorist tense describes an undefined action that normally occurs in the past.
The aorist is always undefined. In translation you use the simple form of the English pasttense: I studied; not, I was studying.
S.90 The Greek tense parallel to the English regular formation is called the first aorist while theirregular is called the second aorist.
S.91 The middle and passive are distinctly different forms
S.92 First aorist
The aorist active is formed from the first aorist tense stem, which is generally the same formas the present tense stem
First aorist active
1 sg e[ lu sa I loosed sa e[labon
2 sg e[ lu sa " You loosed sa " e[labe"3 sg e[ lu se (n) He/she/it loosed sa (n) e[labe(n)
1 pl ej luv sa men We loosed sa men ejlavbomen
2 pl ej luv sa te You loosed sa te ejlavbete
3 pl e[ lu sa n They loosed sa n e[labon
First aorist middle
1 sg ej lu sav mhn I loosed sa mhn ejgenovmhn
2 sg ej luv s w You loosed sa so ejgevnou
3 sg ej luv sa to He/she/it loosed sa to ejgevneto
1 pl ej lu sav meqa We loosed sa meqa ejgenovmeqa
2 pl ej luv sa sqe You loosed sa sqe ejgevnesqe
3 pl ej luv sa nto They loosed sa nto ejgevnonto
First aorist passive
1 sg ej luv qh n I was loosed qh n e[luon
2 sg ej luv qh " You were loosed qh " e[lue"
3 sg ej luv qh He/she/it was loosed qh - e[lue
1 pl ej luv qh men We were loosed qh men ejluvomen
2 pl ej luv qh te You were loosed qh te ejluvete
3 pl ej luv qh san They were loosed qh san e[luon
Stems ending in a stop (aorist active/middle). First aorist stems ending in a labial form apsi when joined to the tense formative. Stems ending in a velar (includingassw verbs) forma xsi. Stems ending in a dental (including izw andazw verbs) lose the dental.
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
26/35
26 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Stems ending in a stop (aorist passive). If the final stem consonant is a stop, it changes toits corresponding aspirate before the q in the aorist passive (p/f q; k/g c; t/d s).
Second aorist stems with first aorist endings. Occasionally you will find certain secondaorist forms with an alpha instead of an omicron as the connecting vowel (ei\pon ei\pan;h\lqon h\lqan).
S.93 Second aorist
Stem. In the active voice, a second aorist will always have a different stem from the presentbecause the root will always have been modified to form the present tense stem. The onlydifference between the imperfect and second aorist active is the tense stem (e.g.,e[ballonvs. e[balon).
Second aorist active
1 sg e[ lab o n I took o n e[luon
2 sg e[ lab e " You took e " e[lue"
3 sg e[ lab e (n) He/she/it took e - (n) e[lue(n)
1 plej lavb o men
We tooko men ejluvomen
2 pl ej lavb e te You took e te ejluvete
3 pl e[ lab o n They took o n e[luon
Second aorist middle
1 sg ej gen ov mhn I became o mhn ejluovmhn
2 sg ej gevn o u You became e so ejluvou
3 sg ej gevn e to He/she/it became e to ejluveto
1 pl ej gen ov meqa We became o meqa ejluovmeqa
2 pl ej gevn e sqe You became e sqe ejluvesqe
3 plej gevn o nto
They becameo nto ejluvonto
Second aorist passive
1 sg ej gravf h n I was written h n ejluvqhn
2 sg ej gravf h " You were written h " ejluvqh"
3 sg ej gravf h He/she/it was written h - ejluvqh
1 pl ej gravf h men We were written h men ejluvqhmen
2 pl ej gravf h te You were written h te ejluvqhte
3 pl ej gravf h san They were written h san ejluvqhsan
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
27/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 27
Perfect
S.94 Translation. The perfect can be translated two basic ways.
If the emphasis of the context is on the completion of the event, use the helping verbshave/has and the past participle form of the verb (e.g., has eaten).
If the emphasis of the context is on the current implications of the action, use the Englishpresent tense (It is written.)
First perfect active
1 sg levluka I have loosed ka - e[lusa
2 sg levluka" You have loosed ka " e[lusa"
3 sg levluke(n) He/she/it has loosed ke - (n) e[luse(n)
1 pl leluvkamen We have loosed ka men ejluvsamen
2 pl leluvkate You have loosed ka te ejluvsate
3 pl leluvkasi(n) They have loosed ka si (n) e[lusan
First perfect middle/passive
1 sg levlumai I have been loosed mai luvomai
2 sg levlusai You have been loosed sai luvh/
3 sg levlutai He/she/it has been loosed tai luvetai
1 pl leluvmeqa We have been loosed meqa luovmeqa
2 pl levlusqe You have been loosed sqe luvesqe
3 pl levluntai They have been loosed ntai luvontai
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
28/35
28 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Overview of Indicative
present imperfect future 1st aorist 2nd aorist perfect
acti ve indicati ve
1 sg luvw e[luon luvsw e[lusa e[labon levluka
2 sg luvei" e[[lue" luvsei" e[lusa" e[labe" levluka"
3 sg luvei e[lue(n) luvsei e[luse(n) e[labe(n) levluke(n)
1 pl luvomen ejluvomen luvsomen ejluvsamen ejlavbomen leluvkamen
2 pl luvete ejluvete luvsete ejluvsate ejlavbete leluvkate
3 pl luvousi(n) e[luon luvsousi(n) e[lusan e[labon leluvkasi(n)
middle indicativ e
1 sg luvomai ejluovmhn luvsomai ejlusavmhn ejgenovmhn levlumai
2 sgluvh/ ejluvou luvvsh/ ejluvsw ejgevnou levlusai
3 sg luvetai ejluveto luvsetai ejluvsato ejgevneto levlutai
1 pl luovmeqa ejluovmeqa lusovmeqa ejlusavmeqa ejgenovmeqa leluvmeqa
2 pl luvesqe ejluvesqe luvsesqe ejluvsasqe ejgevnesqe levlusqe
3 pl luvontai ejluvonto luvsontai ejluvsanto ejgevnonto levluntai
passiv e indi cat iv e
1 sg luvomai ejluovmhn luqhvsomai ejluvqhn ejgravfhn levlumai
2 sg luvh/ ejluvou luqhvsh/ ejluvqh" egravfh" levlusai
3 sg luvetai ejluveto luqhvsetai ejluvqh ejgravfh levlutai
1 pl luovmeqa ejluovmeqa luqhsovmeqa ejluvqhmen ejgravfhmen leluvmeqa2 pl luvesqe ejluvesqe luqhvsesqe ejluvqhte ejgravfhte levlusqe
3 pl luvontai ejluvonto luqhvsontai ejluvqhsan ejgravfhsan levluntai
present imperfect future
1 sg eijmiv h[mhn e[somai
2 sg ei\ h\", h\sqa e[sh/
3 sg ejstiv(n) h\n e[stai
1 pl ejsmevn h\men, h\meqa ejsovmeqa
2 pl ejstev h\te e[sesqe
3 pl eijsiv(n) h\san e[sontai
eijmi will be followed by a predicate nominative, not a direct object.
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
29/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 29
Special t y Verbs
S.95 For the paradigms of the following forms, see your textbook.
Compound Verbs
S.96 A compound verb is a verb that is made up of two parts, a preposition and a verb. For example,ejkbavllw (I throw out) is a compound of the prepositionejk (out) and the verbbavllw (I
throw).
S.97 Compound verbs form their tense stems the same way as the simple verb. For example, thefuture ofbavllw isbalw', and the future ofejkbavllw isejkbalw'.
S.98 The augment comes after the preposition and before the stem of the verb. The imperfect ofkatabaivnw is katevbainon.
Whenever the preposition ends in a vowel, that final vowel will either drop out before theaugment or in a few cases (such as compounds with periv) it stays but will not contract (e.g.,peripatevw periepavtoun).
S.99 A compound verb reduplicates the verbal part of a compound verb, just like the imperfect andaorist augment the verbal part of a compound.
ejkbavllw ejkbevblhka
Cont ract Verbs
S.100 Contract verbs are verbs whose stems end in alpha, epsilon, or omicron. When that final stemvowel comes into contact with the connecting vowel, the two vowels contract.
There always will be a circumflex over the contracted vowels in the present active indica-tive.
The lexical form shows the contract vowel (ajgapavw), but if that form actually occurs in thetext the contract vowel and omicron will have contracted (ajgapw', poiw', plhrw').
In the first person singular, no personal ending is used so the connecting vowel lengthensto omega.
The second person singular seems to follow its own rules.
S.101 Rules of Contraction
1. ou is formed byeo,oe, andoo.
ou eo poiou'men poieomen
ou oe plhrou'te plhroete
2. ei is formed byee.ei ee poieite poieete
3. w is formed from almost any combination of omicron or omega with any other vowel,except for rule #1.
w ao ajgapw'men ajgapaomen
w aou ajgapw'si ajgapaousi
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
30/35
30 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
4. a is formed fromae.
a ae ajgapa'te ajgapaete
a/ aei ajgapa/' ajgapaei
5. h is formed fromea.
h/ eai poih'/ poihi poieai poiesai
6. Miscellaneousoi oei plhroi" plhroei"
plhroi plhroei
7. The contraction of diphthongs
a. If the contract vowel and the first vowel of the diphthong are the same, they simplify.
ei eei poiei" poieei"
ou oou plhrou'si plhroousi
b. If the contract vowel and the first vowel of the diphthong are different, they contract.If the second vowel of the diphthong is an iota, it subscripts if possible; if it is an upsi-lon it drops off.
ou eou poiou'sin poieousi
8. Contract verbs contract as if the true personal endings are those visible in the present activeindicative.
S.102 Lengthening. The contract vowel lengthens before a tense formative. Alpha and epsilon bothlengthen to eta while omicron lengthens to omega.
*ajgapa + s + w ajgaphvsw
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
31/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 31
Stems endi ng in a st op
S.103 If the stem of a verb ends in a stop, when the sigma of the future/aorist tense formative is addedto the stem, the following changes occur.
Labial ps y blep + sw blevyw
bs y
fs y graf + sw gravyw
Velar ks x diwk + sw diwvxw
gs x ag + sw a[xw
cs x ejlegc + sw ejlevgxw
Dental ts s
ds s baptid + sw baptivsw
qs s peiq + sw peivsw
S.104 Verbal roots that end in a stop undergo significant change in the perfect middle/passivebecause they are placed immediately next to the consonant of the personal ending.
labial (p b f) velar (k g c) dental (t d q)
gravfw diwvkw peivqw
mai gevgrammai dedivwgmai pevpeismai
sai gevgrayai dedivwxai pevpeisai
tai gevgraptai dedivwktai pevpeistai
meqa gegravmmeqa dediwvgmeqa pepeivsmeqa
sqe gevgrafqe dedivwcqe pevpeisqe
ntai eijsi; gegrammevnoi eijsi; dediwgmevnoi eijsi; pepeismevnoi
S.105 Stops change when immediately followed by a theta in the aorist pasive.
pq fq *blep + qh ejblevfqhn
bq fq *ejlhmb + qhn ejlhvmfqhn
kq cq *diwk + qh ejdiwvcqhn
gq cq *ag + qh h[cqhn
tq sq1
dq sq *baptid+ qh ejbaptisqhn
qq sq *peiq + qh ejpeisqhn
1 There is no example of this combination in aorist verbs in the New Testament.
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
32/35
32 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
Li quid Verbs
S.106 The consonants l, m, n, and r are called liquids.
S.107 Liquid Future. A liquid future addses and then the connecting vowel. However, a sigma doesnot like to stand between two vowels so it drops out, and the epsilon and connecting vowel
contract (men + es + o + men meneomen menou'men ).
1 sg menw' I will remain poiw' mevnw
2 sg menei'" You will remain poiei'" mevnei"
3 sg menei' He/she/it will remain poiei' mevnei
1 pl menou'men We will remain poiou'men mevnomen
2 pl menei'te You will remain poiei'te mevnete
3 pl menou'si(n) They will remain poiou'si(n) mevnousi(n)
1 sg menou'mai I will remain poiou'mai mevnomai
2 sg menh'/ You will remain poih'/ mevnh/
3 sg menei'tai He/she/it will remain poiei'tai mevnetai
1 pl menouvmeqa We will remain poiouvmeqa menovmeqa
2 pl menei'sqe You will remain poiei'sqe mevnesqe
3 pl menou'ntai They will remain poiou'ntai mevnontai
The future of a liquid verb looks just like the present tense epsilon contract verb.
Accents. The accent can also be helpful in identifying a liquid verb (but not in distinguish-
ing it from an epsilon contract). A liquid future always has a circumflex over the contractedvowels.
Stem changes. Along with the different tense formative, the stems of liquid verbs some-time undergo a change in the present. For example,balw' is the future form of the verbalroot *bal, which has the present tense formbavllw.
S.108 Liquid aorists. Instead of adding sa as the tense formative, liquid verbs add only alpha andthen sometimes modify the tense stem.
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
33/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 33
Tense St ems of Verbs Occurr i ng
Fi ft y Times or M ore i n t he New Test ament
The following forms that are underlined should probably be memorized. See BBG for a fuller discussion
of this chart and the explanations for each individual form.
present future aorist act perfect act perfect mid/pas aorist pas
ajgapavw ajgaphvsw hjgavphsa hjgavphka hjgavphmai hjgaphvqhn
a[gw a[xw h[gagon - h\gmai h[cqhn
ai[rw ajrw' h\ra h\rka h\rmai h[rqhn
aijtevw aijthvsw h/[thsa h/[thka h/[thmai -
ajkolouqevw ajkolouqhvsw hjkolouvqhsa hjkolouvqhka - -
ajkouvw ajkouvsw h[kousa ajkhvkoa - hjkouvsqhn
ajnabainw ajnabhvsomai ajnevbhn ajnabevbhka - -
ajnisthmi ajnasthvsw ajnevsthsa ajnevsthka ajnevsthmai ajnestavqhn
ajnoigw ajnoixw ajnevw/xa - - ajnew/vcqhn
ajpevrcomai ajpeleuvsomai ajph'lqon ajpelhvluqa - -
ajpoqnh/vskw ajpoqanou'mai ajpevqanon - - -
ajpokrinomai - ajpekrinavmhn - - ajpekriqhn
ajpokteinw ajpoktenw' ajpevteina - - ajpektavnqhn
ajpovllumi ajpolevsw ajpwvlesa ajpovlwla - -
ajpoluvw ajpoluvsw ajpevlusa - ajpolevlumai ajpeluvqhn
ajpostevllw ajpostelw' ajpevsteila ajpevstalka ajpevstalmai ajpestavlhn
a[rcw a[rxomai hjrxavmhn - - -
ajspavzomai - hjspasavmhn - - -
ajfihmi ajfhvsw ajfh'ka - ajfevwmai ajfevqhn
bavllw balw' e[balon bevblhka bevblhmai ejblhvqhn
baptizw baptisw ejbavptisa - bebavptismai ejbaptisqhn
blevpw blevyw e[bleya - - -
gennavw gennhvsw ejgevnnhsa gegevnnhka gegevnnhmai ejgennhvqhn
ginomai genhvsomai ejgenovmhn gevgona gegevnhmai ejgenhvqhn
ginwvskw gnwvsomai e[gnwn e[gnwka e[gnwsmai ejgnwvsqhn
gravfw gravyw e[graya gevgrafa gevgrammai ejgravfhn
dei' - - - - -
devcomai devxomai ejdexavmhn - devdegmai ejdevcqhn
present future aorist act perfect act perfect mid/pas aorist pas
didavskw didavxw ejdidaxa - - ejdidavcqhn
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
34/35
34 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek
didwmi dwvsw e[dwka devdwka devdomai ejdovqhn
dokevw dovxw e[doxa - - -
doxavzw doxavsw ejdovxasa - dedovxasmai ejdoxavsqhn
duvnamai dunhvsomai - - - hjdunhvqhn
ejgeirw ejgerw' h[geira - ejghvgermai hjgevrqhn
eijmi e[somai h[mhn - - -
eijsevrcomai eijseleuvsomai eijsh'lqon eijselhvluqa - -
ejkbavllw ejkbalw' ejxevbalon ejkbevblhka ejkbevblhmai ejxeblhvqhn
ejxevrcomai ejxeleuvsomai ejxh'lqon ejxelhvluqa - -
ejperwtavw ejperwthvsw ejphrwvthsa - - -
e[rcomai ejleuvsomai h\lqon ejlhvluqa - -
ejrwtavw ejrwthvsw hjrwvthsa - - -
ejsqiw favgomai e[fagon - - -
eujaggelizw - eujhggevlisa - eujhggevlismai eujhggelisqhn
euJriskw euJrhvsw eu|ron eu{rhka - euJrevqhn
e[cw e{xw e[scon e[schka - -
zavw zhvsw e[zhsa - - -
zhtevw zhthvsw ejzhvthsa - - ejzhthvqhn
qevlw qelhvsw hjqevlhsa - - hjqelhvqhn
qewrevw - ejqewvrhsa - - -
i{sthmi sthvsw e[sthsa e{sthka e{stamai ejstavqhn
kavqhmai kaqhvsomai - - - -
kalevw kalevsw ejkavlesa kevklhka kevklhmai ejklhvqhn
katabainw katabhvsomai katevbhn katabevbhka - -
khruvssw khruvxw ejkhvruxa - kekhvrugmai ejkhruvcqhn
kravzw kravxw e[kraxa kevkraga - -
kratevw krathvsw ejkravthsa kekravthka kekravthmai -
krinw krinw' e[krina kevkrika kevkrimai ejkriqhn
lalevw lalhvsw ejlavlhsa lelavlhka lelavlhmai ejlalhvqhn
lambavnw lhvmyomai e[labon ei[lhfa ei[lhmmai ejlhvmfqhn
levgw ejrw' ei\pon ei[rhka ei[rhmai ejrrevqhn
marturevw marturhvsw ejmartuvrhsa memartuvrhka memartuvrhmai ejmarturhvqhn
present future aorist act perfect act perfect mid/pas aorist pas
mevllw mellhvsw - - - -
mevnw menw' e[meina memevnhka - -
oi\da eijdhvsw h/[dein - - -
8/22/2019 Mounce Summary
35/35
Greek Verbal Grammar 35
oJravw o[yomai ei\don eJwvraka - w[fqhn
ojfeilw - - - - -
paradidwmi paradwvsw parevdwka paradevdwka paradevdomai paredovqhn
parakalevw parakalevsw parekavlesa parakevklhka parakevklhmai pareklhvqhn
peiqw peisw e[peisa pevpoiqa pevpeismai ejpeisqhn
pevmpw pevmyw e[pemya - - ejpevmfqhn
peripatevw peripathvsw periepavthsa - - periepathvqhn
pinw piomai e[pion pevpwka - ejpovqhn
piptw pesou'mai e[peson pevptwka - -
pisteuvw pisteuvsw ejpisteusa pepisteuka pepisteumai ejpisteuvqhn
plhrovw plhrwvsw ejplhvrwsa peplhvrwka peplhvrwmai ejplhrwvqhn
poievw poihvsw ejpoihsa pepoihka pepoihmai ejpoihvqhn
poreuvomai poreuvsomai - - pepovreumai ejporeuvqhn
prosevrcomai proseleuvsomai prosh'lqon proselhvluqa - -
proseuvcomai proseuvxomai proshuxavmhn - - -
proskunevw proskunhvsw prosekuvnhsa - - -
sunavgw sunavxw sunhvgagon - sunh'gmai sunhvcqhn
sw/vzw swvsw e[swsa sevswka sevsw/smai ejswvqhn
threvw thrhvsw ejthvrhsa tethvrhka tethvrhmai ejthrhvqhn
tiqhmi qhvsw e[qhka tevqeika tevqeimai ejtevqhn
uJpavgw uJpavxw uJphvgagon - uJph'gmai uJphvcqhn
uJpavrcw uJpavrxomai uJphrxavmhn - - -