MORPHOLOGY.pptx

7/28/2019 MORPHOLOGY.pptx

1/19


2/19

Question 1: Many words are formed from combinations of other

words or from combinations of words and prefixes orsuffixes. It is often possible to see a connectionbetween the meaning of a combination and themeanings of its parts.

Discuss some of the common processes of word

formation in English. Elaborate with examples.


3/19

Morphology is the study of the internal structure ofwords (word formation). -deals with words and wordstructure.

Morpheme is a minimal meaningful languageunit and carries certain grammatical function.

Eg: an English verb forms such as watch, watches,watchedand watching consist of one base form write

and other smallest unit of grammatical elements suchas s, es, ed, and ing.


4/19

1. Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand

alone as an independent word.

Eg:people, man, cat, go, language, in, can, one, share,written, and, quite, understand, gentle and alligator.

These words can stand by themselves as single words. Free morphemes can be categorized into two which

are the lexical morpheme (open class) and thegrammatical morpheme (closed class).

The lexical morpheme refers to the set of ordinarynouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs that carries thecontent of the convey messages.


5/19

Bound morphemes are morphemes that cannot

stand alone as an independent word and aretypically attached to another form.

For instance, the affixes such as ies, es, s, and en.

All affixes in English are bound morphemes.

It can be categorized into two types of affixes:derivationalwhich include lexical content andinflectional, which are structured words.


6/19

Derivational morpheme is when a root morpheme

is combined with an affix and as a result, it wouldform either different part of speech or the similar partof speech with a different lexical meaning.

For instance, the addition of the derivational

morpheme nesschanges the adjective good to thenoun goodness.

Derivational morpheme include prefixes such as re-,pre-, un-, mis-, co-and also suffixes such as ish, -ness,

-ly, -able and ing.


7/19


8/19

Word formation is a process of creating new words. Unlike word formation, inflection can combine a

suffix with some verb to modify its form to subject ofthe sentence but could not create a new word.

Some of the common word formation processes resultin the creation of new words in English which arederivation, compounding, blending, back formation,clipping.


9/19

A process in which a derivational affix attaches to

the base form of a word to create a new word iscalled derivation.

Prefixes and suffixes plays vital role in forming the newword.

Prefixes such as a- means without, not; dis- meansopposite, negative;ex- meansformer, previousand re-means again.

Examples of new words form by adding prefixes to thewords are dis-courage ex-wife, re-do, re-cover, dis-advantage and un-do.


10/19

Same goes to suffixes when added to a new word. Suffixes such as able means sense of being; -ful

means characterized by; -less means lack ofand lymeans like.

The examples of new words form by adding suffixes tothe words are understand-able, respect-ful, read-able,exact-ly, and colour-less.


11/19

Compounding is a process of combining two ormore complete words into a single compoundform.

Homeworkis a compound word because both home

and workare two complete words in their own beforethe compounding process was applied. As a result, theend product of the process is treated as one form (newword-form).

Compounds may be in the same grammatical categoryor it may not. If the two words are in the samegrammatical category, the compound also will be inthe same category.


12/19

For example,

a noun word + noun word = noun compound word insuchgirlfriend, paper clip, landlord, mailman.

adjective word + adjective word = adjective compoundword in such icy-cold, red-hot, worldly wise,bittersweet.

However, when the categories of the two words differ

from each other, the class of the second or final wordwould decide on which grammatical categories thecompound would fall.

Some of other common used of English compounds

are bookcase, black hole, housewife, mother tongue,whitewash, pickpocket, sleepwalk, textbook, wallpaperand wastebasket.


13/19

Blending

Blending is the combination of two separate forms toproduce a single new word.

Blending is done bycombining the beginning of a wordwith the end of another word.

Its meaning is usually a combination of the original words. For example, when someone is going to lunch and late for

his or her breakfast, the words are combining to form a newword which is brunch.

Brunch is form by takingbr-from the word breakfast andblended it with unchfrom the word lunch.

Some other commonly used examples of blending aremotel(motor/ hotel), smog (smoke /fog), spork(spoon

/fork), bit (binary/digit) and telecast (tevision/broadcast).


14/19

When an actual or supposed derivational affix

detaches from the base form of a word to create anew word, this is when a back-formation processoccur.

It is also known as a very specialised type of reduction

process. Normally, aword of one type (typically a noun) is

reduces to form another type of word (usually averb).

For some examples of words created by this process are

emote from the word emotion, enthuse from the wordenthusiasm and donatefrom the word donation.Some other common back-formations in English arebabysit, gamble, obsess, process, televise and resurrect.


15/19

Clipping is the word formation process in which aword is reduced or shortened without changingthe meaning of the word.

Unlike back-formation, clipping retains the meaning

of the original word without any modification to itsmeaning.

There are three types of clipping which are backclipping, fore-clipping, and middle clipping.


16/19

Back clipping is when the end of a word is removedfrom the original word leaving a new word but has the

same meaning. For examples,gas from gasoline,gym from

gymnasium, exam from examination and lab fromlaboratory.

Besides, fore-clipping is a process of removing thebeginning of a new word as ingatorfrom alligator andcoon from raccoon.

Middle clipping is retaining the middle of a word asin flu from influenza.

Some examples of clipped words are condo fromcondominium, pub from public house, sitcomfrom situation comedyand ad from advertisement.


17/19

Acronyms are new words formed from the initialletters of a set of other words.

Usually, acronyms are pronounced as new single

words or it may be pronounced by distinctlysaying each separate letter.

For examples, compact disk is pronounced bysayingeach letter, CD.

Similarly,video cassette recording radar is pronouncedVCRby saying each initial letter.


18/19

In contrast, radio detecting and ranging ispronounced as a single word radar as well as the

words zone improvement plan, it is pronouncedzip.

In some cases, acronyms also includes the name of anorganisations such as Mothers Against DrunkDriving (MADD) and Women Against Rape(WAR).

More examples of acronyms are


19/19

Knowing a language means to know the morphemes ofthat particular language.

Language never stops evolve, it develops every singleday as it is a part from unconscious knowledge.

MORPHOLOGY.pptx

Documents