Morphology Morphology Inflection Inflection
Dec 22, 2015
MorphologyMorphology
InflectionInflection
AgreementAgreement
I/You always sing/*sings the same I/You always sing/*sings the same song.song.
She always *sing/sings the same song.She always *sing/sings the same song.
Agreement paradigmsAgreement paradigms
ég heyr-I ‘I hear’ég heyr-I ‘I hear’ við heyr-um ‘we hear’við heyr-um ‘we hear’þú heyr-ir ‘you hear’þú heyr-ir ‘you hear’ þið heyr-ið ‘you(pl) þið heyr-ið ‘you(pl)
hear’hear’hann heyr-ir ‘he hears’hann heyr-ir ‘he hears’ þeir heyr-a ‘they hear’þeir heyr-a ‘they hear’(Icelandic)(Icelandic)
io cred-o ‘I believe’io cred-o ‘I believe’ noi cred-iamo ‘we believe’noi cred-iamo ‘we believe’tu cred-i ‘you believe’tu cred-i ‘you believe’ voi cred-ete ‘you(pl) voi cred-ete ‘you(pl)
believe’believe’lui cred-e ‘he believes’lui cred-e ‘he believes’ loro cred-ono ‘they loro cred-ono ‘they
believe’believe’(Italian)(Italian)
jeg hør-er ‘I hear’jeg hør-er ‘I hear’ vi hør-er ‘we hear’vi hør-er ‘we hear’du hør-er ‘you hear’du hør-er ‘you hear’ I hør-er ‘you(pl) hear’I hør-er ‘you(pl) hear’han hør-er ‘he hears’han hør-er ‘he hears’ de hør-er ‘they hear’de hør-er ‘they hear’(Danish)(Danish)
ek werk ‘I work’ek werk ‘I work’ ons werk ‘we work’ons werk ‘we work’jy werk ‘you work’jy werk ‘you work’ julle werk ‘you(pl) julle werk ‘you(pl)
work’work’hy werk ‘he works’hy werk ‘he works’ hulle werk ‘they hulle werk ‘they
work’work’(Afrikaans)(Afrikaans)
Object agreementObject agreement
Pe-fi-n Pe-fi-n iñche metawe.iñche metawe.
see-see-3singular-1singular3singular-1singular I vesselI vessel
‘‘I see the vessel’ I see the vessel’
(Mapudungun)(Mapudungun)
Subject/object Subject/object agreementagreement
with definite objectwith definite object no definite objectno definite object
singularsingular plural plural singularsingular pluralplural
1 1 szeret-em szeret-jükszeret-em szeret-jük szeret-ekszeret-ekszeret-ünkszeret-ünk
22 szeret-ed szeret-itekszeret-ed szeret-itek szeret-szszeret-szszeret-tekszeret-tek
33 szeret-i szeret-ikszeret-i szeret-ik szeretszeret szeret-nekszeret-nek
(Hungarian)(Hungarian)
Adjective-noun Adjective-noun agreementagreement
de koede koe het paardhet paard(Dutch)(Dutch)
de oud-e koede oud-e koe het oud-e paard het oud-e paard
een oud-e koeeen oud-e koe een oud paardeen oud paard
oud-e koeienoud-e koeien oud-e paardenoud-e paarden
More gender agreementMore gender agreement
Ov-aOv-a star-astar-a knjigaknjiga jejepal-a.pal-a.
thisthis-fem.sg-fem.sg oldold-fem.sg-fem.sg bookbook(fem.sg) (fem.sg) isisfallenfallen--
fem.sgfem.sg(Serbo-Croat)(Serbo-Croat)
bræður mín-irbræður mín-ir systur mín-arsystur mín-arbrothersbrothers mymy-masc.pl-masc.pl sisterssisters mymy-fem.pl -fem.pl
(Icelandic)(Icelandic)
MoodMood
indicativeindicative subjunctivesubjunctive
sgsg plpl sgsg plpl
1 1 dig-odig-o dec-imosdec-imos dig-adig-adig-amosdig-amos
2 dic-es2 dic-es dec-ísdec-ís dig-asdig-as dig-dig-áisáis
33 dic-edic-e dic-endic-en dig-adig-a dig-andig-an
(Spanish)(Spanish)
Imperative moodImperative mood
Clean your room right now!Clean your room right now!
TenseTense
PresentPresent PastPast
laudōlaudō ‘I praise’ ‘I praise’ laudā=bam laudā=bam ‘I praised’‘I praised’laudāslaudās ‘you praise’ ‘you praise’ laudā=bās laudā=bās ‘you praised’‘you praised’laudatlaudat ‘s/he praises’ ‘s/he praises’ laudā=bat laudā=bat ‘s/he praised’‘s/he praised’laudā=mus ‘we praise’laudā=mus ‘we praise’ laudābā=mus laudābā=mus ‘we ‘we
praised’praised’laudā=tis ‘you(pl) praise’ laudābā=tis ‘you(pl) laudā=tis ‘you(pl) praise’ laudābā=tis ‘you(pl)
praised’praised’laudant ‘they praise’laudant ‘they praise’ laudā=bant laudā=bant ‘they ‘they
praised’praised’
(Latin)(Latin)
FutureFuture Perfect Perfect
laudā=bō ‘I will praise’laudā=bō ‘I will praise’ laudā=vī laudā=vī ‘I have ‘I have praised’praised’
laudā=bis ‘you will praise’laudā=bis ‘you will praise’ laudāvístī ‘you laudāvístī ‘you have praised’have praised’
laudā=bit ‘s/he will praise’laudā=bit ‘s/he will praise’ laudā=vit ‘s/he has laudā=vit ‘s/he has praised’praised’
laudā=bimus ‘we will praise’laudā=bimus ‘we will praise’ laudā=vimus ‘we have laudā=vimus ‘we have praised’praised’
laudā=bitis ‘you(pl) will praise’ laudāvístis ‘you laudā=bitis ‘you(pl) will praise’ laudāvístis ‘you have praised’have praised’
laudā=bunt ‘they will praise’laudā=bunt ‘they will praise’ laudāvērunt ‘they laudāvērunt ‘they have praised’have praised’
Agreement on a non-finite verb:
Kellemetlen volt Jánosnak az igazságot bevalla-ni-a.
unpleasant was John the truth admit-inf-3sg
‘It was unpleasant for John to admit the truth.’
(Hungarian)
CaseCase
Der MannDer Mann gabgab der Frauder Frau den Hut. den Hut. (German)(German)
the manthe man gavegave the woman the hatthe woman the hat
DieDie FrauFrau gab dem gab dem Mann den Mann den Hut.Hut.thethe woman gavewoman gave the the man man
thethe hathat
DieDie FrauFrau sah sah den Mann.den Mann.thethe woman sawwoman saw the manthe man
der Hut [des Mann-es]der Hut [des Mann-es]the hat the-the hat the-gen gen man-man-gengen‘‘the man’s hat’the man’s hat’
Roughly:Roughly:the the nominativenominative case for subjects case for subjectsthe the genitivegenitive case for ‘possessors’ of another case for ‘possessors’ of another
nounnounthe the dativedative case for indirect objects case for indirect objectsthe the accusativeaccusative case for direct objects case for direct objects
singularsingular pluralplural
nominativenominative femin-afemin-a femin-aefemin-ae
genitivegenitive femin-aefemin-ae femin-arumfemin-arum
dativedative femin-aefemin-ae femin-isfemin-is
accusativeaccusative femin-amfemin-am femin-asfemin-as
(Latin)(Latin)
A bit more case...A bit more case...
1 Nominative1 Nominative talotalo house (subject) house (subject) (Finnish)(Finnish)
2 Genitive 2 Genitive talontalon of a house of a house3 Accusative3 Accusative talontalon house (certain direct objects)house (certain direct objects)4 Partitive4 Partitive taloataloa house (certain direct objects, certain house (certain direct objects, certain
subjects)subjects)5 Essive5 Essive talonatalona as a house as a house6 Translative6 Translative taloksitaloksi to a house (fig.) to a house (fig.) 7 Inessive 7 Inessive talossatalossa in a house in a house8 Elative 8 Elative talostatalosta out of a houseout of a house9 Illative 9 Illative taloontaloon into a houseinto a house10 Adessive 10 Adessive talollatalolla at a houseat a house11 Ablative 11 Ablative taloltatalolta from a housefrom a house12 Allative 12 Allative talolletalolle to a house (concr.)to a house (concr.)13 Abessive 13 Abessive talottatalotta without a housewithout a house
Ergative/absolutive case Ergative/absolutive case systemssystems
a.a. DerDer Mann Mann schlief.schlief. (German)(German) the-the-nom nom manman sleptsleptb. Derb. Der Mann Mann laslas denden Artikel. Artikel. the-the-nom nom manman readread the-the-acc acc articlearticle
a.a. ArnaqArnaq yurartuq.yurartuq. (Yup’ik)(Yup’ik) woman-woman-absabs dancesdancesb.b. AngutemAngutem tangrraatangrraa arnaq.arnaq. man-man-erg erg seessees woman-woman-absabs ‘ ‘The man sees the woman’ (NOT: ‘The woman sees The man sees the woman’ (NOT: ‘The woman sees
the man.’)the man.’)
What may happen if you don’t apply What may happen if you don’t apply agreement, mood and case inflection agreement, mood and case inflection properly:properly:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbI-fDzUJXIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbI-fDzUJXI
AblautAblaut
*break-ed*break-ed brokebroke
*steal-ed*steal-ed stolestole
*sting-ed*sting-ed stungstung
*ring-ed*ring-ed rangrang
SuppletionSuppletion
*be-ed *be-ed *bong/*bung/*bang*bong/*bung/*bang waswas
*go-ed*go-ed *gong/*gung/*gang*gong/*gung/*gangwentwent
SyncretismSyncretism
I walk-ed, you walk-ed, she walk-ed, we I walk-ed, you walk-ed, she walk-ed, we walk-ed, you walk-ed, they walk-edwalk-ed, you walk-ed, they walk-ed
I rang, you rang, she rang, we rang, you I rang, you rang, she rang, we rang, you rang, they rangrang, they rang
I went, you went, she went, we went, I went, you went, she went, we went, you went, they wentyou went, they went
BlockingBlocking
Why do Why do wentwent and and goedgoed, or , or sangsang and and singedsinged, ,
not co-exist?not co-exist?
BlockingBlocking
A more specific form blocks a less A more specific form blocks a less specific form.specific form.
warmer, faster, quickerwarmer, faster, quicker
#more warm, #more fast, #more #more warm, #more fast, #more quickquick
*beautifuller, *comfortabler, *beautifuller, *comfortabler, *typicaller*typicaller
more beautiful, more comfortable, more beautiful, more comfortable, more typicalmore typical