morphometric analysis

f~wgiƒcwgwZ we‡klb (Morphometric Analysis) m¤ú‡K© Professor of

Geography, Cambridge University Richard J. Chorley Gi e³e¨ n‡”Q- The

need for the precise description of the geometry of landforms,

particularly those of domnantly fluvial erosive origin, has been a

recurring theme in geomorphology.This topogrphic, hydraulic and

hydrological unity of the basin provieded the basis for the

Morphometric system of R.J. Horton(1954), as elaborated by

Strahler(1964), and it is now employed as a basic erosional landscape

element.

-Introduction to fluvial processes, 1977.

b`xgvjv AeevwnKvi Aa¨q‡bi KviY-K) b`x wbqš¿‡bi Rb¨;L) cvwb mieivn Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ I M) cvwb P‡µi Ae¯’v Rvbvi Rb¨|

AeevwnKvi ‰ewkó¨ we‡klb-wewfbœ b`x weÁvbx AeevwnKvi ‰ewkó¨‡K wewfbœ fv‡e we‡klb K‡i‡Qb|

Horton,(1932) Ges j¨vs‡eb(1947) AeewnKvMZ w`K †_‡K b`x‡K we‡klb K‡i‡Qb| Djg¨vb (1967) b`x Ges DcZ¨Kvi w`K †_‡K b`x‡K we‡klb K‡i‡Qb|Rb÷b, µm Ges †MÖ b`xgvjv AeevwnKvi cÖwµqv mg~‡ni we‡klb K‡i‡Qb|÷ªjvi Ges †Pvwj© AeevwnKvi cÖwµqv I AvK…wZ‡K we‡klb K‡i‡Qb|

AeevwnKv b`x LvZ LÛvsk cÖ¯’

AvqZb AeevwnKv GjvKv b`x LvZ msjMœ AvqZb

b`x LÛvs‡ki AvqZb cÖ¯’‡”Q`AvqZb

ˆ`N©¨ AeevwnKv ˆ`N©¨ b`x LvZ ˆ`N©¨, b`xgvjv NbZ¡

b`x LÛvs‡ki ‰`N©¨ cÖ‡¯’i ˆ`N©¨

AvK…wZ AeevwnKv AvK…wZ RvwjKv AvK…wZ, b`x AvK…wZ

eµZv b`x LvZ AvK…wZ

cÖ‡¯’i AvK…wZ

eÜziZv| AeevwnKv eÜziZv ev AeevwnKv Xvj

RvwjKv eÜziZv ev RvwjKv Xvj ev b`x Xvj

b`x LvZ eÜziZv, b`x LvZ Xvj

eÜziZvi cÖ¯’‡”Q` MfxiZv

‡MÖMix I Iqvwjs b`xR f~wgiƒc we‡klb mviYx

b`xR f~wgiƒc we‡klb-1964 mv‡j ÷ªjvi b`xR f~wgiƒc†K mvavibZ wbgœwjwLZ wZb fv‡e we‡klb K‡ib -1| b`x AeevwnKvi mij ˆiwLK cÖK…wZ,2| b`x AeevwnKvi AvqZwbK cÖK…wZ I3| b`x gvjv AeevwnKv Ges b`x LvZ RvwjKv eÜziZv|

1| b`x AeevwnKvi mij ˆiwLK cÖK…wZt A) U‡cvjwR‡Kj `„wó‡KvY--b`x ch©vq µg (Order)wØfvRb AbycvZ (bifurcation ratio)Av) R¨vwgwZ¨K `„wó‡KvY b`xi ˆ`N©¨ (Stream Length)

b`xi Mo ˆ`N©¨( Average Stream Length)

b`xi ‰`N¨© AbycvZ (Stream -Length Ratio)

AeevwnKvi AwfKl© †K›`ª †_‡K `yiZ¡ (The Distance to the centre of Gravity of the Drainage

Basin)

`xN©¨Zg AeevwnKvi e¨v‡mi ˆ`N©¨b`xi ˆ`N©¨ I DcZ¨Kv ˆ`‡N©¨i AbycvZ

b`x AeevwnKvi AvqZwbK we‡klb (Areal aspects of the Basin)

K) b`x AeevwnKvi AvqZb (Area of the Basin)

L) AeevwnKvi b`x NbZ¡ (Drainage Density of the Basin)

M) AeevwnKv I AvqZ‡bi cvi¯úvwiK cv_©K¨ (Basin –Area Ratio)

N) AeevwnKvi AvK…wZ (Shape of the Basin)

b`x gvjv AeevwnKv Ges b`x LvZ RvwjKv eÜziZv (Relief aspects of the Basin)

K) b`x Lv‡Zi Xvj

L) AeevwnKvi Xvj

M) AeevwnKv eÜziZv

N) b`x ˆ`N©¨ I Xv‡ji m¤úK©

K) b`x ch©vq µg (Order)

mvs¸ b ` x

e v›` i e vb

c Ö_ g c h ©vq

2 q c h ©vq

3 q c h ©vq

4 _ ©c h ©vq

nU©‡bi b`x ch©vq µg

mvs¸ b ` x

e v›` i e vb

c Ö_ g c h ©vq

2 q c h ©vq

3 q c h ©vq

4 _ ©c h ©vq

Strahler Gi b`x ch©vq µg

mvs¸ b ` x

e v›` i e vb

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

11

1

1

1

11

11 1

1 1

1

11

1

12

2

2

2

2

22

2

5

14

18

28

19

5

9

‡kª‡fi b`x ch©vq µg

wØfvRb AbycvZ (bifurcation ratio)

Rb=Nu

Nu+1GLv‡b,

Rb= wØ-fvRb AbycvZ,Nu= †Kvb ch©v‡qi b`x Lv‡Zi †gvU msL¨v,Nu+1= cieZx© ch©v‡qi b`x Lv‡Zi †gvU msL¨v|

(k-u)

Nu= Rb

†Kvb ch©v‡qi b`x Lv‡Zi †gvU msL¨v (Nu) wbY©‡qi Rb¨wb‡gœv³ myÎ e¨envi K‡ib -

GLv‡b,

k= AeevwnKvi D”PZg ch©vq msL¨u = b`x avc ev ch©vq

K

L

ZvwR

bW

s c

vnvo

b`

xiˆ`

N©

Dc

ZvK

vˆ`

N© b̀ xi eµZv=

b̀ xi ˆ̀ N©̈

DcZ¨Kvi ˆ̀ N©̈

g‡n

kL

vjx†P‡b

j

C `

Mv I

b ` x

A e

e v wn K v

C` MvI b ` x

K · e v R v i ‡R j v

K · e vR vi Dc ‡R j v

L) AeevwnKvi b`x NbZ¡ (Drainage Density of the Basin) t †Kvb GjvKvi b`x ¸‡jvi †gvU ˆ`N©¨‡K H GjvKvi AvqZb Øviv fvM Ki‡j AeevwnKvi b`x NbZ¡ cvIqv hvq|

GLv‡b,D =AeevwnKvi b`x NbZ¡,∑Lk=†Kvb GjvKvi b`x ¸‡jvi †gvU ˆ`N©¨, Ak =AeevwnKvi AvqZb|Dc‡ii wPÎ I mviYx †_‡K K·evRvi ‡Rjvi 35 wKwg ˆ`N©¨ wewkó C`MvI b`x AeevwnKvi AvqZb 142 eM© wKwg I b`x ¸‡jvi †gvU ˆ`N©¨ 516.2 wKwg| myZivs C`MvI AeevwnKvi b`x NbZ¡ 3.6 wKwg/ eM© wKwg|

Ak

LkD

g‡n

kL

vjx†P‡b

j

C `

Mv I

b ` x

A e

e v wn K v

C` MvI b ` x

K · e v R v i ‡R j v

K · e vR vi Dc ‡R j v

198wg

28wKwg

b`x Lv‡Zi Xvj tb`xi Drm n‡Z †gvnbv ch©š— D”PZv I Abyf~wgK `~i‡Z¡i AbycvZ‡K b`x Lv‡Zi Xvj ejv nq| b`x Lv‡Zi Xvj †K

wgUvi/wK‡jvwgUv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq| f~`„‡k¨ Xvj D‡jL †hvM¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Xvj wb®‹vkb aiY wba©vib K‡i Ges f~-c„‡ôi cwieZ©b NUvq| Xvj AeevwnKvi Dw™¢`, cÖvYx, emwZ , †mP, cwienb, AbycÖ‡ek, cvwb aviY, cvwb cÖevn BZ¨vw` wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| wewfbœ ch©v‡q b`xi Xvj mgvb _v‡K bv| mvavibZt 1g ch©v‡q b`xi Xvj †ekx _v‡K Ges b`xi ch©vq I Xvj wecixZ fv‡e m¤úK©hy³| wP‡Î C`MvI AeevwnKvi b`x Lv‡Zi Mo Xvj 5.65wg/ wKwg|

Xvj (S) =

H = †gvnbv n‡Z Drm ch©š— D”PZv(198 wg) L = b`x Lv‡Zi Abyf~wgK `~iZ¡(38 wKwg)| C`MvI b`x AeevwnKv,K·evRvi

L

H

K¨vwj‡dvwbq©v wek¦we`¨vj‡qi f~‡Mv‡ji mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK Leal A. K. Mertes

b`xLvZ m¤ú‡K© e‡jb- “River, any body of fresh water flowing from an

upland source to a large lake or to the sea, fed by such sources as

springs and tributary streams. The main parts of a river include a

channel, in which the water flows, and a floodplain—a flat region of a

valley on either side of the channel”. - Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008.

÷ªjvi(1964) Gi g‡Z b`xLvZ nj cÖevwnZ cvwbi kw³i d‡j MwVZ GKwU mi“ evPIov, Mfxi ev AMfxi, †mvRv ev evuKv, Lvov mylg Xvj wewkó GB c_ hviga¨w`‡q axi ev cÖej †e‡M KL‡bv mweivg ev KL‡bv Aweivg fv‡e cvwbcÖevwnZ nq| Bnv KL‡bv Ggb mi“ nq †h GK jv‡dB cvi nIqv hvq Avevi K‡qKgvBj ch©š— cÖk¯’ n‡q _v‡K|

the River Severn

Meanders on the Severn

(middle course)

mvaviY fv‡e b`xi †h ¯’vbw`‡q cvwb cÖevwnZ nq Zv‡K b`x LvZ e‡j| AvK…wZ I ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i b`x LvZ †K K‡qK fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| George Harry Dury Introduction to Fluvial Processes cy¯—‡K G‡K AvU †kªbx‡Z fvM K‡i‡Qb|

†hgb-mwc©j (Meandering)

webywb (Braided)

mij (Straight)

Straight- simulating

Deltaic- distributary

Anabranching

Reticulate

Irregular.

Channel Length (ft.)

SINUOSITY = ------------------------------

Valley Length (ft.)

mwc©j b`xLvZ (Meandering channel) tb`x Lv‡Z Pjvi c‡_ †h mvgÄm¨ c~Y© eµZvi m„wó K‡i Zv‡K mwc©j b`xLvZ (Meandering

channel) e‡j| Dbwesk kZvãxi ga¨fvM †_‡K mwc©j b`xLvZ(Meandering) Gi msL¨vZvwË¡Kw`K wb‡q cÖPzi M‡elYv n‡q‡Q| 1954 mv‡j cvwbweÁvbx iv‡gj b`xi mvgÄm¨ c~Y© eµZvi†¶‡Î Meander kãwU cÖ_g e¨envi K‡ib

A Braided channel

is one that have

development into

sevsral channels

which successively

meet and redivided.

- Leopold Wolman

& Miller.