Moons 2009

04/07/2023 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN

1

04/07/2023 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 2


3

HISTORY………………………………………… 04

ORIGIN OF MOONS………………………06 INTRODUCTION TO JUPITER……10 MAJOR MOONS………………………………11 INTRODUCTION TO SATURN……52 MAJOR MOONS………………………………54 REFERENCES………………………………………

88 CONCLUSION……………………………………

91


4

Jupiter has 4 major moons These 4 (IO,EUROPA,GANYMEDE &

CALLISTO) large Jovian moons were discovered by GALILEO in 1610

Saturn has 6 major moons ENCELADUS in 1789 by WILLIAM

HERSCHEL


5

TETHYS & DIONE: In 1684 by GIOVANNI

TITAN: In 1655 by CHRISTIAN HUYGENS

RHEA: In 1672 by CASSINI

04/07/2023 6MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN

Many of the moons of the planets formed through accretion but on a small scale

Once the nebular gas began to accrete onto the large Jovian protoplanets, condition similar to the miniature solar nebula


………with condensation & accretion continuing to occur

Some of the smaller moons may have been chipped off their parent planets during collision with asteroids

Or may be they captured asteroids themselves



9


10

5th planet in the solar system The massive & largest one Name originated from GREEK word

‘JOVE’-name after their god Uniquely it represent the model of

our own solar system with the moons symboling the planets


11

Q: HOW MANY MOONS DOES JUPITER HAVE?

ANS: A LARGE NUMBER ……………………………

63!Divided into 4 groups i. Galilean moons:: largest groups of planet-

Jupiter moons

ii. Inner most moons: mostly small in size, with elliptical orbits

iii. 3rd group: orbit with retrograded sense


12

iv. Outer most moons: just very small in size


13

They are four in number named as:

i. GANYMEDEii. CALLISTOiii. IOiv. EUROPA


14


15


16

Largest of the JOVIANS

moons 5260km in the diameter Density of 1.93g/cm3 shows that it is at

least 50% water ice composition


17

Average reflectivity of 50% A silicate rich core with mantle of

liquid water No existence of atmosphere


18

There are two distinctly different types of TERRAIN

i. Dark terrainii. Bright terrain Water ice is the dominant

component of the crust No large scale mountains landforms


19


20


21

DARK TERRAIN Polygonal in shape & separated each

other by brighter terrain


22

May have a reasonable amount of DUST and ROCKY debris

Highly cratered surface – suggested that this part is relatively OLD must be dated back to METEORIC bombardment age that ended up 4biillion years ago


23

BRIGHTER TERRAIN May be made up of PURE water They are mostly LOW cratered area –

suggested its age up to just 3.5 billion years


24


25

It has no atmosphere to speak of Diameter of 4900km Highest noonday temperature is of -

110C – highest of the GALILEAN moons

Has a very darkest surface due to low reflectivity of just 20%


26


27

Never volcanically active Has the lowest density of all the other GALILEAN moons – 1.79g/cm3

Relatively small amount of heavier radioactive elements


28


29

Bright-orange colored sphere with, white irregular splotches

Polar regions are relatively darker


30

Absolutely no impact craters

UNIQUNESS: nothing similar had been found in the solar system………THAT IS……a large number of odd-looking sinkholes like depression scattered over the surface


31

They are the vents of the volcanoes At least 8 are currently active Eruptions take place on continual

basis Last for few months to years Named after GREEK gods of FIRE IO is the only world in the universe

besides Earth known to have active volcanoes


32


33

Umbrella-shaped plume Gigantic fan – shaped in the vacuum Produced by the eruption of gases and materials from the volcanoes


34

Mostly colored patterns includes yellow, red, orange and brown

Its surface is mostly covered with this volcanic material

Emitted gases are the SO2 And H2S(hydrogen sulfide)- by the help of REFLECTANCE SPECTRUM


35

There exist mountain ranges INTERESTINGLY up to 10km in height

HERE QUESTION ARISES FROM WHERE THEY ORIGINATED?

The ’TECTONIC FRUCTURING FORCES’ as

similar in case of Earth


36

Average day time temperature is -145C

Although as hot as 300C near volcanoes

Average night time temperature is

-190C


37


38

Not founded water any where in surface, interior and not even on the atmosphere

It has a thin layer of atmosphere

Most probably the active volcanoes that releases the SO2 forms the atmosphere

And pressure is quiet small just about 1*10^-7 atmospheric pressure


39

Light brown surface with white patches

Move in the circular orbit of 670,900km in radius

No impact craters


40

Absolutely no atmosphere Max. day time

temperature is-180C Reflectivity of 70% as it a bright world


41

Slightly smaller density

of about 3.03g/cm3 No signs of volcanism either current or in the past - different from the IO Mostly the surface is smooth


42

UNIQUENESS: the only world in the solar system besides Earth that has …………WATER!

Density of Europa is consistent with up to 20% of water

Exist as ICE in the interior mostly And the rest of it is made up of

metals & silicate


43


44

There are only few signs of craters(only 3 probable craters of 18-25km

apart) It means that the present icy

structure formed long after the era of METEORIC bombardment came to an end


45


46

Water exposed to the space rapidly evaporates forming a thin layer of atmosphere of WATER VAPOUR


47

Exceedingly cold temperature outside

condenses the it into solid – ICE This falls back to the

surface ,covering the entire EUROPA landscape with a layer of fine FROST


48


49

Theoretical calculations of the current thermal state of EUROPA have an interesting possibility………………… LIFE


50

Result suggested that some LUIQUID WATER may be still present in the interior - hidden deep underneath the icy crust

Its mantel actually warm enough to

support the……… LIFE

…………We r go‘in to start our INVASION of SATURN… !!!!!!!!!!!


51


52

Saturn was the outermost planet known to ancient astronomyIt is the 6th planet of solar system Its mass is 5.6*10^29g Its density is 0.7g/cm3


53

The atmosphere of Saturn consists of molecular Hydrogen ,Helium ,Methane and Ammonia.


54

Saturn has 67! moons out of which 5 largest are:

1. Titan2. Rhea3. Dione4. Tethys5. Enceladus


55

Titan is the 2nd largest moon of solar system and 1st of Saturn

We call it as a hazy titan

A thick uniform haze layer similar to photochemical smog seen above our cities found here


56

Titan probably contains a rocky core surrounded by a thick mantle of water ice.


57


58

Titan is very glowing Throughout its day-to-day; its color

is changes from Blue to Green and Green to Red

As a result; a beautiful glowing orange color is appears.


59


60

Titan’s atmosphere is thick and denser

It is made up of mostly N2, Ar, a few percent of CH4 in addition to ethane and propane, CO and other compounds

Its atmosphere undergoing a series of chemical reactions powered by

sun light


61


62

It also have liquid lakes, clouds and mountains…………………lakes of METHANE and ETHANE………Not of water!!!


63

If a person wants to fly

then……………………………………………………………

Titan’s atmosphere is best !A person can fly just with………………

man made wings……………………………………

WOW!


64

It is the 9th largest moon of solar system and 2nd of Saturn.

Its surface consists of 25% rocks and 75% water ice

It is known as WISPY RHEA

Due to the tectonic activity


65

It has craters but these are flatter than our moon.


66

It is the only moon who have rings around it

Its faint rings contain dust particles and debris.


67


68

It is the 4th moon of the Saturn It has huge fractures on hemisphere

which made Forward and Trailing sideThese are quiet different from each

other.


69

It has craters.


70

Forwarded hemisphere is dark It is covered with dens population of

craters It has large craters having diameter

of 62miles or 99km.


71

Consists of a complex network of bright; wispy marking superimposed over a darker surface

With numerous craters It has small craters as compare to

forward hemisphere with diameter of 19miles or 30km.


72

TRAILING HEMISPHERE FORWARD HEMISPHERE


73

Scientists believed that in earlier it is tidally locked

Meteoric impact took place preferably on the forward facing side

A large impact could change its current orientation


74


75

It is the 5th important moon of Saturn It is 248km in diameterA huge impact of crater that covers

2/5 of the surface of it has been found


76

It has heavy and light craters in shape of belt across the moon.


77

It is highly reflective object in the solar system known due to its VISUAL WAVELENGTH

It has an average density of just 1.2g/cm3

Probably have rocky material mixed with the ice


78

It has a large Canyon (Ithaca Chasma) which runs about 1242 miles long

That means Canyon runs across 2/3 of the moon

These cracks are due to the shrinking and cooling of the surface layers


79


80

It is the 6th important moon of Saturn It has a plum of liquid water and

chemicals Its temperature is -210 degree

Celsius


81


82

As it reflects 100% sunlight that it receives.


83

Near south pole there are “V” and “Y” shaped ridges and valleys which are called “TIGER STRIPES”

There are two theories about these stripes


84

1. It is migrating towards Saturn which increasing its rotation due to which rotation axis is flatten

This flattering causes near the surface of poles to push outward and buckle forming ridges


85

2. Warm material rose from the interior of the surface leading to a polar terrain from its current area to a new region

It would then adjust to match the new polar orientation which causes surface tension and ridges formed


86


87


Astronomy today,McMillan,5th edition,2005,pp-358

The space-age solar system, Joseph F. Baugher, Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois: John Wiley & Sons, pp-221-251

Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn & Uranus, International Astronomical Union Circulates, 2nd week of May


Solar system bodies JPL/NASA, 2nd week of May

Origin of Europa & Galilean satellites, University of Arizona,2nd week of May

Jupiter’s known satellites Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institute of Science, 2nd week of May


Article by Institute of Astronomy University of Hawaii, Scott Steppard & David Jewitt, 2nd week of May

Moons and Planets, William K. Hartmann,5th edition – THOMSON BROOKS/COLE


91

Despite of the modern technology, still man is unable to know the UNIVERSE – as these MOONS! This shows the limitation of the MANKIND! Even though he considered HIMSELF

“SUPERIOR”Although ‘HE’…… Is NOT!!!!

MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 9204/07/2023

Moons 2009

Technology

7242013 major

galilean moons

solar system

jupiter amp

2nd week

liquid water

thin layer

moons