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Mood and the burden of DaSein
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Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Mar 29, 2023

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Jehad Mousa
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Page 1: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Mood  and  the  burden  of  Da-­‐Sein  

Page 2: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Abstract  •  In  Being  and  Time,  Heidegger  argues  that  disposi1on  is  one  of  

the  ways  through  which  “Being-­‐there”  [Da-­‐Sein]  is  cons1tuted.  DisposiBon,  through  moods,  reveal  “Being-­‐in-­‐the-­‐World”  as  a  whole,  as  well  as  enable  intenBonal  directedness.  Moods  also  disclose  fac1city  as  the  burdensome  character  of  Da-­‐Sein.  In  this  context,  Heidegger  someBmes  appears  to  take  an  essenBalist  posiBon  whereby  disposiBon  is  a  way  of  rela1ng  to  fac1city,  which  is  something  like  a  “state-­‐of-­‐affairs”  that  essenBally  a  burden,  difficult,  painful,  and  threatening.  Dasein's  normal  moods  avoid  this  burden,  and  this  must  be  reversed.  Thus,  it  seems  unavoidable  that  Heidegger  must  turn  to  an  analysis  of  fear  and  Angst.  In  this  talk,  I  will  idenBfy  certain  problems  with  this  interpretaBon  and  try  to  resolve  them  by  paying  aMenBon  to  the  twofold  meaning  of  burden,  as  well  as  a  deeper  analysis  of  the  noBon  of  fac1city.              

Page 3: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Chapter  V  of  Being  and  Time  [BT]  •   ExistenBal  analyBc  of  Dasein  turns  towards  the  

consBtuBon  of  “Being-­‐In”  (a  part  of  Dasein’s  unitary  primordial  structure  of  ‘Being-­‐in-­‐the-­‐World’)    

•   DisposiBon  [Befindlichkeit]  is  one  of  the  equiprimordial  ways  through  which  “Being-­‐there”  [Da-­‐Sein]  is  cons1tuted    

•  DisposiBon  is  a  fundamental  existen1ale  revealing  “Being-­‐in-­‐the-­‐World”  as  a  whole,  as  well  as  makes  possible  direcBng  oneself  towards  something  

•  The  onBc  equivalent  of  disposiBon  is  mood  [SBmmung]  •  Moods  disclose  Daseins  burdensome  thrownness  

[Geworfenheit]/fac1city  [Fak1zität]  •  How  do  moods  disclose?  By  either  turning  away  from,  or  

turning  towards.  This  disclosive  movement  is  disposiBon.      

Page 4: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Theses  in  §29  •  1)  DisposiBon  is  a  binary  way  of  rela1ng  to  a  relatum:  fac1city  

•  2)  FacBcity  is  a  burden    •  3)  In  everydaynness,  disposiBon  turns  away  from  the  burden,  through  moods  of  ela1on  that  alleviate  the  burden  

•  4)  These  moods  of  elaBon  are  “distorBng  moods”  [Vers1mmungen]      

•  5)  These  distorBng  moods  depend  on,  and  betray,  more  fundamental  (negaBve)  moods  (e.g.  the  mood  of  joy  is  dependent  on  a  more  primordial  fear  which  is  truer  to  the  burdensome  character  of  being-­‐there).  

     

Page 5: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Hence?  

•  Hence,  the  existenBal  analyBc  must  turn  to  fear  and  the  grounding  mood  (GrundsBmmung)  of  Angst,  which  “indicates”  the  burden  of  thrownness/facBcity  of  Da-­‐Sein  

Page 6: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Problem?  •  1)  Heidegger  seems  to  hold  that  “facBcity”  and  “disposiBon”  are  not  the  same  phenomenon.  He  seems  to  say  that  “facBcity”  is  like  Da-­‐Seins  “state-­‐of-­‐affairs”,  like  an  “essenBal”,  “factual”  correlate,  which  disposiBon  can  either  turn  towards  or  avoid.  Hence:  DisposiBon  is  not  cons1tu1ve  of  facBcity;  disposiBon  merely  conceals  or  unconceals  it.  (Thus  mood  loses  its  ontological  import/force,  and  retains  only  an  epistemological  role)  

•  2)  In  addiBon:  Heidegger  seems  to  say  that  “being-­‐there”  is  always  already  (i.e.  necessarily)  a  burden:  difficult,  painful,  and  threatening.  This  is  supported  by  the  monopoly  of  Angst  in  BT,  but  also  by  its  later  “replacement”  by  shock  [Erschrecken].  

 

Page 7: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

DisposiBon  cons1tutes  •  Heidegger  argues  that  moods  are  not  epiphenomena  but  

rather  ontologically  significant.  They  are  fundamental  existen1ale,  i.e.  necessary  for  the  consBtuBon  of  Da-­‐Sein.  They  co-­‐consBtute  “Being-­‐In”  (176/137)  

•  DisposiBon  [Befindlichkeit]  is  one  of  the  equiprimordial  ways  through  which  “Being-­‐there”  [Da-­‐Sein]  is  cons1tuted    

•  DisposiBon  reveal  “Being-­‐in-­‐the-­‐World”  as  a  whole,  as  well  as  makes  possible  direcBng  oneself  towards  something  (Ibid.)  

•  The  fact  that  something  can  maHer  to  Dasein,  “becomes  ontologically  possible”  in  disposiBon  (Ibid.)  (Dasein  can  only  be  affected  by  the  world  because  it  is  disposed)  

Page 8: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

How  does  disposiBon  disclose?  

•  Mood  is  manifested  as  a  “turning  towards”  or  “turning  away”  [An-­‐und  Abkehr]  (174/135)  

•  Heidegger  here  sBcks  to  the  tradiBon:  Aristotle’s  noBon  of  movement  as  μεταβολή,  and  Aristotle’s  account  of  πάθη  in  the  Rhetoric,  as  movement  between  two  axes:  the    “calming”  [ἡδύ]  and  the  “upsehng”  [λυπηρόν]  (the  “beneficial”  [συμφέρον]  and  the  “harmful”  [βλαβερόν])  

Page 9: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

The  priority  of  “turning  away”  

•  Turning  away  =  fleeing    •  In  our  everydaynness,  we  find  ourselves  “there”  not  through  percepBon  but  rather  primarily  through  the  movement  of  “fleeing”  

•  “Ontologically,  we  thus  obtain  as  the  first  essenBal  characterisBc  of  disposiBons  that  they  disclose  Dasein  in  its  thrownness,  and—proximally  and  for  the  most  part—in  the  manner  of  an  evasive  turning-­‐away.”(175/136)    

Page 10: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

“Turning  away”  alleviates  

•  For  the  most  part,  mood  turns  away  from  the  burdensome  character  of  Dasein.  

•  Moods  of  ela1on  [Enthobensein]  are  exemplary  of  this  “turning  away”    

•  Moods  of  elaBon  alleviate  the  burden  (174/135)  

Page 11: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

AlleviaBon  conceals  •  Some  moods  conceal  the  facBcity  of  the  “there”  (i.e.  the  burden).  ElaBon  conceals.  

•  Heidegger  call  this  Vers1mmtheit  (M&R  translate  this  as  “bad  moods”.  Awful  translaBon.  I  would  translate  it  as  “distorBng  mood”)  

•  “The  ‘bare  mood’  discloses  the  “there”  more  primordially,  but  correspondingly  it  closes  it  off  more  stubbornly  that  any  not-­‐perceiving”  (175/136)  

Page 12: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

“What”  does  Vers1mmtheit  conceal?  •  “What”  does  mood  conceal?  “Being-­‐There”  as  Thrownness.  The  burden  [Last]  of  thrownness/fac1city  (“the  burdensome  character  of  Dasein”  [das  Lastcharakter  des  Daseins]    

Page 13: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Three  problems  

•  We  have  three  problems:  a)  if  some  moods  conceal  facBcity,  this  is  inconsistent  with  the  general  argument  that  moods  reveal/consBtute  “Da-­‐Sein”;  b)  we  are  len  with  a  bleak  posiBon  of  Da-­‐Sein  that  abolishes  importance  of  moods  such  as  joy;  c)  facBcity  is  a  “relatum”,  an  “essence”.  “Burden”  is  like  a  “state-­‐of-­‐affairs”:  the  essence  of  Da-­‐Sein          

Page 14: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Delusion  as  concealment  •  “[E]ven  though  Befindlichkeiten  are  primarily  disclosive,  everyday  circumspecBon  goes  wrong  and  to  a  large  extent  succumbs  to  delusion  because  of  them”  (177/138)    

•  Resolving  the  1st  problem  by  looking  at  how  concealment  has  the  potenBal  to  also  unconceal.  

•  We  must  not  “fail  to  recognize  the  existenBal  posiBve  character  of  the  capacity  for  delusion.”  (177/138)    

Page 15: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Beyond  the  logic  of  either/or  

•  Heidegger  asks  us  to  overcome  binary  logic  of  either/or,  despite  the  fact  that  he  himself  described  the  way  moods  operate  in  terms  of  posiBve/negaBve  (towards  or  away)  

•  If  we  idenBfy  moods  of  elaBon  with  established  everyday  norms  (hoi  polloi,  doxai),  and  accept  this  as  evasion  of  what  is  underlying  it,  we  can  see  how  elaBon  indicates  the  “upsehng”    

Page 16: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

•  Hence,  we  start  from  the  “given”  movement  and  go  the  opposite  way  to  unconceal  what  the  given  movement  conceals.  

•  Unconcealing  that  which  is  concealed  is  not  a  maMer  of  “beholding”  [Anschauen].  The  way  disposiBon  discloses  remains  an  “inexorable  enigma”  from  the  perspecBve  of  “theoreBcal  cogniBon”  and  “beholding”  (175/136)  

•  This  resolves  problem  number  one:  “if  some  moods  conceal  facBcity,  this  is  inconsistent  with  the  general  argument  that  moods  reveal/consBtute  ‘Da-­‐Sein’”  

Page 17: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Is  Da-­‐Sein  essen1ally  burdensome?  •  Even  if  moods  of  elaBon  are  useful  because  their  concealment  also  unconceals,  they  are  sBll  “secondary”,  i.e.  they  are  reacBonary,  they  depend  on  that  which  they  “negate”.  The  burdensome  upsehng  moods  are  more  primordial,  and  the  moods  of  elaBon  are  deriva1ve,  “founded”.        

•  We  are  len  with  a  bleak  posiBon  of  Da-­‐Sein  that  undermines  posiBve  moods,  such  as  joy.  Is  Da-­‐Sein  necessarily  bleak?  

Page 18: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Thrownness  is  facBcity  

•  Mood  discloses  thrownness.  Thrownness  is  facBcity:  We  are  thrown  “there”.  Heidegger  further  elaborates  on  the  phenomenon  of  thrownness  by  referring  to  the  phenomenon  of  fac1city  [Fak1zität]:  “The  expression  ‘thrownness’  is  meant  to  suggest  the  fac1city  of  its  being  delivered  over.”  (174/135)  

Page 19: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

The  twofoldness  of  “burden”  

•  “Burden”  has  two  senses:  •  1)  Indeed,  the  essence  of  “upsehng”  [λυπηρόν].  “Burden”  as  a  “weight”  that  is  always  there  and  means  being  upset,  content-­‐based  suffering.    

•  2)  Burden  not  as  a  constant  presence,  a  state,  but  rather  as  a  metabolism  that  resists,  up-­‐sets  and  frustrates  understanding  and  ra1onal  obliga1ons  for  grounds  of  ac1on  (“burden  of  responsibility”)      

Page 20: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Burden  as  fac1city  •  FacBcity  is  not  a  “state-­‐of-­‐affairs”.  It  is  not  a  “content”  or  a  “state”,  so  it  cannot  be  equated  with  a  constant  feeling  (such  as  being  upset)  

•  What  is  facBcity?  Thrownness  and  fac1city  are  the  same  aspect  of  Da-­‐Sein.  The  former  is  Heidegger’s  own  word  for  referring  the  old  philosophical  noBon  of  German  Idealism,  fac1city.  

Page 21: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

“What”  is  fac1city?  

•  Burden  that  is  not  “sadness”  or  “fear”  or  “anxiety”,  or  “being  upset”    

•  FacBcity  is  the  “there”  as  sheer  “that-­‐it-­‐is”,  and  this  “sheer  fact”  is  disclosed  in  a  way  that  the  “from  where”  (the  source,  the  reason)  and  the  “where  to”  (the  purpose)  remain  in  darkness.  

•  FacBcity  is  a  “veiledness”  of  the  “there”  that  clouts  the  source  and  purpose  of  the  “there”.  

Page 22: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

German  Idealism  and  facBcity  

•  FacBcity  was  a  noBon  firstly  used  by  Fichte  and  widely  employed  by  German  Idealists  and  Neo-­‐KanBan  philosophers,  as  well  as  Dilthey.  Schelling  used  the  noBon  as  pertaining  to  the  disBncBon  between  the  “what”  of  being  and  the  “that”  of  being  .  

•  “What”  refers  to  being  qua  essence  whilst  “that”  refers  to  being’s  conBngent  existence.    

Page 23: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

•  ExistenBality  is  the  facBcity  of  coming  into  being;  this  is  in  tension  with  raBonal  philosophy,  which  is  concerned  with  the  essence,  the  ‘what’.  

•  It  seems  to  me  that  facBcity,  as  it  was  employed  by  German  Idealists  and  appropriated  by  Heidegger,  and  the  kind  of  “understanding”  associated  with  mood  and  facBcity  in  BT  

Page 24: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

•  mood  would  sBll  always  already  be  necessarily  accompanied  by  (the  equiprimordial)  understanding,  and  hence  that  which  is  disclosed  by  mood  must  be  taken  to  have  understanding  always  accompanying  it,  and  hence  a  complementary,  corresponding,    

Page 25: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

•  character  of  being,  and  posiBve  philosophy  is  concerned  with  the  pure  actuality  of  the  existence  of  “that”  being  which  comes  into  its  being.    

Page 26: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

•  Insofar  as  this  coming  into  being  is  not  a  finished  enBty  but  sBll  becoming  and  conBngent,  it  cannot  be  conceptually  grasped  and  explained.  Existence  and  movement  cannot  resolve  into  a  logical  category  because  they  cannot  be  grasped  by  conceptual  understanding.    

Page 27: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

DisposiBon  and  Understanding  •  Burden  of  Da-­‐Sein  only  makes  sense  in  relaBon  to  understanding,  because  it  arises  as  tension  with  “raBonal  self-­‐understanding  of  grounds”    

•  Remember:  disposiBon  is  not  the  only  fundamental  existenBale.  It  is  equiprimordial  with  Understanding  [Verstehen]  (and  Talk  [Rede]).    

•  Understanding  operates  on  the  basis  of  grounds,  reason,  purpose.  Fac1city  is  a  burden  to  Understanding.  

Page 28: Mood as "burden" (in Heidegger's Being and Time)

Burden  and  moods  •  Fear  and  Angst,  moods  CAN  reveal  and  consBtute  this  burden.  

•  Key  quesBon:  Can  other  moods  indicate/consBtute  the  burden  of  fac1city?  Can  moods  of  elaBon  be  those  moods  that  “turn  towards”  (not  away!)  the  burden  of  facBcity  and  unconceal  it?      

•  YES.  Insofar  as  they  can  up-­‐set  what  the  established  [doxai/hoi  polloi]  mood,  then  they  can.  AND:  they  sBll  are  a  burden  to  autonomy.