- 1. Digital Re-print - May | June 2012Mould control in grain and
feed preservation Grain & Feed Milling Technology is published
six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received,
and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the
publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for
the consequences of action taken on the basis of information
published. Copyright 2010 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights
reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form
or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner.
Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1466-3872
www.gfmt.co.uk
2. FEATUREMOULD in grainand feedCONTROL preservation by Andr
Meeusen, application manager and Yvonne van der Horst, technical
manager,Kemira ChemSolutions b.v., The NetherlandsMoulds are
ubiquitous and unavoida-a widespread application, however, this is
not shelf life, maintains nutritional value, and preventsble
contaminants in all animal feeds. an efficient way to tackle the
problem as they formation of mycotoxins.Virtually all animal feeds
containdamage the nutritional quality of feeds. Thesemoulds and
viable mould spores which continue toxin binders, which usually
contain different Mould and moistureto pose a threat to grain
quality.types of clay minerals, are not that efficient and
Development of moulds in feed depends onmay even compromise
nutrient digestibility.the interaction of several factors,
including theMoulds are fungi which are distinguishedMoreover,
mycotoxin contaminated feeds can presence of spores, the
availability of nutrients,by the formation of mycelium (a network
impair the animals health and productivity duestorage time,
temperature and moisture. Waterof filaments or threads), or by
spore masses. to loss of appetite, feed refusal, allergic
reactions, activity, i.e. the presence of free water, is
theConditions that favour moulds include moisturereproductive
failure, suppression of the immunemost important factor in the
growth of moulds.levels higher than 12 percent, warm tempera-system
and even mortality. Indeed, microbial spoilage of food and
feedstures, the presence of oxygen, and prolongedContamination by
moulds and consequently,occurs at different levels of moisture and
thestorage time. the production of mycotoxins, can be greatly water
activity (aw) concept describes the waterMany moulds are toxigenic
and produce reduced by using organic acids as inhibitors.available
for microbial growth.mycotoxins, a secondary metabolite created by
Organic acids effectively inhibit the growth ofMost feed mills
optimise or maximise mois-moulds that is toxic to organisms other
than themoulds, yeast and bacteria in different types of ture
levels during feed production to com-mould itself. The growth of
moulds and produc-feedstuffs and prevent recontamination after
pensate for losses that occur during grinding,tion of mycotoxins by
these moulds in feedproduction of the compound feed. This
extendspelleting and cooling processes. Moreover, aingredients can
cause significant eco-sufficient moisture level reduces thenomic
losses. They consume valuable energy usage during the pelletingfeed
nutrients such as vitamins and process and results in better
pelletamino acids and they convert energy quality. The drawback of
increasinginto water and CO2 and can causemoisture levels is that
increasing levelstemperature increase as a result of of free water
creates ideal condi-their carbohydrate metabolism (seetions for
rapid mould growth and thebelow)development of mycotoxins.
MouldsC6H12O6 + 6 O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 and yeast grow at aw > 0.75
and aw >H2O + Heat0.85 respectively.Mould growth depletes the
nutri- Products that protect feeds againstent density and affects
feed palatabil- mould growth and at the same timeity and
consequently decreases feed lower the aw are based on
calciumintake. Moulds cause lipid oxidationor sodium propionate.
Propionic acidand pigment deterioration and are is reacted with
calcium or sodium todetrimental to animal health, perform-produce a
salt with high propionic acidance and reproduction. The most level,
76-78 percent depending onfrequently found mycotoxins are afla-Fig
1: Assessing the activity of Kemira Mould Controlthe salt form. The
acid is completelytoxins and ochratoxin produced by SP1 (calcium
propionate) using a CO2 test on mash buffered, has a good
solubility, is safeAspergillus, the latter are also produced feed.
(Kemira ChemSolutions, Tiel, The Netherlands).to use and easy to
handle. Theirby Penicillium and zearalenone andefficiency in shelf
life extension whentrichothecenes produced by Fusarium used in
feeds is dose related and canmoulds. be easily demonstrated by an
in vitroaccelerated method, increasing mois-Toxin binders vs.
organic ture content and storage temperature,acids by measuring the
CO2 productionAnimal feed is susceptible to mould over time. An
efficient preservativegrowth. The microbiological quality ofeffect
is obtained up to the momentfeed is a comparatively unexploredthat
CO2 production starts to increasearea but is receiving more
attention(Figure 1).due to the recognition of mycotoxinsas a
widespread economic threat. Fig 2: Aspergillus niger growth
inhibition efficaciesGrain preservationof organic acids on ground
whole wheat grains.The use of toxin binders in feed isAnimal feeds
generally contain18 | may - June 2012Grain&feed millinG
technoloGy 3. Siwertell grain ship unloader at Rizhao Port,
ChinaGrain handling systemsthat you can truly rely onCargotecs
land-based Siwertell ship unloaders and loaders are designed to
suit each terminals specificrequirements. Siwertell systems use
unique enclosed screw conveyor technology to ensure that dry bulk
cargooperations are environment-friendly and efficient.Let the dry
bulk handling experts design a custom-made answer to your
particular needs.www.cargotec.com www.siwertell.comSIWERTELL IS A
CARGOTEC BRAND 4. FEATUREof propionic acid Finland and compared to
ammonium buff-Table 1: Mould inhibiting and killing-off effect of
Propionic acid (KemiraMould Control LP1) and formic propionic
(Kemira Mould Control LF1)to overcome the ered propionic acid
(Kemira Mould Controlbuffered products in highly challenged
conditions (Wessling 2011) odour and corro-LP1 NC). Figure 2 shows
that the initialsion problems.inoculation with Aspergillus niger in
grainsTREATMENTSRESULTS To enter into without preservatives
resulted in significant0.day 7.day14.day the mould cell, the growth
during the first week. Both KemiraName%Mould cfu/gMould cfu/g Mould
cfu/g acids have to pass aMould Control LP1 NC and Kemira
Moulddouble barrier, the Control LF1 at 0.2 w/w-%, inhibited
growthPositive control: ASPERGILLUS inoculated 3.51044.7105 2.0107
cell membrane and of Aspergillus niger in grinded whole wheatthe
outer cell wall ofgrains over a 2 weeks period and total killKemira
Mould Control LP1 nc 0,41.0103