Montgomery Bus Boycott December 1955

Montgomery Bus Boycott December 1955

Was it Planned?

Rosa Parks was a member of the NAACP and specialized in Civil Disobedience, in the summer of 1955 she attended a camp that trained campers on how to conduct boycotts and sit-ins.

What type of pressure do boycotts exert?Economic

Civil Disobedience

The active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government without resorting to physical violence.

Examples

BoycottsSit-ins

Non-violent protestStrikesHow do you stop Civil Disobedience?BREAK THEIR WILL!!!!!

DOGSMarch on Birmingham to end segregation.

FIRE HOSES

JAIL

Intimidation

Many white southerners joined the KKK. These people were police officers, lawyers, judges, and mayors

Mississippi Burning 1964

De Jure Segregation- Segregation by law. The law of the land in the South.

De Facto Segregation- Segregation by Custom- found in the north

Brown vs The Board of Education 1954- Thurgood Marshall argued that Separate was never equal in education.

Earl Warren and the Supreme Court agreed

Desegregating education is the first step. It leveled the playing field.

James Meredith became the first African American to attend Ole Miss..

He needed the assistant of President Kennedy.

Governor George Wallace refused to let African Americans into the University of Alabama.

JFK sent in the National Guard.

Segregation Now, Segregation Tomorrow, Segregation Forever!!!Governor George Wallace from Alabama

Who is at fault?

According to the people. . .

According to the government. . .

We are just following the laws that were created by of Government.

We the acted way our people wanted. They showed us through the vote.

According to both. . .

The federal government and northern agitators getting in our business.

“That’s the way its always been.”

Imagine yourself in this situation. What would be your breaking point?

What types of personality traits must a person have in order to be effective at civil disobedience?

Lunch counter sit-ins. Woolworths down in the south

What makes picket lines and boycotting successful?

Freedom Riders- Rode buses in the south to draw attention to segregation.

Organized by C.O.R.E. (Congress of Racial Equality) and the S.N.C.C. (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee).

Buses were often burned, the Freedom riders were often thrown in jail.

Freedom Riders tried to over-flow the jails. Sent to maximum security prison. Put in cells wearing only underwear and screens were removed from windows. Once they were eaten alive by mosquitoes they were then covered in DDT.

Freedom Riders brought national attention to the South. Why was this important for the Civil Rights Movement?

Riders were often beat up by angry mobs.

March on Washington to end segregation.

MLK jr.’s “I have a dream speech was delivered in August of 1963. At the same time Congress was debating an act the would become the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The speech took place in Washington DC.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964- Ended segregation in all public accomdations.

August 1963- 4 Girls were killed when a person threw a bomb through a church window.

The march on Selma-intended to increase voting rights .

Malcolm X believed in Black Separatism and Black Superiority

His 1964 pilgrimage to Mecca transformed his views, he no longer urged black separatism, he began to urge African American to identify with African and wanted to work with whites for equality

“Ballots or Bullets?”

Stokely Carmichael started the black power movement.

Later a more violent group called the Black Panthers were created to fight urban police brutality.

1968 Mexico City Olympics.

Tommie Smith (center) and John Carlos raise fists for Black Power in 1968.

They were banned from the Olympics for life.

WATTS- Los Angeles

Detroit Chicago

Atlanta

Newark

Baltimore

Washington DC

New York

Buffalo

Wilmington

One of the bloodiest and most destructive race riots ever in America happened in Watts, Los Angeles, California and lasted for five days, August 11-15, 1965. Thirty-five people were killed, nine hundred injured, and property losses of $225 million. Federal troops were called in to stop the violence

The summer of 1967 was called the "Hot Summer," the worst racial uprisings in American history with over forty riots: the cities of Newark, NJ; Detroit, MI; New York, NY; Washington, DC; Baltimore, MD; Chicago, IL; Atlanta, GA; and Buffalo, NY had the worst. President Johnson appointed a National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders to investigate the matter. This became known as the Kerner Commission.

Cesar Chavez was the leader of migrate Latino workers who wanted better wages and working conditions.

Utilized the techniques of strikes and boycotts

Si Se Puede!!!!!

Betty Friedan was the founder of N.O.W. (National Organization for Women)

Published the book Feminine Mystique that asked, “Is this it?”

Fought for equal opportunity and wages

Supported the Equal Rights Amendment (E.R.A.)

The Equal Rights Amendment was defeated at the state level

Roe v Wade made it illegal for states to restrict abortions. Stating women had a right to have an abortion within the first 3 months of pregnancy. (1973)