Motor System Motor System Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine
Motor SystemMotor SystemMotor SystemMotor System
Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of MedicineDepartment of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of MedicineDepartment of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of MedicineDepartment of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine
EffectorsEffectors MOTOR SYSTEMMOTOR SYSTEM
Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle SOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEMSOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEM
Smooth Muscle Smooth Muscle AUTONOMIC MOTOR SYSTEMAUTONOMIC MOTOR SYSTEMGlandsGlands (sympathetic and Parasympathetic)(sympathetic and Parasympathetic)
Elements of Motor SystemElements of Motor SystemElements of Motor SystemElements of Motor System
AutonomicAutonomicMotor Motor SystemSystem
AutonomicAutonomicMotor Motor SystemSystem
sympatheticsympatheticresponseresponse
sympatheticsympatheticresponseresponse
Somatic Motor SystemSomatic Motor SystemSomatic Motor SystemSomatic Motor System
Upper Motor NeuronUpper Motor NeuronUpper Motor NeuronUpper Motor Neuron
Lower Motor NeuronLower Motor NeuronLower Motor NeuronLower Motor Neuron
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal MuscleSkeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
AuxiliaryAuxiliaryMotor PathwaysMotor Pathways
AuxiliaryAuxiliaryMotor PathwaysMotor Pathways
motor nerve nervemotor nerve nerve
pyramidaltract
pyramidaltract
reflexarc
reflexarc
descendingpathways from
brain stem
descendingpathways from
brain stem
LOWER MOTOR NEURONLOWER MOTOR NEURONLOWER MOTOR NEURONLOWER MOTOR NEURON
Spinal CordSpinal Cord Anterior Horn Cell (Lamina IX) --------Anterior Horn Cell (Lamina IX) -------- spinal n.spinal n.
Brain StemBrain Stem General Somatic Efferent (GSE) NucleiGeneral Somatic Efferent (GSE) Nuclei
Hypoglossal Nucleus -------------------- Hypoglossal Nucleus -------------------- XIIXII
Abducens Nucleus ------------------------ Abducens Nucleus ------------------------ VIVI
Trochlear Nucleus ------------------------- Trochlear Nucleus ------------------------- IVIV
Oculomotor Nucleus ---------------------- Oculomotor Nucleus ---------------------- IIIIII
Special Visceral Efferent (SVE) NucleiSpecial Visceral Efferent (SVE) Nuclei
Ambiguus Nucleus ----------------------- Ambiguus Nucleus ----------------------- IX, X, XIIX, X, XI
Facial (Motor) Nucleus ------------------- Facial (Motor) Nucleus ------------------- VIIVII Trigeminal Motor Nucleus --------------Trigeminal Motor Nucleus -------------- VV
Spinal CordSpinal Cord Anterior Horn Cell (Lamina IX) --------Anterior Horn Cell (Lamina IX) -------- spinal n.spinal n.
Brain StemBrain Stem General Somatic Efferent (GSE) NucleiGeneral Somatic Efferent (GSE) Nuclei
Hypoglossal Nucleus -------------------- Hypoglossal Nucleus -------------------- XIIXII
Abducens Nucleus ------------------------ Abducens Nucleus ------------------------ VIVI
Trochlear Nucleus ------------------------- Trochlear Nucleus ------------------------- IVIV
Oculomotor Nucleus ---------------------- Oculomotor Nucleus ---------------------- IIIIII
Special Visceral Efferent (SVE) NucleiSpecial Visceral Efferent (SVE) Nuclei
Ambiguus Nucleus ----------------------- Ambiguus Nucleus ----------------------- IX, X, XIIX, X, XI
Facial (Motor) Nucleus ------------------- Facial (Motor) Nucleus ------------------- VIIVII Trigeminal Motor Nucleus --------------Trigeminal Motor Nucleus -------------- VV
AHCAHC
Anterior Horn CellAnterior Horn Cell- Lower Motor Neuron -- Lower Motor Neuron -
Anterior Horn CellAnterior Horn Cell- Lower Motor Neuron -- Lower Motor Neuron -
Lower Motor NeuronLower Motor Neuron
cell body: anterior horncell body: anterior horn
axon: axon: anterior root,anterior root,
spinal nervespinal nerve
axon terminal:axon terminal:
neuromuscularneuromuscular
junctionjunction
Effector:Effector:skeletal muscleskeletal muscle
Lower Motor NeuronLower Motor Neuron
cell body: anterior horncell body: anterior horn
axon: axon: anterior root,anterior root,
spinal nervespinal nerve
axon terminal:axon terminal:
neuromuscularneuromuscular
junctionjunction
Effector:Effector:skeletal muscleskeletal muscle
Spinal CordSpinal Cord
• anterior root: anterior root:
- motor- motor
• posterior root:posterior root:
- sensory- sensory
Law of Law of
Bell-MagendieBell-Magendie
Spinal CordSpinal Cord
• anterior root: anterior root:
- motor- motor
• posterior root:posterior root:
- sensory- sensory
Law of Law of
Bell-MagendieBell-Magendie
NeuromuscularNeuromuscularJunctionJunction
(Myoneural Junction,(Myoneural Junction,Motor End Plate)Motor End Plate)
NeuromuscularNeuromuscularJunctionJunction
(Myoneural Junction,(Myoneural Junction,Motor End Plate)Motor End Plate)
NMJNMJNMJNMJ
MM
NN
• muscle weaknessmuscle weakness which is greatly which is greatly increased by exertion or increased by exertion or repeated contractionrepeated contraction
• autoimmune disease autoimmune disease with autoantibodieswith autoantibodies against against Ach receptorAch receptor
• maybe fatal if untreatedmaybe fatal if untreated by respiratory paralysisby respiratory paralysis
• treated withtreated with AchT inhibitorsAchT inhibitors, , thymectomy, and thymectomy, and corticosteroidscorticosteroids
Defects in Neuromuscular Defects in Neuromuscular TransmissionTransmission
before treatment after treatmentbefore treatment after treatment
MYASTHENIA GRAVISMYASTHENIA GRAVISMYASTHENIA GRAVISMYASTHENIA GRAVIS
UpperUpperMotorMotor
NeuronNeuron
UpperUpperMotorMotor
NeuronNeuronPyramidalPyramidal
TractTractPyramidalPyramidal
TractTract
corticospinalcorticospinaltracttract
corticospinalcorticospinaltracttract
corticobulbarcorticobulbartracttract
corticobulbarcorticobulbartracttract
Albertus MagnusAlbertus Magnus(1206-1280)(1206-1280)
Phrenology of Gall (1758-1828)Phrenology of Gall (1758-1828)and Spurzheim (1776-1832)and Spurzheim (1776-1832)
Somatic Motor SystemSomatic Motor SystemSomatic Motor SystemSomatic Motor System
Upper Motor NeuronUpper Motor Neuron
UMNUMNUpper Motor NeuronUpper Motor Neuron
UMNUMN
Final Common PathwayFinal Common Pathway
Lower Motor NeuronLower Motor Neuron
LMNLMN
Final Common PathwayFinal Common Pathway
Lower Motor NeuronLower Motor Neuron
LMNLMN
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal MuscleSkeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
DescendingDescendingBrain StemBrain StemPathwaysPathways
DescendingDescendingBrain StemBrain StemPathwaysPathways
motor nerve nervemotor nerve nerve
pyramidaltract
pyramidaltract
reflex arcreflex arc
VOLUNTARY CONTROLVOLUNTARY CONTROL
AUTOMATICMOTOR
CONTROL
AUTOMATICMOTOR
CONTROL
Corticospinal TractCorticospinal Tract
Origin: Origin: Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex Brodmann Area 4 (Primary Motor Area, M I)Brodmann Area 4 (Primary Motor Area, M I)
Brodmann Area 6 (Premotor Area, PM )Brodmann Area 6 (Premotor Area, PM )
Brodmann Area 3,1,2 (Primary Somesthetic Area, S I) Brodmann Area 3,1,2 (Primary Somesthetic Area, S I)
Brodmann Area 5 (Anterior Portion of Sup. Parietal Lobule) Brodmann Area 5 (Anterior Portion of Sup. Parietal Lobule)
Corona RadiataCorona Radiata
lnternal Capsule, Posterior Limblnternal Capsule, Posterior Limb
Crus Cerebri, Middle PortionCrus Cerebri, Middle Portion
Longitudinal Pontine FiberLongitudinal Pontine Fiber
Pyramid - pyramidal decussationPyramid - pyramidal decussation
Corticospinal Tract - Lateral and AnteriorCorticospinal Tract - Lateral and Anterior
Termination: Termination: Spinal Gray (Rexed IV-IX)Spinal Gray (Rexed IV-IX)
Corticospinal TractCorticospinal Tract
Origin: Origin: Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex Brodmann Area 4 (Primary Motor Area, M I)Brodmann Area 4 (Primary Motor Area, M I)
Brodmann Area 6 (Premotor Area, PM )Brodmann Area 6 (Premotor Area, PM )
Brodmann Area 3,1,2 (Primary Somesthetic Area, S I) Brodmann Area 3,1,2 (Primary Somesthetic Area, S I)
Brodmann Area 5 (Anterior Portion of Sup. Parietal Lobule) Brodmann Area 5 (Anterior Portion of Sup. Parietal Lobule)
Corona RadiataCorona Radiata
lnternal Capsule, Posterior Limblnternal Capsule, Posterior Limb
Crus Cerebri, Middle PortionCrus Cerebri, Middle Portion
Longitudinal Pontine FiberLongitudinal Pontine Fiber
Pyramid - pyramidal decussationPyramid - pyramidal decussation
Corticospinal Tract - Lateral and AnteriorCorticospinal Tract - Lateral and Anterior
Termination: Termination: Spinal Gray (Rexed IV-IX)Spinal Gray (Rexed IV-IX)
Upper Motor Neuron Pyramidal TractUpper Motor Neuron Pyramidal Tract Upper Motor Neuron Pyramidal TractUpper Motor Neuron Pyramidal Tract
Upper Motor Neuron Pyramidal TractUpper Motor Neuron Pyramidal Tract Upper Motor Neuron Pyramidal TractUpper Motor Neuron Pyramidal Tract
1. corona radiata 1. corona radiata
2. internal capsule,2. internal capsule, posterior limbposterior limb
3. crus cerebri3. crus cerebri
4. longitudinal 4. longitudinal pontine fiber pontine fiber
5. pyramid5. pyramid
6. pyramid decussation6. pyramid decussation
7. lateral corticospinal 7. lateral corticospinal tracttract
8. anterior corticospinal 8. anterior corticospinal tracttract
1. corona radiata 1. corona radiata
2. internal capsule,2. internal capsule, posterior limbposterior limb
3. crus cerebri3. crus cerebri
4. longitudinal 4. longitudinal pontine fiber pontine fiber
5. pyramid5. pyramid
6. pyramid decussation6. pyramid decussation
7. lateral corticospinal 7. lateral corticospinal tracttract
8. anterior corticospinal 8. anterior corticospinal tracttract
Upper Motor NeuronUpper Motor Neuron
Pyramidal TractPyramidal Tract
Upper Motor NeuronUpper Motor Neuron
Pyramidal TractPyramidal Tract
1. corona radiata 1. corona radiata
2. internal capsule 2. internal capsule
3. crus cerebri3. crus cerebri
4. pontine longitudinal fiber 4. pontine longitudinal fiber
5. pyramid5. pyramid
6. pyramid decussation6. pyramid decussation
7. lateral corticospinal tract7. lateral corticospinal tract
8. anterior corticospinal tract8. anterior corticospinal tract
1. corona radiata 1. corona radiata
2. internal capsule 2. internal capsule
3. crus cerebri3. crus cerebri
4. pontine longitudinal fiber 4. pontine longitudinal fiber
5. pyramid5. pyramid
6. pyramid decussation6. pyramid decussation
7. lateral corticospinal tract7. lateral corticospinal tract
8. anterior corticospinal tract8. anterior corticospinal tract
Upper Motor Neuron Corticospinal TractUpper Motor Neuron Corticospinal Tract Upper Motor Neuron Corticospinal TractUpper Motor Neuron Corticospinal Tract
Corticospinal Corticospinal TractTract
• completion ofcompletion of myelinationmyelination in in 22ndnd year of life year of life
• time of time of standing and standing and walkingwalking
Corticospinal Corticospinal TractTract
• completion ofcompletion of myelinationmyelination in in 22ndnd year of life year of life
• time of time of standing and standing and walkingwalking
Corticospinal tractCorticospinal tractmyelinationmyelination
Corticospinal tractCorticospinal tractmyelinationmyelination
Upper Motor Neuron Pyramidal TractUpper Motor Neuron Pyramidal Tract Upper Motor Neuron Pyramidal TractUpper Motor Neuron Pyramidal Tract
Corticobulbar TractCorticobulbar Tract
- Corticofugal fibers projecting to, and terminating in- Corticofugal fibers projecting to, and terminating in
the portions of lower brainstemthe portions of lower brainstem - Termination:- Termination:
1) motor nuclei (upper motor neuron pathway)1) motor nuclei (upper motor neuron pathway)
hypoglossal, ambiguus, facial motor,hypoglossal, ambiguus, facial motor,
trigeminal motor, abducens, trochleartrigeminal motor, abducens, trochlear
and oculomotor nucleusand oculomotor nucleus
2) sensory relay nuclei2) sensory relay nuclei
nuclei gracilis and cuneatus, trigeminalnuclei gracilis and cuneatus, trigeminal
sensory nucleus, solitary tract nucleussensory nucleus, solitary tract nucleus
3) reticular formation 3) reticular formation (corticoreticular fiber)(corticoreticular fiber)
Corticobulbar Tract (UMN Pathway)Corticobulbar Tract (UMN Pathway)
- Corticofugal fibers projecting to, - Corticofugal fibers projecting to, cranial motor nucleicranial motor nuclei
GSE - GSE - hypoglossal (XII), abducens (VI), hypoglossal (XII), abducens (VI),
trochlear (IV) and oculomotor (III) nucleustrochlear (IV) and oculomotor (III) nucleus
SVE -SVE - ambiguus (IX, X, XI), facial motor (VII),ambiguus (IX, X, XI), facial motor (VII),
trigeminal motor (V) nucleustrigeminal motor (V) nucleus
- largely - largely bilateralbilateral
laryngeal, pharyngeal, palatal and upper faciallaryngeal, pharyngeal, palatal and upper facial
muscles of mastication and extraocular musclesmuscles of mastication and extraocular muscles
- - unilateralunilateral
lower facial musculature (facial palsy)lower facial musculature (facial palsy)
SCM and trapezius (uncrossed) --- spinal accessorySCM and trapezius (uncrossed) --- spinal accessory
- - Pseudobulbar PalsyPseudobulbar Palsy --- syndrome of bilateral UMN lesion--- syndrome of bilateral UMN lesion
Upper Motor Neuron Pyramidal TractUpper Motor Neuron Pyramidal Tract Upper Motor Neuron Pyramidal TractUpper Motor Neuron Pyramidal Tract
Upper Motor Neuron vs Lower Motor Neuron SyndromeUpper Motor Neuron vs Lower Motor Neuron SyndromeUpper Motor Neuron vs Lower Motor Neuron SyndromeUpper Motor Neuron vs Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome
LMN syndromeLMN syndrome UMN SyndromeUMN Syndrome
Type of Paralysis Type of Paralysis Flaccid ParalysisFlaccid Paralysis Spastic ParesisSpastic Paresis
Atrophy Atrophy Severe Atrophy Severe Atrophy No (Disuse) AtrophyNo (Disuse) Atrophy
Deep Tendon Reflex Deep Tendon Reflex Absent DTRAbsent DTR IncreaseIncrease
Pathological Reflex Pathological Reflex AbsentAbsent Positive Babinski SignPositive Babinski Sign
Superficial Reflex Superficial Reflex PresentPresent AbsentAbsent
Fasciculation and Fasciculation and Could be Could be AbsentAbsent
Fibrillation Fibrillation PresentPresent
UMN and LMN Syndrome - ParalysisUMN and LMN Syndrome - ParalysisUMN and LMN Syndrome - ParalysisUMN and LMN Syndrome - Paralysis
Upper Motor Neuron Upper Motor Neuron SyndromeSyndrome Upper Motor Neuron Upper Motor Neuron SyndromeSyndrome
SpasticitySpasticity
- Increased resistance to passive movement in- Increased resistance to passive movement in
antigravity muscleantigravity muscle (flexor in arm, extensor in leg) (flexor in arm, extensor in leg)
Clasp Knife Clasp Knife PhenomenonPhenomenon
- Sign of- Sign of Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome, Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome,
especially especially internal capsuleinternal capsule lesion lesion
cf. cf. RigidityRigidity
- increased muscle tone, no increased DTR - increased muscle tone, no increased DTR
Cogwheel Cogwheel PhenomenonPhenomenon
- symptom of - symptom of basal gangliabasal ganglia or cerebellar lesion or cerebellar lesion
LMN SyndromeLMN Syndrome - - Muscular AtrophyMuscular AtrophyLMN SyndromeLMN Syndrome - - Muscular AtrophyMuscular Atrophy
DorsiflexionDorsiflexion of great toe and of great toe and
FanningFanning of other toesof other toes
associated with associated with plantar flexionplantar flexion
on mechanical stimulation of on mechanical stimulation of
the outer edge of the the outer edge of the
sole of the foot.sole of the foot.
(Extensor Plantar Response)
UMN syndromeUMN syndrome
BABINSKI SIGNBABINSKI SIGN
UMN syndromeUMN syndrome
BABINSKI SIGNBABINSKI SIGN
UMN SyndromeUMN Syndrome – Increased – Increased Deep Tendon ReflexDeep Tendon ReflexUMN SyndromeUMN Syndrome – Increased – Increased Deep Tendon ReflexDeep Tendon Reflex
Increased Increased DTRDTR is characteristic signis characteristic sign of of UMN syndromeUMN syndrome
Monosynaptic reflexMonosynaptic reflex
Patellar tendon Patellar tendon stretch receptor tostretch receptor to anterior horn cellanterior horn cell
Quadriceps Quadriceps contractioncontraction
Increased Increased DTRDTR is characteristic signis characteristic sign of of UMN syndromeUMN syndrome
Monosynaptic reflexMonosynaptic reflex
Patellar tendon Patellar tendon stretch receptor tostretch receptor to anterior horn cellanterior horn cell
Quadriceps Quadriceps contractioncontraction
Deep Tendon Reflex Deep Tendon Reflex (Knee Jerk)(Knee Jerk)
Deep Tendon Reflex Deep Tendon Reflex (Knee Jerk)(Knee Jerk)
LMN SyndromeLMN Syndrome – – Fasciculation and FibrillationFasciculation and FibrillationLMN SyndromeLMN Syndrome – – Fasciculation and FibrillationFasciculation and Fibrillation
Electromyography (EMG)
Hypersensitivity to circulating acetylcholineHypersensitivity to circulating acetylcholine
LMN syndromeLMN syndrome andand UMN Syndrome UMN SyndromeLMN syndromeLMN syndrome andand UMN Syndrome UMN Syndrome
Predominantly Motor SyndromesPredominantly Motor Syndromes
• Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis)Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis) - viral infection of lower motor neuron- viral infection of lower motor neuron
- LMN syndrome at the level of lesion- LMN syndrome at the level of lesion
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - combined LMN and UMN lesion- combined LMN and UMN lesion
- LMN syndrome at the level of lesion- LMN syndrome at the level of lesion
- UMN syndrome below the level of lesion- UMN syndrome below the level of lesion
- Lou Gehrig’s disease in USA- Lou Gehrig’s disease in USA
Spinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord Syndrome Spinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord Syndrome
Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
1. corticospinal1. corticospinal tract (UMN)tract (UMN)
2. lower motor2. lower motor neuron (LMN)neuron (LMN)
Spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosisSpinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosisSpinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosisSpinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
** **
** **** **
MotorMotorSyndromeSyndrome
AmyotrophicAmyotrophicLateral SclerosisLateral Sclerosis
(ALS)(ALS)
Lou Gherig’sLou Gherig’sDiseaseDisease
MotorMotorSyndromeSyndrome
AmyotrophicAmyotrophicLateral SclerosisLateral Sclerosis
(ALS)(ALS)
Lou Gherig’sLou Gherig’sDiseaseDisease
Lou "The Iron Horse" Gehrig (1903-41)Lou "The Iron Horse" Gehrig (1903-41)3.40, 2131(1925-39), 23 GSH, 147 RBI avg.3.40, 2131(1925-39), 23 GSH, 147 RBI avg.
Spinal CordSpinal CordSyndromeSyndrome
AmyotrophicAmyotrophicLateral SclerosisLateral Sclerosis
(ALS)(ALS)
Lou Gehrig’sLou Gehrig’sDiseaseDisease
Spinal CordSpinal CordSyndromeSyndrome
AmyotrophicAmyotrophicLateral SclerosisLateral Sclerosis
(ALS)(ALS)
Lou Gehrig’sLou Gehrig’sDiseaseDisease Stephen Hawking (1946- )Stephen Hawking (1946- )
British Physicist, A Brief History of TimeBritish Physicist, A Brief History of Time
FacialFacial PalsyPalsy
(Bell’s Palsy)(Bell’s Palsy)
Lower MotorLower MotorNeuronNeuron
SyndromeSyndrome
FacialFacial PalsyPalsy
(Bell’s Palsy)(Bell’s Palsy)
Lower MotorLower MotorNeuronNeuron
SyndromeSyndromeTriple W SignTriple W Sign - Wrinkle, Wink, Whistle - Wrinkle, Wink, Whistle
Central TypeCentral TypeFacialFacial PalsyPalsy
Upper MotorUpper MotorNeuronNeuron
SyndromeSyndrome
Central TypeCentral TypeFacialFacial PalsyPalsy
Upper MotorUpper MotorNeuronNeuron
SyndromeSyndromefacial motor nucleus neuronsfacial motor nucleus neuronssupplying forehead musclesupplying forehead muscle
Bilateral Corticobulbar TractBilateral Corticobulbar Tract
• Inability Inability to properlyto properly
execute a execute a learnedlearned skilled movementskilled movement• Absence of paralysisAbsence of paralysis• Caused by lesions inCaused by lesions in
1. Premotor Area1. Premotor Area
2. Corpus Callosum2. Corpus Callosum
3. Parietal somesthetic3. Parietal somesthetic
association areaassociation area
(storage of body (storage of body
image)image)
• Inability Inability to properlyto properly
execute a execute a learnedlearned skilled movementskilled movement• Absence of paralysisAbsence of paralysis• Caused by lesions inCaused by lesions in
1. Premotor Area1. Premotor Area
2. Corpus Callosum2. Corpus Callosum
3. Parietal somesthetic3. Parietal somesthetic
association areaassociation area
(storage of body (storage of body
image)image)
APRAXIA – Cortical LesionAPRAXIA – Cortical LesionAPRAXIA – Cortical LesionAPRAXIA – Cortical Lesion
Somatic Motor SystemSomatic Motor SystemSomatic Motor SystemSomatic Motor System
Upper Motor NeuronUpper Motor Neuron
UMNUMNUpper Motor NeuronUpper Motor Neuron
UMNUMN
Final Common PathwayFinal Common Pathway
Lower Motor NeuronLower Motor Neuron
LMNLMN
Final Common PathwayFinal Common Pathway
Lower Motor NeuronLower Motor Neuron
LMNLMN
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal MuscleSkeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
DescendingDescendingBrain StemBrain StemPathwaysPathways
DescendingDescendingBrain StemBrain StemPathwaysPathways
motor nerve nervemotor nerve nerve
pyramidaltract
pyramidaltract
reflex arcreflex arc
VOLUNTARY CONTROLVOLUNTARY CONTROL
AUTOMATICMOTOR
CONTROL
AUTOMATICMOTOR
CONTROL
Pyramidal Tract and Associated CircuitsPyramidal Tract and Associated Circuits
lower motor neuron
CEREBELLUMCEREBELLUMCEREBELLUMCEREBELLUM BASALBASALGANGLIAGANGLIA
BASALBASALGANGLIAGANGLIA
Upper Motor NeuronUpper Motor Neuron
UMNUMN
Upper Motor NeuronUpper Motor Neuron
UMNUMN
Lower Motor NeuronLower Motor Neuron
LMNLMN
Lower Motor NeuronLower Motor Neuron
LMNLMN
Somatic Motor SystemSomatic Motor SystemSomatic Motor SystemSomatic Motor System
Upper Motor NeuronUpper Motor Neuron
UMNUMNUpper Motor NeuronUpper Motor Neuron
UMNUMN
Final Common PathwayFinal Common Pathway
Lower Motor NeuronLower Motor Neuron
LMNLMN
Final Common PathwayFinal Common Pathway
Lower Motor NeuronLower Motor Neuron
LMNLMN
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal MuscleSkeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
DescendingDescendingBrain StemBrain StemPathwaysPathways
DescendingDescendingBrain StemBrain StemPathwaysPathways
motor nerve nervemotor nerve nerve
pyramidaltract
pyramidaltract
reflex arcreflex arc
VOLUNTARY CONTROLVOLUNTARY CONTROL
AUTOMATICMOTOR
CONTROL
AUTOMATICMOTOR
CONTROL
AUTOMATIC MOTOR CONTROLAUTOMATIC MOTOR CONTROL
Spinal Cord Level: Spinal Cord Level:
- - Spinal Reflex : Monosynaptic & PolysynapticSpinal Reflex : Monosynaptic & Polysynaptic
Brain Stem Level:Brain Stem Level: Reticulospinal PathwaysReticulospinal Pathways Lateral and Medial Reticulospinal TractLateral and Medial Reticulospinal Tract
Ventromedial PathwaysVentromedial Pathways Tectospinal TractTectospinal Tract Vestibulospinal TractVestibulospinal Tract MLF (medial longitudinal fasciculus)MLF (medial longitudinal fasciculus)
Posterolateral PathwaysPosterolateral Pathways Rubrospinal TractRubrospinal Tract
Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Motor PathwaysDorsolateral and Ventromedial Motor Pathways
Dorsolateral (Motor) PathwayDorsolateral (Motor) Pathway
Rubrospinal TractRubrospinal Tract
Ventromedial (Motor) Pathway Ventromedial (Motor) Pathway
Tectospinal TractTectospinal Tract
Vestibulospinal TractVestibulospinal Tract
MLF (Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus)MLF (Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus)
- interstitiospinal tract - interstitiospinal tract
Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Motor PathwaysDorsolateral and Ventromedial Motor Pathways
Dorsolateral (Motor) PathwayDorsolateral (Motor) Pathway
Rubrospinal TractRubrospinal Tract
Ventromedial (Motor) Pathway Ventromedial (Motor) Pathway
Tectospinal TractTectospinal Tract
Vestibulospinal TractVestibulospinal Tract
MLF (Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus)MLF (Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus)
- interstitiospinal tract - interstitiospinal tract
Brain Stem Brain Stem Automatic Motor ControlAutomatic Motor Control Brain Stem Brain Stem Automatic Motor ControlAutomatic Motor Control
ventromedialventromedial pathwaypathway
dorsolateraldorsolateral pathwaypathway
DescendingDescendingMotorMotorTractsTractsfromfromBrain StemBrain Stem
AutomaticAutomaticMotorMotor
ControlControl
AutomaticAutomaticMotorMotor
ControlControl
AUTONOMIC AUTONOMIC
MOTORMOTOR
SYSTEMSYSTEM
Sympathetic Sympathetic
DivisionDivision
Parasympathetic Parasympathetic
DivisionDivision
AUTONOMIC MOTOR SYSTEMAUTONOMIC MOTOR SYSTEM
Postganglionic NeuronPostganglionic Neuron
Preganglionic NeuronPreganglionic NeuronPreganglionic NeuronPreganglionic Neuron
Smooth Muscle & GlandSmooth Muscle & GlandSmooth Muscle & GlandSmooth Muscle & Gland
HYPOTHALAMUSHYPOTHALAMUSHYPOTHALAMUSHYPOTHALAMUS
Preganglionic FiberPreganglionic Fiber
Postganglionic fiberPostganglionic fiber
Descending Descending
Autonomic PathwayAutonomic Pathway
AchAch
Ach & NEAch & NE
AUTONOMIC AUTONOMIC MOTOR MOTOR SYSTEMSYSTEM Intramural ganglia Paravertebral gangliaIntramural ganglia Paravertebral ganglia
Cranial ganglia Prevertebral gangliaCranial ganglia Prevertebral ganglia
Postganglionic NeuronPostganglionic Neuron
Intramural ganglia Paravertebral gangliaIntramural ganglia Paravertebral gangliaCranial ganglia Prevertebral gangliaCranial ganglia Prevertebral ganglia
Postganglionic NeuronPostganglionic Neuron
Preganglionic NeuronPreganglionic Neuron
Parasympathetic SympatheticParasympathetic Sympathetic
Preganglionic NeuronPreganglionic Neuron
Parasympathetic SympatheticParasympathetic Sympathetic
Effectors: Smooth Muscle & GlandEffectors: Smooth Muscle & GlandEffectors: Smooth Muscle & GlandEffectors: Smooth Muscle & Gland
HYPOTHALAMUSHYPOTHALAMUSHYPOTHALAMUSHYPOTHALAMUS
Descending Autonomic PathwayDescending Autonomic Pathway
Ach AchAch Ach
Ach NEAch NE
AUTONOMIC MOTOR SYSTEMAUTONOMIC MOTOR SYSTEM
Spinal CordSpinal Cord
- Intermediolateral Cell Column- Intermediolateral Cell Column Sympathetic: TSympathetic: T11-L-L33
Parasympathetic: SParasympathetic: S22-S-S44
Brain StemBrain Stem
Parasympathetic (GVE)Parasympathetic (GVE) Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus --------Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus -------- XX
Inferior Salivatory Nucleus -------------- Inferior Salivatory Nucleus -------------- IXIX
Superior Salivatory Nucleus ------------ Superior Salivatory Nucleus ------------ VIIVII
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus--------------- Edinger-Westphal Nucleus--------------- IIIIII
Sympathetic ParasympatheticSympathetic Parasympathetic
Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system blood vesselsblood vessels none none to skeletal muscleto skeletal muscle vasodilationvasodilation to skin and viscerato skin and viscera vasoconstrictionvasoconstriction HeartHeart rate, force of contractionrate, force of contraction increasesincreases decreases decreasesRespiratory systemRespiratory system diameter of air passagesdiameter of air passages increasesincreases decreases decreases respiratory raterespiratory rate increasesincreases decreases decreasesEyeEye dilate pupildilate pupil constrict pupil constrict pupil accommodationaccommodation distance visiondistance vision near vision near visionSweat glandSweat gland increased secretionincreased secretion none noneAdrenal glandAdrenal gland secretes E, NEsecretes E, NE none none
Sympathetic ParasympatheticSympathetic Parasympathetic
Digestive systemDigestive system general level of activitygeneral level of activity decreasesdecreases increasesincreases sphincterssphincters constrictconstrict dilate dilate secretory glandssecretory glands inhibitinhibit stimulatestimulate salivary glandsalivary gland stimulate stimulate simulate simulate
serousserous secretion secretion waterywatery secretion secretionUrinary systemUrinary system kidneyskidneys decreases urinedecreases urine increasesincreases urine urine urinary bladderurinary bladder relaxesrelaxes tenses tenses
sphinctersphincter constrictsconstricts relaxes relaxesMale reproductive systemMale reproductive system increases increases erectionerection glandular secretionglandular secretion and and ejaculationejaculation
Sympathetic ResponseSympathetic Response
- fight of flight reaction- fight of flight reaction
• increases blood supplyincreases blood supply to skeletal muscleto skeletal muscle• increases heart rateincreases heart rate• increases diameter of increases diameter of air passagesair passages• increases rate of respirationincreases rate of respiration• dilate pupildilate pupil• secrets epinephrine and secrets epinephrine and norepinephrinenorepinephrine
• decreases blood to visceradecreases blood to viscera• constricts bladder sphincterconstricts bladder sphincter
• increases sweat productionincreases sweat production• constrict arrector pili muscleconstrict arrector pili muscle
Parasympathetic Parasympathetic ResponseResponse
- energy conservation for- energy conservation for emergency situationemergency situation
• increases general activity of increases general activity of digestive systemdigestive system• increases secretion ofincreases secretion of digestive glandsdigestive glands• increases urine productionincreases urine production and relaxes sphincterand relaxes sphincter• erectionerection
• decreases diameter of decreases diameter of air passagesair passages• decreases respiratory ratedecreases respiratory rate• constricts pupilconstricts pupil