2014/1/18 1 Writers in Multicultural Age Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955 • In Alabama, “the cradle of the Confederacy”, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man. • 26 year-old pastor, Martin Luther King Jr. launched a massive bus boycott. Montgomery Bus Boycott Use the weapon of Love • Nonviolent, Passive Resistance compounded by • the Gospel, • the writings of H.D. Thoreau, • and the example of Mahatoma Gandhi in India Little Rock 1957 • Arkansas Governor called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock Central High under the federal court order Little Rock 9
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Montgomery Bus Boycott Use the weapon of Love...Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955 • In Alabama, “the cradle of the Confederacy”, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her
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Writers in Multicultural Age
Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955
• In Alabama, “the cradle of the Confederacy”, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man.
• 26 year-old pastor, Martin Luther King Jr. launched a massive bus boycott.
Montgomery Bus Boycott Use the weapon of Love
• Nonviolent, Passive Resistance compounded by
• the Gospel,
• the writings of H.D. Thoreau,
• and the example of Mahatoma Gandhi in India
Little Rock 1957
• Arkansas Governor called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock Central High under the federal court order
Little Rock 9
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Sit-in at the Woolworth 1960
• Several Black students sit-ined at the lunch counter in Greensbore, N. Carolina.
Freedom Ride 1961
• The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) sent a group of black and white “freedom riders” on buses to test federal ruling that had banned segregation on buses, trains, and their depots.
The March on Washington 1963
• Over 200,000 blacks and whites marched down the Mall in Washington, D.C. toward Lincoln Memorial singing “We Shall Overcome.”
“I have a dream”• I have a dream that one day this nation
will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed. "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."
• I have a dream that one day out in the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
• I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
• I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by their character.
• I have a dream today.• I have a dream that one day down in
Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; that one day right down in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.
• I have a dream today.• I have a dream that one day every valley
shall be engulfed, every hill shall be exalted and every mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plains and the crooked places will be made straight and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.
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Civil Rights Act 1964 Malcolm X
• Non-violent tactics that had worked in the rural South would not work in the northern cities.
Black Power
• In 1966, Stokely Carmichael, a 25 year-old graduate from Howard U., said “We reject all American dreams defined by white people and must work to construct an American reality defined by Afro-Americans.”
• Get you some guns and kill the honkies
New Left ’60-’71 or Grass-roots Democracy
• Tom Hayden, a core member of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) delivered the manifest “The country was dominated by huge organizational structure—government, corporations, universities—all of which conspired to oppress and
alienate the individual”
Free Speech Movement
• Mario Savio called the depersonalized, unresponsive bureaucracy infects all of American life.
Counter Culture
• Hippies, the direct descendants of the Beats of the ’50s and the romantic utopians of the 1840s.
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Hippies
• Long hair,
• blue jeans,
• tie-dyed shirts,
• sandals,
• mind-altering drugs,
• rock music,
• and group living arrangements.
Communes
• During the 60s and the early 70s thousands of young and inexperienced romantics flocked to the countryside, eager to be liberated from parental and institutional restrains, to live in harmony with nature, and to coexist in an atmosphere of love and openness
Red Power & Brown Power
• In 1968, the leaders of the American Indian Movement occupied Alcatraz Island in SF Bay. • Chicano leader, Cezar Chavez
formed United Farm Workers.
• Gay rights • JACL (Japanese American Citizens League )
• The old woman remembered a swan she had bought many years ago in Shanghai for a foolish sum. "This bird", boasted the market vendor, "was once a duck that stretched its neck in hopes of becoming a goose. And now look, it is too beautiful to eat!" Then the woman and the swan sailed across an ocean many thousands of lei wide, stretching their necks toward America. On her journey, she cooed to the swan, "In America, I will have a daughter just like me. But over there, nobody will say her worth is measured by the loudness of her husbands belch. Over there, nobody will look down on her because I will make her speak only perfect American English.
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• And over there, she will always be too full to swallow any sorrow. She will know my meaning because I will give her this swan, a creature that became more than what was hoped for." But when she arrived in the new country the immigration officials pulled the swan away from her, leaving the woman fluttering her arms and with only one swan feather for a memory. For a long time now, the women had wanted to give her daughter the single swan feather and tell her; "This feather may look worthless, but it comes from afar and carries with it all my good intentions."
• From left to right, top to bottom:Cameron Díaz, Alfonso Ribeiro, Jennifer López, Eva Longoria, Carlos Ponce, Justina Machado, Selena Quintanilla, Jay Hernández, Christina Milian, Judy Reyes, George López, and Christina Aguilera