Morphology Group 4

7/22/2019 Morphology Group 4

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MORPHOLOGY:THE WORDS

OF LANGUAGE

NOR IZZATTY IZHAR

MANMIT KAUR

WAN AMIRAH WAN OMAR


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Morphology:

The Words ofLanguage

Types ofMorphemes

FreeMorphemes

Bound

Morphemes

Derivational

Morpheme

WordFormation

Processes

InflectionalMorpheme


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WordFormationProcesses

Eponyms

Back-Formation

Compounding

Blending

Clipping

Acronyms

Abbreviations

Affixation


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The study of word structure and wordformation

Combined to form sentences in a languagesuch as English


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Simple Words- consisting single Morpheme(a wordthat cannot be analyzed into smaller meaningfulparts(eg: item , five , chunk , the)

Complex words- consist of a root,plus one or moreaffixes

(eg: items, walked, dirty)

Structure of words

Compound words-formed from two or moresimple or complex words

Eg: (landlord, red-hot, window cleaner)


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BOUND &FREE

MORPHEME

PREFIXES&

SUFFIXES

ROOTS

&

STEMS


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Prefix - beginning

Root main word

Suffix - ending


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A prefixis a word part added tothe beginningof a root word.

Aprefixis a derivationalmorpheme that changes the

meaning of a word.

Prefix Base Word New Word

mis understand Mis-understand

in correct In-correct


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Prefixes We Know

Examples

im

inbi

non

dis

improper

incomplete

bicycle

nonstop

disagree


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Prefix Meaning Example

uni- one unicyclemono- one monologue

auto- self autobiography

duo- two duodecimal

bi- two bifocaltri- three tripod

penta- five pentagon

hexa- six hexadecimal

poly- many polygonmulti- many multicolored


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1. According to the lexico-grammatical characterof the base prefixes are usually added to, theymay be:

Prefixes can be classified according to different

principles.

a) deverbal(those added to the verbal base): re-(rewrite);over-(overdo); out-(outstay);

b) denominal(those added to the nominal base): -(unbutton); de-(detrain); ex-(ex-president);

c) deadjectival(those added to the adjectival base): un-(uneasy);bi-(biannual).

d) deadverbial(those added to the adverbial base): un-(unfortunately); in-independently).


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2.According to the class of words they preferablyform prefixes are divided into:

a)verb-formingprefixes:en-/em-(enclose, embed);

be-(befriend); de-(dethrone);

b) noun-formingprefixes:non-(non-smoker); sub-

(sub-committee);ex- (ex-husband)

c)adjective-forming

prefixes:un-(unfair); il-(illiterate);ir-(irregular);

d) adverb-forming

prefixes:un-(unfortunately);up-(uphill).


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Monosemantic

the prefix ex-has only

one meaning former ex-boxer;

Polysemantic

the prefix dis-has fourmeanings: not (disadvantage); reversal or absence of

an action or state(diseconomy,disaffirm);

removal of (todisbranch);

completeness orintensification of anunpleasant action(disgruntled).

3. Semantically prefixes fall into:


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a) negative prefixes:un- (ungrateful); non-(non-political); in-(incorrect); dis-

(disloyal); a- (amoral);

b) reversative prefixes:un2- (untie); de-(decentralize); dis2- (disconnect);

c) pejorative prefixes:mis-(mispronounce);mal-(maltreat); pseudo-(pseudo-scientific);

4.According to their generalizing denotationalmeaning prefixes fall into:


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a) prefixes of time and order:fore-(foretell); pre- (pre-war); post- (post-war),ex- (ex-president);

b) prefix of repetition:re- (rebuild, rewrite);

c) locative prefixes:super- (superstructure),sub- (subway), inter- (inter-continental),

trans- (transatlantic).


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Group of letters attached to ends ofwords

Can indicate what part of speech the

word belongsAlso changes the meaningA derivational Morpheme

Base Word Suffix New Word

child hood Child-hood

friend ship Friend-ship


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Suffix Meaning Example

able able to be manageable

-ible defensible

-al relating to regal

-ance resistance

-ence independence

-ic heroic

-ion state of union-ism quality of patriotism

-hood brotherhood

-ity legality

-ment puzzlement

-er one who writer

-or advisor

-ite Mennonite

-y full of soapy

-ful wishful


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1. According to the lexical-grammatical characterof the base suffixes are usually added to, they

may be:a) deverbal suffixex(those added to the verbal base):-er(builder); -ing(writing);

b) denominal suffixes(those added to the nominalbase): -less(timeless); -ful(hopeful); -ist(scientist);

-some(troublesome);c) deajectival suffixes(those added to the adjectival

base): -en (widen); -ly(friendly); -ish(whitish); -ness(brightness).

Suffixes can be classified into different types in

accordance with different principles:


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2. According to the part of speech formed suffixesfall into several groups:

a) noun-forming suffixes: -age(breakage,bondage); -ance/-ence(assistance, reference); -dom

(freedom, kingdom); -er(teacher, baker); -ess(actress, hostess); -ing(building, wasing);

b) adjective-forming suffixes: -able/-ible/-uble

(favourable, incredible, soluble); -al(formal,official); -ic(dynamic); -ant/-ent(repentant,dependent);


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a) numeral-forming suffixes: -fold(twofold); -teen(fourteen); -th(sixth); -ty(thirty);

b)verb-forming suffixes: -ate(activate); -er(glimmer); -fy/-ify(terrify, specify); -ize(minimize); -ish(establish);

c) adverb-forming suffixes: -ly(quickly,coldly); -ward/-wards(backward,northwards); -wise(likewise).


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3. Semantically suffixes fall into:

a) Monosemantic:the suffix -esshas only onemeaning female tigress, tailoress;

b) Polysemantic:the suffix -hood has twomeanings:

1) condition or quality falsehood,womanhood;

2) collection or group brotherhood.


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4. According to their generalizing denotationalmeaning suffixes may fall into several groups.E.g., noun-suffixes fall into those denoting:

a) the agent of the action: -er (baker); -ant(accountant);

b) appurtenance: -an/-ian(Victorian, Russian); -ese(Chinese);

c) collectivity: -dom(officialdom); -ry(pleasantry);d) Diminutiveness:-ie(birdie); -let(cloudlet); -ling

(wolfling).


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5. According to their stylistic reference suffixesmay be classified into:

a) those characterized by neutral stylistic reference: -able(agreeable); -er(writer); -ing(meeting);

b) those having a certain stylistic value: -oid(asteroid);-tron(cyclotron).

These suffixes occur usually in terms and are bookish.


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The distinction between derivational andinflectional morphemes relates to the functionthey perform :

Derivationproduces entirely new words(lexemes)by adding affixes

Inflectionadds grammatical information to anexisting word without changing its word class.


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Lexemes

Example 1 : `go' and `went' and `gone' and`going' are all members of the English lexeme`go

Example 2 : Find, finds,found,andfindingare forms of the Englishlexemefind.


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In contrast to inflectional affixes, derivationalmorphemes allow us to create new words.

Often the word class changes when derivational

affixes are added to a lexeme.

Derivationalaffixes can be prefixes orsuffixes.

Inflectionin English only permits suffixes.


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Example 1 : happy (ADJECTIVE)happily(ADVERB)

Example 2 : teach (VERB)teacher(NOUN)

Example 3 :courage (NOUN)

encourage (VERB)


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DERIVATION In English, derivational prefixes have anoticeable tendency to change the meaningof a word

Derivational suffixes often change the

word class. Example (prefixes) :

happy unhappy

activate deactivateact react


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Examples (suffixes) :

teach teacher

book bookish

sweet sweeten


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INFLECTION

Inflectional morphemes encode grammaticalinformation.

Inflectional morphemes are always suffixes.

Examples :

1. John playsthe piano

2. I am singingin the rain

3. The two dogsbelong to Mike

4. Lisascar broke down

5. The mouse is eatenby the cat


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Base, Stem and Root

In order to make the segmentation of words intosmaller parts a little clearer, we differentiatebetween the base, the stem and the root of aword in morphological terms.

base : reactions

stem : reaction (s)

root : (re) action (s)

The stem is the base with all inflectional suffixesremoved, whereas the root is what remains after

all affixes have been taken off.


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Morphs, Morphemes, Allomorphs The fact that plural number in English can be

marked with several inflectional suffixes (-s, -en)

or by no (visible) suffix at all points to adistinction you already know from phonology :


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Morphs

A concrete part of a word that cannot be divided

into smaller parts

Morphemes

The meaning distinguishing, abstractdimension of morphs, e.g. something likethe plural morpheme

AllomorphsDifferent realizations of the same morpheme,e.g. -s, -en and nothing for the pluralmorpheme dogs, oxenand fish.


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Word Formation

Processes How new words are being formed in

the language.

The process consists of a combinationof morphemes that are rule-governed(a new word is formed).

Morphemes : The Words of Language


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Abbreviations

Acronyms

Affixation

Back-

Formation

Blending

Clipping

Compounding

Eponyms

Examples of Word Formatian

Processes :


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A shortened form of a word orphrase.

In Latin, it means short. Initialisms are a type of

abbreviation formed by the initialletters of a word or phrase.

1. Abbreviations


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Although abbreviation is

largely a convention of writtenlanguage, sometimesabbreviations carry over intospoken language.

Abbreviation is related to both

the word formation processesof clipping and blending.


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Written Abbreviations

Apr. April

cm centimeter(s)

d.

died, died in dept. department

Dr. doctor

Jr. Junior

Mr.

Mister oz ounce(s)

Sun. Sunday

yd yard(s)

For example:


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Spoken-Written Abbreviations

A.M.

ante meridiem [in the morning] B.C.E. Before Common Era

GOP Grand Old Party (Republican Party)

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

i.e. id est [that is] JFK John Fitzgerald Kennedy

OJ orange juice

PMS premenstrual syndrome

RSVP rpondez s'il vous plait VIP very important person

For example:


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Words formed by the wordformation process in which aninitialism is pronounced as aword.

Acronyms are related to theword formation process ofabbreviation.

2. ACRONYMS


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Other examples of acronyms in English include:

ASAP as soon as possible

AWOL absent without leave

laser - light amplification by stimulated emission ofradiation

radar - radio detection and ranging

scuba - self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

TESOL Teachers of English to Speakers of OtherLanguages

RAM - Random Access Memory

CD - Compact Disk


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Building up words by adding affixesto the main component of the word.

Depending on whether the affix isattached to the beginning of the

word or the end of the word, we willhave either prefixes or suffixes.

3. AFFIXATIONS


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Suffixis placed after the stem of a

word. For example :


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Prefixis placed before the root of a

word. For example :


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A process in which a suffix is takenaway from a noun to form a new

verb.

Examples : editor - editor edit

television television - iontelevise

babysitter - babysitter - erbabysit

4. Back-formation


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Process of creating a new word bycombining the parts of two different

words, usually the beginning of oneword and the end of another.

5. blending


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For examples :

brunchis a blend of breakfastand lunch.

simultaneous+ broadcastsimulcast

smoke + fogsmog

spoon + forkspork

smart + sassysmassy


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Process of creating new words

by shortening parts of alonger word.

6. Clipping


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7. Compounding

Process that forms new wordsfrom two or more independentwords

Examples :


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An eponymis a person or thing,whether real or fictional, after which a

particular place, tribe, era, discovery,or other item is named or thought tobe named.

Eponyms are aspects of etymology.

8. EPONYMS


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A synonym of "eponym" isnamegiver(not to be confused withnamesake.) Someone who (orsomething that) is referred to with theadjective eponymousis the eponymof something.

An example is: "Lon Theremin, the

eponymous inventor of the theremin."


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9. REDUPLICATION

Process of forming new words either bydoubling an entire word (total

reduplication) or part of a word (partialreduplication)

English makes use of reduplication verysporadically

Total reduplication is extremely rare!partial

reduplication

Humpty - dumpty

hocus - pocus


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10. SUPPLETION

A relationship between forms of a wordwherein one form cannot be

phonologically or morphologicallyderived from the other (this process israre).

Examples :

am vs. wa

sgo vs. wen

t

Morphology Group 4

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