Migration of Monomers Issues in Food Packaging (Plastics) Abirami Nadarajan Food Packaging Assignment
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Migration of Monomers
Issues in Food Packaging (Plastics)
Abirami Nadarajan
Food Packaging Assignment
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Plastics are
not inert
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I n t e
r a c t i o
n
ccurs between•
Food•Packaging
•Polymer Materials
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Migration Transfer of chemical compound fromPlastics Packaging Materials
Food Products
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Migration of Low
Molecular Weight
Substances:• Stabilizers
• Plasticizers
• Antioxidants• Monomers
•
Oligomers
Most common food–package
interactions:
FOOD
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The “Migration”
Mechanism
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Desorption of compounds in food
Sorption of the compounds at the
plastic interface
Desorption of diffused moleculesfrom the polymer surface
Diffusion of chemical compoundthrough polymers
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DiffusionMigration
• Migration of
the substances
through the
packaging into
the food.
• Eg: Thin-WalledBottles
Set-OffMigration
• Migration from
the printed to
the unprinted
side die to the
two side
coming intocontact
• Example:
Stacking
Migration due toheating
• Migration of
gaseous or
vaporous
substances into
food during
heating• Eg: Microwave
Ready Meals
Type of Migrations
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Migrating ComponentsFew Common
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Bisphenol A(BPA)
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From plastic bottlesand some cans linedwith polycarbonate –
tiny amountsof BPA are formedwhen polycarbonatebottles are washed
with harshdetergents or bleach(eg, sodiumhypochlorite).
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Polystyrene
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Styrene , a component of polystyrene
is hazardous to human health.
Long Term exposure of styrene can result in :
• Neurotoxic Effects (fatigue, nervousness,
difficulty sleeping)• Hematological Effects (low platelet and
hemoglobin values),
•Cytogenetic Effects (chromosomal andlymphatic abnormalities),
• Carcinogenic effects
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• Styrene is soluble in oil and fat. The higher the fatscontent of the food, the higher the migration of styreneinto the food.
FatContent
• Acids raises the styrene migration rate. Studies showedthat tea with lemon produced the most marked changein the weight of the foam cup.
Acidity
• Studies have found that styrene tends to migrate morequickly when foods or drinks are hot. However, meat orcheese bought from the supermarket on a clear-plastic-wrapped polystyrene tray is also readily picking upstyrene from the foam container.
Heat
Factors Affecting Styrene Migration
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• Styrene is soluble in ethanol, commonly found in alcoholicbeverages. For instance, red wine will instantly dissolvestyrene. A 1985 Cuban study noted migration of styrenefrom low and high-density polyethylene into milk, yogurtand alcohol solutions. This means that ingestion can takeplace by using polystyrene cups to drink beer, wine andmixed alcoholic drinks.
Presenceof Ethanol
• Most interesting is the degradation of food that containsvitamin A (betacarotene). In packaged foods with theaddition of heat (such as microwave temperatures), vitaminA will decompose and produce m-xylene, toluene, and 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene. Toluene will aggressively dissolvepolystyrene. This renders polystyrene as an unsuitablepackage for containing or microwaving products thatcontain vitamin A.
Presence ofVitamin A
Factors Affecting Styrene Migration
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Benzene is another component of
polystyrene foam and it’s
CARCINOGENIC!
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Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
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Migrating componentin PVC:
Plasticizers
• Diethylhexyl adipate(DEHA)
• Di(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate (DEHP)
Monomers
• Vinyl Chloride
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DEHA: WHERE & HOW MUCH IS SAFE?
• Commercial cling films are predominantly PVC, used for over-wrap ofsupermarket trays, filled rolls at delicatessens etc.
WHERE:
• Experts from the European Union have recommended a safe level(Tolerable Daily Intake) of DEHA intake to be up to 21 mg/day for a70 kg adult, without causing harm. Their dietary exposure isestimated to be up to 8.2 mg/day, below the safety limit.
SAFE LIMITS
• DEHA can cause liver tumors in mice, and other studies showed thatDEHA migrates from plastic wrap into food—particularly high fatfoods such as cheese
HEALTH CONCERNS
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Effect of DEHP on Human Health
•
The acute toxicity of DEHP is low in animal models: 30 g/kgin rats (oral) and 24 g/kg in rabbits (dermal). Concernsinstead focus on its potential as an endocrine disruptor.
Toxicity
• Approximately 25% of US women have phthalate levelssimilar to those in the study.However, the study author
cautioned that replication of these results are needed tostrengthen any links between phthalates and adversehealth outcomes.
Development
• A study on CDC data, "revealed that American men withabdominal obesity or insulin resistance (a precursorto diabetes) were more likely to have high levels of [DEHP
and DBP] metabolites in their urine than men withoutthose problems.Obesity
• A clinically relevant dose and duration of exposure to DEHPhas been shown to have a significant impact on thebehavior of cardiac cells in culture.
Cardiotoxicity
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Vinyl Chloride Monomer
• PVC materials can be used for many applications,forexample for the production of various industrialproducts (floorings or plastic parts of food processingmachines), and also for safety tools (gloves),transport materials as well as toys.
WHERE
• Migration of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) into foodwhich can cause a significant food contamination.
• Maximal residual amount allowed of VCM at 1 mg/kgof the PVC material.
Problems
• An occupational exposure to VCM is associated withan increased incidence of angiosarcoma of the liverand other malignant tumours, circulatorydisturbance, and impaired liver function
HealthImpact
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Migrating ComponentsSummary, Applications and Health Effects of some
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Plastic Common Uses Adverse Health Effects
Polyvinylchloride ( 3PVC)
MC: VCM
Food packaging, plastic wrap, containers
for toiletries, cosmetics, crib bumpers,
floor tiles, pacifiers, shower curtains,
toys, water pipes, garden hoses, auto
upholstery, inflatable swimming pools
Can cause cancer, birth defects,
genetic changes, chronic bronchitis,
ulcers, skin diseases, deafness,
vision failure, indigestion, and liver
dysfunction
Plasticizers: Phthalates
MC: DEHP, DINP
Softened vinyl products manufactured
with phthalates include vinyl clothing,
emulsion paint, footwear, printing inks,
non-mouthing toys and children’sproducts, product packaging and food
wrap, vinyl flooring, blood bags and
tubing, IV containers and components,
surgical gloves, breathing tubes, general
purpose labware, inhalation masks, many
other medical devices
Endocrine disruption, linked to
asthma, developmental and
reproductive effects. Medical waste
with PVC and phthalates is
regularly incinerated causing publichealth effects from the release of
dioxins and mercury, including
cancer, birth defects, hormonal
changes, declining sperm counts,
infertility, endometriosis, and
immune system impairment.
Polycarbonate ( 7)
MC: Bisphenol A Water bottles
Scientists have linked very low
doses of bisphenol A exposure to
cancers, impaired immune
function, early onset of puberty,
obesity, diabetes,
and hyperactivity, among otherproblems (Environment California)
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Plastic Common Uses Adverse Health Effects
PolystyreneMC: Styrene Monomers,
Benzene
Many food containers for meats, fish,cheeses, yogurt, foam and clear
clamshell containers, foam and rigid
plates, clear bakery containers,packaging "peanuts", foam packaging,audio cassette housings, CD cases,
disposable cutlery, building insulation,flotation devices, ice buckets, wall tile,paints, serving trays, throw-away hot
drink cups, toys
Can irritate eyes, nose and throat
and can cause dizziness andunconsciousness. Migrates into foodand stores in body fat. Elevated
rates of lymphatic andhematopoietic cancers for workers.
Polyethelyne (#1 PET)MC: Monomers
Water and soda bottles, carpet fiber,chewing gum, coffee stirrers, drinkingglasses, food containers and wrappers,
heat-sealed plastic packaging,kitchenware, plastic bags, squeeze
bottles, toys
Suspected human carcinogen
PolyesterMC: Benzene
Bedding, clothing, disposable diapers,food packaging, tampons, upholstery
Can cause eye and respiratory-tract irritation and acute skin
rashes
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Plastic Common Uses Adverse Health Effects
LDPE
MC: Naphthalene,
Antioxidants such as BHT &
Irganox 1010
Low-density polyethylene isrelatively transparent and used to
make films of various sorts
(including domestic/household clingfilm), and bread bags, freezer bags,
flexible lids and squeezable foodbottles, milk bottles.
Naphthalene from environmentcould potentially be absorbed byLDPE bottles which milks are
contained. Naphthalene aregenerally Carcinogenic.Antioxidants migrate into the food
and can cause harm to humanhealth beyond its safety level.
Note: MC = Migrating Components
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How to avoid these?
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Be Plastic Smart!Know your plastics!
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Ask yourself … Is it safe?
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Use the right plastic !
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Thank you!By: Abirami Nadarajan (113559)