MOSAIC Mars Orbiters for Surface - Atmosphere - Ionosphere Connections Rob Lillis & the MOSAIC team A Planetary Mission Concept Study MOSAIC NOTE ADDED BY JPL WEBMASTER: This content has not been approved or adopted by NASA, JPL, or the California Institute of Technology. This document is being made available for information purposes only, and any views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of NASA, JPL, or the California Institute of Technology.
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M O S A I C
Mars Orbiters for Surface-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Connections
Rob Lillis & the MOSAIC team
A Planetary Mission Concept Study
MOSAIC
NOTE ADDED BY JPL WEBMASTER: This
content has not been approved or adopted
by NASA, JPL, or the California Institute of
Technology. This document is being made available for
information purposes only, and any views
and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state
or reflect those of NASA, JPL, or the
California Institute of Technology.
M O S A I C
MOSAIC GOALS Mission Objectives
Understand Mars’s present day climate processes and their inter-connections, from the sub-surface to the solar wind
(i.e. how do the different parts of the Mars climate system talk to each other?)
I.D Characterize fields and plasma flows in the upstream solar wind and throughout the magnetosphere and upper ionosphere, separating spatial from temporal variability.
I.C: Correlate variability in the thermosphere, ionosphere, and escape rates to:
Conditions in the lower-middle atmosphere.
The space weather environment
I.B: Characterize the structure and dynamics of the Martian lower-middle atmosphere on meso- and global scales, and its geographic, diurnal, and seasonal variability.
I.A: Characterize volatile cycling between the subsurface, surface and atmospheric reservoirs.
MOSAIC Goals & Objectives: Science
M O S A I CObjectives to Investigations
Mission Objectives
Investigations:
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I.A: Characterize volatile cycling between the subsurface, surface and atmospheric reservoirs.
I.B: Characterize the structure and dynamics of the Martian lower-middle atmosphere on meso- and global scales, and its geographic, diurnal, and seasonal variability.
I.C: Correlate variability in the thermosphere, ionosphere, and escape rates to:
Conditions in the lower-middle atmosphere.
The space weather environment
I.D Characterize fields and plasma flows in the upstream solar wind and throughout the magnetosphere and upper ionosphere, separating spatial from temporal variability.
M O S A I CConnections between science and architectures
Investigation 1 Measure
the 3-D Distribution of ice from the surface
to 10m below.
Investigation 8 Measure magnetic field and plasma conditions in the upstream solar wind, and solar
extreme ultraviolet irradiance.
Investigation 2 Measure the
geographic and altitude
distribution of pressure, winds,
aerosol concentrations,
water vapor, ozone, and
temperatures in the Mars lower
and middle atmosphere.
Investigation 3 Measure the
complete diurnal and geographic behavior of
the atmosphere
and evolution of Martian
dust and ice clouds.
Investigation 4 Measure the
global 3-D composition, structure, and winds in Mar’s thermosphere.
Investigation 5 Measure
the global 3-D structure of
Mars ionosphere.
Investigation 6 Measure
the 3-D density and
temperature structure of
Mars hydrogen and
oxygen exospheres.
Investigation 7 Measure (from multiple view
points) magnetic field and topology and fluxes of light
CostP-band SA radar 1 T : 1 B : 1 125 kg 200 W $170 MVisible camera 1 T : 1 B : 1 3.4 kg 10 W $5 MThermal IR radiometer (MCS) 2 T : 1 B : 1 9 kg 18 W $25 MWind LIDAR (MARLI) 2 T : 1 B : 1 45 kg 91 W $40 MSub-mm sounder 2 T : 1 B : 1 35 kg 39 W $35 MNear IR spectrometer 3 T : 0 B : 1 0.3 kg 2.5 W $0.34 MWind doppler interferometer 4 T : 1 B : 1 40 kg 20 W $40 MFUV/MUV spectrometer 4 T : 1 B : 1 27 kg 28 W $30 MRadio occultation 3,5 T : 1 B : 1 1.5 kg 3 W $2 MTotal 286 kg 412 W $347 M
• Measures vertical profiles at fixed local time of: – Subsurface ice – Lower/middle atmosphere: Temperature, pressure, H2O, aerosols and wind – Upper atmosphere: neutral composition& density, ion density, neutral wind
• Large SEP Class B spacecraft. Low circular sun-synchronous polar orbit, ~350 km altitude.
~2000 kg dry mass.
M O S A I CPolar Orbit Smallsat
• Measures: vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, water vapor, aerosols, iceand ionospheric plasma density.
• Sun-synchronous low ~350 km polar orbit, 3-axis stabilized• 3 copies of this spacecraft, each at a different local solar time• Dropped off by the Mothership in a low polar orbit, and then
moves itself into a sun-sync orbit with the correct local time
Polar 2Polar 1
Polar 3
Mothership
9am
12pm
3pm6pm
3am
9pm
6am12am
InstrumentInv. Priority Mass Power Cost
Mini therm. IR radiometer 3 T : 1 B : 3 3.5 kg 8 W $10 M
Mini near IR spectrometer 3 T : 0 B : 3 0.3 kg 2.5 W $0.34 M
Radio occultation 3,5 T : 1 B : 3 1.5 kg 3 W $2 M
Total 5.3 kg 13.5 W $12.3 M
M O S A I CElliptical Orbit Smallsat
• Measures: ion and sputtering escape, magnetic morphology and topology, thermal plasma, and electric fields. Also neutral temperature/pressure via RO.
• 2 copies, pearls-on-a-string orbit allows disambiguation of spatial/temporal variability and measurement of real-time response to solar storms.
• Elliptical orbit, 7000 km x 150km, 4.5 hours. Spinner.• Booms, including four 20m centrifugally stabilized wire booms• Dropped off by the Mothership in a near-polar elliptical orbit.• Smaller cheaper non-spinning version without electric fields also examined.
Instrument Inv Priority Mass Power Cost
Fluxgate magnetometer 7 T : 2 B : 2 1.3 kg 4.9 W $4 M
Ion energy/angle/mass 7 T : 2 B : 2 3.3 kg 4.2 W $4 M
Electron energy/angle 7 T : 2 B : 2 1.8 kg 1.6 W $3 M
Electric fields 7 T : 0 B : 2 12 kg 0.24 W $2 M
Search coil magnetometer 7 T : 0 B : 2 1.8 kg 0.1 W $3 M
Langmuir probe 5 T : 2 B : 2 0.45 kg 1.5 W $0.5 M
Radio occultation 3,5 T : 2 B : 2 1.5 kg 3 W $2 M
Total 22.2 kg 15.5 W $18.5 M
M O S A I CAreostationary Spacecraft
• Measures: 1) synoptic view of lower atmosphere (dust & ice column, ozone, temperature profile), 2) neutral oxygen and hydrogen escape rates 3) upstream space weather environment,.
• Separates shortly after launch, goes to Areostationary orbit using SEP• Solar arrays co-pointed with solar instruments.• Mars-pointed instruments: Camera to Mars center; rest need to scan.
Instrument Inv Priority Mass Power CostVisible camera (MSSS) 3 T : 1 B : 4 1.6 kg 7 W $0.5 MMini therm. IR radiometer 3 T : 1 B : 4 3.5 kg 8 W $10 MMini near IR spectrometer 3 T : 1 B : 4 3 kg 15 W $2 MFUV/EUV spectrograph 6 T : 1 B : 1 21 kg 12 W $20 MFluxgate magnetometer 8 T : 1 B : 2 1.3 kg 4.9 W $4 MIon energy/angle 8 T : 1 B : 2 2.6 kg 2.1 W $3 MElectron energy/angle 8 T : 0 B : 2 1.8 kg 1.6 W $3 MEnergetic ion/electron 8 T : 1 B : 2 0.9 kg 5.5 W $0.8 MExtreme UV monitor 8 T : 1 B : 2 1.1 kg 0.7 W $2 MTotal 46.8 kg 57 W $43.6 M
M O S A I CAreostationary Spacecraft
• Measures: 1) synoptic view of lower atmosphere (dust & ice column, ozone, temperature profile), 2) neutral oxygen and hydrogen escape rates 3) upstream space weather environment,.
• Separates shortly after launch, goes to Areostationary orbit using SEP• Solar arrays co-pointed with solar instruments.• Mars-pointed instruments: Camera to Mars center; rest need to scan.
Instrument Inv Priority Mass Power CostVisible camera (MSSS) 3 T : 1 B : 4 1.6 kg 7 W $0.5 MMini therm. IR radiometer 3 T : 1 B : 4 3.5 kg 8 W $10 MMini near IR spectrometer 3 T : 1 B : 4 3 kg 15 W $2 MFUV/EUV spectrograph 6 T : 1 B : 1 21 kg 12 W $20 MFluxgate magnetometer 8 T : 1 B : 2 1.3 kg 4.9 W $4 MIon energy/angle 8 T : 1 B : 2 2.6 kg 2.1 W $3 MElectron energy/angle 8 T : 0 B : 2 1.8 kg 1.6 W $3 MEnergetic ion/electron 8 T : 1 B : 2 0.9 kg 5.5 W $0.8 MExtreme UV monitor 8 T : 1 B : 2 1.1 kg 0.7 W $2 MTotal 46.8 kg 57 W $43.6 M
M O S A I CAreostationary Spacecraft
• Measures: 1) synoptic view of lower atmosphere (dust & ice column, ozone, temperature profile), 2) neutral oxygen and hydrogen escape rates 3) upstream space weather environment,.
• Separates shortly after launch, goes to Areostationary orbit using SEP• Solar arrays co-pointed with solar instruments.• Mars-pointed instruments: Camera to Mars center; rest need to scan.
Instrument Inv Priority Mass Power CostVisible camera (MSSS) 3 T : 1 B : 4 1.6 kg 7 W $0.5 MMini therm. IR radiometer 3 T : 1 B : 4 3.5 kg 8 W $10 MMini near IR spectrometer 3 T : 1 B : 4 3 kg 15 W $2 MFUV/EUV spectrograph 6 T : 1 B : 1 21 kg 12 W $20 MFluxgate magnetometer 8 T : 1 B : 2 1.3 kg 4.9 W $4 MIon energy/angle 8 T : 1 B : 2 2.6 kg 2.1 W $3 MElectron energy/angle 8 T : 0 B : 2 1.8 kg 1.6 W $3 MEnergetic ion/electron 8 T : 1 B : 2 0.9 kg 5.5 W $0.8 MExtreme UV monitor 8 T : 1 B : 2 1.1 kg 0.7 W $2 MTotal 46.8 kg 57 W $43.6 M
M O S A I C
Instrument Inv Priority Mass Power CostVisible camera (MSSS) 3 T : 1 B : 4 1.6 kg 7 W $0.5 MMini therm. IR radiometer 3 T : 1 B : 4 3.5 kg 8 W $10 MMini near IR spectrometer 3 T : 1 B : 4 3 kg 15 W $2 MFUV/EUV spectrograph 6 T : 1 B : 1 21 kg 12 W $20 MFluxgate magnetometer 8 T : 1 B : 2 1.3 kg 4.9 W $4 MIon energy/angle 8 T : 1 B : 2 2.6 kg 2.1 W $3 MElectron energy/angle 8 T : 0 B : 2 1.8 kg 1.6 W $3 MEnergetic ion/electron 8 T : 1 B : 2 0.9 kg 5.5 W $0.8 MExtreme UV monitor 8 T : 1 B : 2 1.1 kg 0.7 W $2 MTotal 46.8 kg 57 W $43.6 M
ozone, temperature profile), 2) neutral oxygen and hydrogen escape rates 3) upstream space weather environment.
• Separates shortly after launch, goes to Areostationary orbit using SEP• Solar arrays co-pointed with solar instruments.• Mars-pointed instruments: Camera to Mars center; rest need to scan.
M O S A I CDescoped Mothership option
Instrument Inv Priority Mass Power FY20 Cost
Visible camera 1 T : 1 B : 1 3.4 kg 10 W $5 M
Thermal IR radiometer (MCS) 2 T : 1 B : 1 9 kg 18 W $25 M
Near IR spectrometer 3 T : 0 B : 1 0.3 kg 2.5 W $0.34 M
FUV/MUV spectrometer 4 T : 1 B : 1 27 kg 28 W $30 M
Radio occultation 3,5 T : 1 B : 1 1.5 kg 3 W $2 M
Total 40 kg 62 W $62 M
• Preserves constellation aspect, global/diurnal coverage, and lower-upper atmosphere connection.
• Loses all the newest measurements: wind and ice. But significantly cheaper.
M O S A I CMOSAIC Constellation Movie
Note: embedded movie wouldn’t play. Had to resort to lower resolution GIF.
M O S A I CMOSAIC Goals & Objectives: Exploration
MOSAIC GOALS Mission Objectives
II. Identify hazards, characterize resources, and demonstrate technologies to enable the Human Exploration of Mars.
II.A: Characterize potentially extractable water ice resources to support in situ resource utilization
II.B: Characterize the Mars atmospheric state with sufficient spatial sampling and cadence to allow accurate data assimilation and weather forecasting.
II.C: Characterize the Mars ionospheric state and variability sufficiently to determine its likely disruptive effect on communications and positioning
II.D: Demonstrate delay-tolerant networking and relay communication between Mars surface, Mars orbit, and Earth.
II.E: Demonstrate high-bandwidth deep space communication between Earth and Mars.
M O S A I CMOSAIC 30-second summary
• What? “MOSAIC will unveil the complete Martian climate system, from meso- to planetary scales and from subsurface to exosphere, while enabling hazard forecasting, communication, and resource prospecting for human exploration.”
• Why?– A) The interconnections between the surface, lower and upper atmospheres, and
ionized environment, are stronger than previously thought and poorly understood. – B) Martian explorers will need water, air, fuel, weather forecasts and comms.
• How? 5-10 coordinated satellites making simultaneous measurements of Mars’ climate system, many for the first time.
• When? post-2028• How much? We’ll tell you soon but $1-3B• Are you crazy? Quite possibly. We’ll see.
M O S A I C
Thank you
M O S A I CBackup slides
M O S A I C
Leads: R. Lillis, D. Mitchell
Subsurface & Surface Ice - Inv. 1 Lead: T. Harrison
C. Neish, I. Smith, G. Osinski, C. Stuurman, S. Spencer.
Lower-Middle Atmosphere – Inv. 2, 3Leads: L. Montabone, S.
GuzewichM. Kahre, N. Heavens, M. Smith, A. Spiga,
M. Mischna, M. Wolff, A. Kleinboehl, D. Hinson, F. Forget, L. Tamppari, B. Cantor
Thermosphere - Inv. 4, 8Lead: S. England
J. Deighan, S. Bougher, A. Brecht
Magnetosphere/Escape -Inv. 7,8
Lead: S. CurryJ. Luhmann, D, Mitchell, F. LeBlanc,
J. Halekas, D. Brain, X. Fang, J. Espley, H. Opgenoorth, O. Vaisberg
Ionosphere - Inv. 5, 7, 8, Lead: P. WithersR. Lillis, D. Andrews, M. Paetzold, S. Tellmann, K. Peter,
C. Fowler, M. Lester, B. Sanchez-Cano
Comms, Radio Science - Inv. 2, 3, 5, 9Lead: C. Ao
P. Withers, J. Vander Hook, D. Hinson, O. Karatekin, S. Asmar, M. Van Woerkum
Upper-Lower Atmosphere
Connections - Inv. 2-8
Lead: M. ChaffinS. England, B. Jakosky, A.
Brecht, J. Deighan, F. Forget, S. Bougher
MOSAIC org chart
JPL Study TeamLead: S. Matousek, Systems: Nathan Barba, Mission design: Ryan Woolley
Plus lots of JPL folks from A-Team, Team-X, and Team-Xc
Science Team
M O S A I CPMCS Study Plan/schedule
1. Define Science Requirements (10-11/19) 2. Define Instrument Requirements (11-12/19) 3. JPL A-Team Session I: building blocks (12/17/19)4. Science Team meeting Berkeley (01/27/20)5. JPL A-Team Session II: narrow architecture (02/5-6/20)6. JPL Team Xc Smallsat Designs & Cost (02/18-26/20)7. LPSC Progress Report (03/15/20)8. JPL Team X Point Design & Cost (03/31 – 04/03/20) 9. Writing.10. Final report July 2020.