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Slide 1
Monotheistic Religion Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Slide 2
New Vocabulary: Polytheistic: Believing in more than one god.
Monotheistic: Believing in only one god. Diaspora: a period in
history when people of Jewish faith were forced to scatter from
their homeland because of invading empires. BC = Before the Child
BCE = Before the Common Era AD = Anno Domini (Year of the
Lord)
Slide 3
Judaism According to the Torah, the Hebrew religion began
around 2000 BC with the prophet Abraham. Hebrews originally lived
in Canaan and then Egypt, but around 1000 BC left Egypt and
established the kingdom of Israel in Jerusalem. Israel suffered
from internal revolts against the high taxes and forced labor in
order to build a grand temple for their god under King Solomon. The
government became weak and could not avoid outside invasion which
ultimately divided the kingdom. In 722 BC, Jerusalem was divided by
the Assyrians from Mesopotamia who used new iron weapons.
Slide 4
Around 586 BC the Jews scattered and were forced into exile by
the invading armies of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar (King of Babylon)
destroyed the great Temple of Israel and forced Israelites into
exile. Eventually, the Persians defeated the Babylonians and
allowed the Israelites to return home where they settled in Judea
and became known as Jews. They lived under Persian rule, but were
allowed to practice the Jewish faith. In 63 B.C. the Romans
conquered the Persians and captured Palestine and Jerusalem,
including Judea and Jews became part of the Roman province.
Slide 5
Under Roman Rule: Roman leaders wanted Jews to give up their
faith and follow Roman customs. Jewish followers were unwilling to
abandon their faith and faced persecution leading to Jewish revolts
and forced migration. Different Jewish groups arose- including one
named Jesus who would create a new religion Christianity. This is
known as diaspora and Jews migrated throughout the Middle East and
Europe.
Slide 6
Rome was a society of tolerance because of the mixed religions
in conquered territories as long as they honored the Emperor.
However, Christians were persecuted because they would not make
sacrifices to the Roman Emperor. Roman officials considered
Christians disloyal traitors. Christians became scapegoats (took
the blame) for all of society problems when the Empires became
unstable. Christians became martyrs willing to die for their
beliefs.
Slide 7
Principles of Judaism: the covenant The Jews believe that it is
their duty to remain faithful and obedient to God in return for His
protection and a homeland. Their beliefs are outlined in the Torah,
the Jewish holy book. In Hebrew, Torah means instruction Torah
could also include oral stories and teachings from the wise elders.
Jews must adhere to the Ten Commandments, the Seven Universal Laws,
and uphold a strict code of morality and a system of justice to
enforce basic human rights in international law.
Slide 8
Christianity What we know of early Christianity comes from the
Gospels (which means good news) The prophet of Christianity is
Jesus Christ, born around 4-2 B.C. near Jerusalem. At the age of 30
Jesus and his apostles (followers) began to spread his teachings,
which were firmly rooted in the Jewish tradition. Belief in one god
and Gods love. Adherence to the Ten Commandments. Lead a moral
life. Taught the need for justice, morality, and service to
others.
Slide 9
Jesus eventually traveled to Rome, where he was arrested and
executed (crucifixtion) by Roman officials The Roman Emperor
believed that he was a threat because his speeches might encourage
those eager to end Roman rule. After his death, Jesus followers
continued to spread his teachings throughout Rome to Jews and
Gentiles (non-Jews). Christian beliefs are outlined in the Bible
the Old Testament is based on the Torah. The New Testament is based
on the Gospels and Pauls Letters (one of the Gospels).
Christianity
Slide 10
Roman persecution ended around A.D. 313 when the Roman Emperor
Constantine issued the Edict of Milan that granted freedom of
worship to all citizens of the Roman Empire. By AD 395 Christianity
had become the official religion of the Roman Empire. During the
Middle Ages (A.D. 500-1500) the Christian Church emerged as the
most powerful force in Europe with a hierarchy power structure
within the Church (Pope-Clergy) The Church became wealthy because
of tithes and land ownership. Eventually, the Church grew so
wealthy, they could challenge the authority of kings and
infiltrated the government
Slide 11
By the 1100s, schools developed to train clergy. Over time,
these schools evolved into many of our modern universities that
would later explode with new ideas including ideas inspired by
Aristotle. Other early ideas would spread throughout Western Europe
in the 1200s that sparked a learning revolution that blended early
Greek philosophy with Christian teachings.
Slide 12
Islam The Muslim religion began around 600 AD with the prophet
Muhammad. Muhammad was a trader and in his journeys came into
contact with many Jews and Christians. While the Islamic faith has
many similarities to Judaism and Christianity, it differs on many
important principles. For example, Christians believe the prophet
Jesus Christ to be on the same level as God, while Muslims believe
that prophets (including Muhammad) are merely mortal men with
divine insight. Islamic beliefs are outlined in the Quran.
Slide 13
Monotheistic Religion Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are
three world religions that have influenced various practices and
faiths. They all believe in one omniscient god. Whereas the Greeks
relied on reason to explain the world around them, members of
monotheistic religion relied on faith. The balance between reason
and faith will constantly shift after the Enlightenment... Stay
tuned.