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MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Jun 29, 2018

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Page 1: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 1

Motivation & Emotion

Page 2: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

What Motivates Us?

Money?

Power?

Fame?

Love?

Jealousy?

Imagine you inherited $10 million today

– how would your life plans change?

Slide # 2

Page 3: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

If you were Bill Gates would you

ever work again? Founder of Microsoft

World’s richest man

(2013)

He could never

hope to spend all of

his wealth, yet he

still works.

http://www.youtube.

com/watch?v=_R8bI

4ZzSZ8

Slide # 3

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Steve Jobs Money doesn’t

motivate

– “I was worth over $1,000,000 when I was 23, and over $10,000,000 when I was 24, and over $100,000,000 when I was 25, and it wasn’t that important because I never did it for the money

“I want to put a ding in the universe.”

Slide # 4

Page 5: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 5

Instinct Theory William James

Humans are

motivated by a

variety of instincts

Instincts: inherited

tendencies that are

not subject to

reason

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Slide # 6

Instincts

Present at Birth Sucking reflex

Facial expressions like smiling

Hunger, thirst, warmth

Helping, aggression, mate selection

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Slide # 7

Freud and

Instinct Theory Freud believed that

instincts motivate human behavior

Motivation is caused by sexual and aggressive instincts

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Slide # 8

Today’s Views Few psychologists

today subscribe to

instinct theory

Instinct theory

leaves out the roles

that learning and

culture play

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Slide # 9

Evolutionary Theories

Motivation is a

product of evolution

Survey of 10,000

men and women in

33 countries on six

continents

What males want

What females want

*Mate characteristics

activity

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Slide # 10

Clark Hull –

Drive Reduction Theory

By the 1950s, drive reduction theory

had replaced instinct theory

biological needs demand satisfaction

(food, water, sleep)

Need: state of deprivation

Drive: state of bodily tension caused by

a need

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Slide # 11

Drive Reduction (cont.)

Homeostasis = balance

Body temperature, blood sugar, and

oxygen levels

Habits

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Slide # 12

Primary vs.

Secondary Drives

Primary (physiological, innate): hunger,

thirst, sexual desire.

Secondary (psychological, result of

experience): wealth, success, social

approval

Relation between primary and

secondary drives

Page 13: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 13

Harry Harlow Challenged drive

reduction theory

Claimed that Hull

overlooked

important factors

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Slide # 14

Harlow’s Experiment He took baby rhesus

monkeys away from their mothers and put them alone in cages with two surrogate “mothers”

One mother was equipped with a bottle, the other was covered with cloth

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Slide # 16

Manipulating

Arousal Levels People perform best

when under

moderate arousal

Over-arousal can be

detrimental

Arousal levels vary

for different people

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Slide # 17

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation:

a desire to do

something because

you enjoy doing it

Extrinsic motivation:

a desire to

something in order

to gain a reward or

avoid a punishment

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Slide # 18

Incentive Theory Rewards and

punishments shape

behavior

Incentive theory

stresses the role of

environment

Page 19: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 19

Maslow’s Pyramid Basic needs are at

the bottom of the pyramid

Tiers of needs

Self-actualization (fulfilling one’s potential)

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Slide # 20

Motivation and the Brain Hunger is controlled

by the

hypothalamus in the

brain

ESB (electrical brain

stimulation)

Page 21: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 21

Animal Studies Activation or

destruction of the hypothalamus causes changes in eating habits

Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

Learned preference

Page 22: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 22

Stanley Schachter

Studied how

external cues affect

hunger

Page 23: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 23

Sensitivity

to External Cues

External determinants

can elicit insulin

secretions that can

lead to increased

appetite

Obesity factors

Genetic

predispositions

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Slide # 24

Stress-Induced Eating

Stress leads many

people to increase

their eating

More common in

women than men;

more likely among

chronic dieters

Page 25: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 25

Obesity and Health Issues

Coronary disease

Respiratory

problems

Diabetes, arthritis,

back problems

Digestive diseases

Page 26: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 26

Risks

Associated With Dieting

Page 27: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 27

Anorexia:

Risks for Teens Cardiovascular

problems

Gastrointestinal

problems

Disruption of the

menstrual cycle

Death and suicide

Page 28: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 28

A Psychological Explanation

A desire to avoid full

maturation

Wanting to stay a

little girl

Social pressures

Page 29: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 29

Bulimia Binging and purging

ritual

Obsession with

weight

Begins in late

adolescence

Complications

Page 30: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 30

Causes Of

Eating Disorders Societal pressures

on young women

50% - 75% of

adolescent girls are

unhappy with their

body image

Bombarded with

images of slender

models/actresses

Page 31: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 31

An Impossible Standard The slenderizing of

the ideal feminine

form

Body mass index,

Miss America

Pageant

The gender gap

Cultural differences

Page 32: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Life-size Barbie

5’9”

110 lbs.

39-18-33

BMI = 16.4 %

Anorexic

Would not

menstruate

Slide # 32

Page 33: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Theories of Emotion Review

Smart response Notebook

– James – Lange

– Cannon-Bard

– Schachter

Slide # 33

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Slide # 34

Sexual

Motivation and Behavior

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Slide # 35

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones secreted by the gonads influence sexual motivation

Estrogens = female, androgens = male

Regulated by pituitary/hypothalamus

Page 36: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 36

Attraction to a Partner

Availability and

attraction

The Coolidge Effect

Evolutionary

theorists

Page 37: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 37

Selectivity of Partners Human selectivity is

influenced by

learning and

experience

Physical beauty,

personality,

competence, values

Gender differences

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Slide # 38

1 2 3

4 5 6

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Slide # 39

Achievement Motivation

The need for achievement

The need to master difficult challenges

The need to outperform others

Maslow’s work relative to achievement

Page 40: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 40

David McClelland Three-needs theory of

motivation

– Achievement

– Power

– Affiliation

High achievers

Applications:

individuals, societies,

organizations

Page 41: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 41

Situational

Factors in Achievement

Motivation to achieve success

The probability of success

The incentive value

The fear of failure

Page 42: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 42

Gender Differences Gender differences

in achievement

emerge early in life

Gender-role

stereotypes

Page 43: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 43

Emotions

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Slide # 44

Elements Of Emotion Cognitive

(subjective)

Physiological

Behavioral

Page 45: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 45

Facial Expressions

Facial expressions can

reveal a variety of basic

emotions

Six fundamental

emotions: happiness,

anger, sadness,

surprise, disgust, fear

Cross-cultural

comparisons

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Slide # 46

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange

Cannon-Bard

Schachter (Cognitive)

Page 47: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 47

James-Lange Theory Stresses biological

determinants of emotion

1. Stimulus happens

2. Body reacts

3. Person is aware something is wrong

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Slide # 48

Cannon-Bard Theory “Fight or flight” response

People who experience very different emotions (such as fear, anger, and joy) exhibit almost the same patterns of autonomic arousal

Something happens

Body & mind react at the same time

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Slide # 49

Schachter (Cognitive) Theory 1. Something happens

2. Autonomic arousal

3. Cognitive

interpretation

Page 50: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 50

James-Lange

Theory

Cannon-Bard

Theory

Cognitive

Theory

Something

happens

Something

happens

Something

happens

Body reacts Body reacts AND

emotion

produced at

same time

We THINK about

what happens –

then LABEL it

Emotion

produced

Emotion

produced

Page 51: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 51

Evolutionary

Theories of Emotion

Predicated on the work of Charles

Darwin

Emotions evolved before higher-order

thinking

We have fundamental emotions: fear,

anger, joy, disgust, surprise

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Slide # 52

STRESS

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Slide # 53

Psychological

and Physiological Stress Stress affects us

both psychologically

and physiologically

Stress can kill

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Slide # 54

Anxiety

Anger

Fear

Types of

Short-Term Stress

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Slide # 55

Symptoms

of Short-Term Stress Doubting one’s

ability

Not thinking clearly

Overreacting

No joy from life

Feeling hemmed in

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Slide # 56

General

Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Three stages:

– 1. Alarm reaction (fight or flight)

– 2. Resistance (the body tries to fight off the stressor)

– 3. Exhaustion (physical problems appear; psychological breakdown)

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Slide # 57

Physical

Reactions to Short-Term Stress Insomnia

Migraine headaches

Muscle aches and

pains

Digestive

Irregularities

Page 58: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 58

Behavioral Reactions to Stress

Nervous habits

Trembling

Pacing

Eating meals too

quickly

Smoke/drink more

Tired for no reason

Page 59: MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS - Quia · Motivation & Emotion . What Motivates Us? Money? ... Motivation is caused ... MOTIVATION & EMOTIONS Author:

Slide # 59

More Behavioral Reactions

to Stress

Changes in posture

Loss of interest in eating, grooming,

sexual activity, personal relationships

Apathy

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Slide # 60

Long-Term Stress

Does not

necessarily cause

mental illness

May contribute to

suicide

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Slide # 61

Physical Reactions to

Long-Term Stress

Peptic ulcers

Hypertension

Arthritis

Asthma

Heart disease

Disruption of the

immune system

80% of all disease is

stress-related

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Slide # 62

Long-Term

Behavioral Reactions to Stress Alcoholism/

addiction

Unemployment

Increasing aggressiveness

Criminal behavior

Depression/ suicide

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Slide # 63

Adolescent Stress A parent, sibling, relative, or friend dying

Parents getting a divorce

Failing a subject in school

Being arrested

Abusing drugs or alcohol

Getting fired from a job

Hassling with parents

Troubles with weight

Moving to a new school

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Slide # 64

Personality Differences

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Slide # 65

Type A Personality Coronary disease in

30s

Constant flow of adrenaline

Interaction with cholesterol

Blockage of arteries

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Slide # 66

Type A (cont.)

Prepared for fight or

flight

Irritable/impatient

Move/eat rapidly

Free-floating

hostility

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Slide # 67

Type A (cont.)

Tries to do two or

more things at the

same time

Feels guilty when

not working

Very competitive

Very anxious about

time, hates delays

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Slide # 68

Type B Personality

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Slide # 69

“Shell Shock”/Delayed Stress/

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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Slide # 70

Post-Traumatic

Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A maladaptive reaction

to traumatic events or

stressors

Natural disasters,

combat, accidents,

sexual assault, life-

threatening diseases,

terrorist attacks

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Slide # 71

PTSD Problems

Avoidance of cues associated with the

trauma

Re-experiencing the event

Impaired functioning

Heightened arousal

Emotional numbing