Mosley 9e ppt_ch13

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CHAPTER 13

EXERCISING CONTROL

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• Define control and explain how it relates to planning• Discuss the characteristics of effective control

systems • Discuss the three types of control systems• Discuss the four steps in the control process

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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• Identify the different types of standards• Explain the importance of strategic control

points• Discuss management by exception• Discuss the impact of technology on control

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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• Compares actual performance with planned performance and takes corrective action to ensure objectives are achieved

• Phases• Anticipating things that could go wrong and taking

preventive measures to see that they don’t • Monitoring performance to compare what is

happening with what is supposed to be happening• Correcting performance problems that occur

• Linked to planning - Controlling is the process supervisors use to help carry out their plans

CONTROL

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EXHIBIT 13.1 - MURPHY’S LAWS

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CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS

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TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

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EXHIBIT 13.3 - TIPS FOR ESTABLISHING PREVENTIVE CONTROLS

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EXHIBIT 13.4 - THE PROCESS OF CONTROL

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• Standard: Unit of measurement that serves as a reference point for evaluating results• Types• Tangible standards: Clear, concrete, specific,

and measurable• Numerical standards• Physical standards• Monetary standards

• Intangible standards: Relate to human characteristics and so are difficult to measure

ESTABLISHING PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

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• Standards are set by:• Supervisors based on the time required to

perform tasks, the quality necessary, and the expected employee behavior

• The various staff departments on specific areas

ESTABLISHING PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

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• How often to measure • Establish strategic control points to facilitate

any adjustments that need to be made• Consider the importance of the job and the level

of measurement of progress it warrants • How to measure• Personal observation• Written or oral reports by or about employees• Automatic methods• Inspections, tests, or samples

MEASURING PERFORMANCE

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EXHIBIT 13.6 - SETTING STRATEGIC CONTROL POINTS IN THE CONTROL PROCESS

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• To understand the reason for the difference between planned and actual performance, supervisor must:• Determine the reasons for below-average

performance

• Compare results that are substantially above standard to determine why they varied from standard

• Find out the opinions of those close to a problem to determine why standards are not being met

COMPARING PERFORMANCE WITH STANDARDS AND ANALYZING DEVIATIONS

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• Involves modifying, adjusting, and fine-tuning in response to problems encountered• Essential to pull off important tasks or maintain

standards

TAKING CORRECTIVE ACTION IF NECESSARY

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MANAGEMENT BY EXCEPTION

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EXHIBIT 13.8 - MANAGEMENT BY EXCEPTION

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• Decision making and control have shifted downward to lower levels of management• Digital monitoring - Enables supervisors to give

instructions and control operations from a distance away from those activities

IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON CONTROL

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• Concurrent controls• Feedback controls• Feedforward controls• Intangible standards• Management by

exception• Monetary standards

IMPORTANT TERMS

• Numerical standards• Physical standards• Standard• Strategic control

point• Tangible standards• Time standards