Motivation: External and Internal
Motivation: External and Internal
Psychological Needs Not necessary for survival like
biological needs. Make life worth living. People engage in all kinds of
activities unrelated to basic needs.
Why do we work? Support ourselves
and our families. Pay bills. Most people enjoy
work. Sense of purpose. Social aspect of
being with other people.
Enjoy leisure activities. Retirement activities. Sun City, Florida. Sports, crafts,
performance, social outreach.
Everyone has role in community.
Community run by volunteers.
Motivating people to get involved.
Hope people will do what is best.
Help out when needed.
Avoid well-known risks.
Sometimes we have to mold behavior.
Safer to wear seatbelts. Well-known that
seatbelts save lives. Usage varies greatly. 51% in Mass before law.
Now 76%. 91% in Calif 78% in CT Requirement and
enforcement make a difference
Eventually internalized
Starts extrinsic. Not wearing seatbelt
might lead to punishment.
Wearing reinforced by others and by vehicle.
Put them on as a matter of habit.
Becomes intrinsic.
Punishment and reinforcement. “Click it or ticket” Threat of punishment. Random checks. Car comes with
warning buzzers. Stop if you buckle up. Reinforces wearing.
Developing skills String bass in corner Like to get back to playing it Boring to play bass part Need to join group Rewards of working together Concert coming up Positives outweigh negatives Lugging bass across campus
Environment controls behavior
Extrinsic motivation. External rewards and punishments. Praise increase likelihood I’ll
participate. Criticism decrease the likelihood. Principles of operant conditioning at
work.
Effects on behavior Reinforcement Leads to an
increase in behavior.
Punishment Leads to a
decrease in behavior.
Types of reinforcement Positive
reinforcement: behavior leads to
reward.Negative
reinforcement: behavior removes pain or anxiety
Ex: take pill for headache
Types of punishment Behavior leads to
unpleasant outcome or takes away something pleasant.
Goal of punishment is a decrease in unwanted behavior.
Add to Take away from
Pleasant
Unpleasant
Rewards and punishments
Add to Take away from
Pleasant Positive reinforcement
Type II punishment
Unpleasant Type I punishment
Negative reinforcement
Problems with punishment Negative feelings towards person
giving punishment. Physical or psychological pain. Escalate in severity. Situational: substitute teacher
syndrome. Less likely to internalize.
External versus internal Better to have intrinsic motivation. Behave not because you fear
punishment or expect reward (external)
But because you want to behave in a certain way.
Motivation from within (intrinsic).
Ryan and Deci American Psychologist, 1/2000 Self-Determination Theory Facilitation of intrinsic motivation Described in Reeve Chapters 5 & 6. Chart on Reeve p 154.
Components of Intrinsic Motivation
Autonomy: self-governing Competence: well-qualified, capable a.k.a self-efficacy Relatedness: support and affirmation
from peers.
Extrinsic Motivation Needed when no intrinsic reasons Example: pay taxes Develop intrinsic over time Example: seat belt use. At first extrinsic: avoid tickets,
alarms, nagging children Becomes internalized
Regulatory styles Ryan and Deci p. 72 (Reeve p. 154) Amotivation Non-regulation Don’t care about rewards and
punishments. Lack of control. “They pretend to pay us and we
pretend to work.”
Ryan and Deci tableMotivation: Amotivation Extrinsic Intrinsic
Regulation: None External Intrinsic
Locus of control:
Impersonal External Internal
Regulation leads to
NonvaluingIncompetence
ComplianceRewards and punishment
Enjoyment Satisfaction
Continuum of Regulation External ------------------- Internal External regulation Compliance External rewards and punishments.
Internal regulation Synthesis with self-congruence. Agreement conforms to beliefs Goal is to get people to accept goals
as their own. Move from compliance to self-
regulation. Compliance with medication.
Facilitating Internalization Relatedness Desire to belong and feel connected. Group projects, share tasks Self-efficacy Improves chances of success Avoid early failures
Psychological needs Self-determination theory related to
psychological needs. Extrinsic motivation not strongly
related to well-being Wealth, fame and image. Well-being not enhanced by
achievement of extrinsic goals.
Ryan and Deci, p 75 “Exposure to commercial media
prompt a focus on materialism which provides fleeting satisfactions.”
May seek extrinsic rewards to compensate for deficits in fulfilling basic psychological needs.
Extrinsic rewards are insufficient and poor compensation.
Self actualization Promote autonomy and competence. Encourage natural potential for
growth. Facilitating human achievement and
well-being Provide social environment to
support growth. “Hot house” Home, school, job.